内蒙古地区市售蔬菜中农药残留状况调查

目的 了解内蒙古地区市售蔬菜中农药残留状况,为蔬菜监管、标准制修订及风险评估提供科学依据。方法 2019—2020年春季（3-4月）和秋季（9-10月）,在内蒙古自治区12个盟市采集市售蔬菜样品各20份,按照《国家食品中化学污染物及有害因素监测工作手册》中的方法对9种杀虫剂、13种杀菌剂及二硫代氨基甲酸酯类（以CS₂计）农药残留含量进行检测;依据《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量GB 2763—2019》对蔬菜中农药残留情况进行评判价。结果 480份蔬菜中,9种杀虫剂、13种杀菌剂、二硫代氨基甲酸酯类（以CS₂计）检出率分别为11.04%（53/480）、3479%（167/480）、27.71%（133/480）,超标率分别为3.33%（16/480）、1.46%（7/480）、2.29%（11/480）,农药残留超标的蔬菜主要为芹菜、韭菜、白菜、菠菜。结论 内蒙古地区12盟市市售蔬菜中存在农药残留及超标现象,有高毒与剧毒农药检出;且存在单种蔬菜中杀菌剂农药共残留情况,建议相关部门加强农药生产与使用的监管。     

内蒙古地区居民蔬菜中农药残留膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解内蒙古地区蔬菜中农药残留情况,对内蒙古地区蔬菜中农药残留膳食暴露风险进行评估。方法 利用2016—2019年内蒙古地区风险监测的蔬菜中农药残留数据,结合2012年全国总膳食研究中内蒙古地区居民的食品消费量数据,采用食品安全指数法与急性膳食暴露风险评估方法对我区居民通过蔬菜摄入的农药残留进行风险评估。结果 2016—2019年共检测蔬菜样本9类15 106份。蔬菜中有机磷类、有机氯类、氨基甲酸酯类及拟除虫菊酯类农药均有检出,有机磷类农药总体检出率为0.98%（72/7 315）;有机氯类农药总体检出率为3.43%（109/3 178）;拟除虫菊酯类总体检出率为4.44%（56/1 261）;氨基甲酸酯类总体检出率为0.30%（10/3 352）。其中有机磷类农药中超标的有氧化乐果（0.05%,4/7 315）、甲拌磷（0.16%,12/7 315）、毒死蜱（0.10%,7/7 315）、甲基异柳磷（0.01%,1/7 315）、水胺硫磷（0.01%,1/7 315）、灭线磷（0.01%,1/7 315）;有机氯类农药超标的有腐霉利（0.09%,3/3 178）、百菌清（0.03%,1/3 178）;拟除虫菊酯类农药超标的有氯氟氰菊酯（0.32%,4/1 261）;氨基甲酸酯类农药超标的有克百威（0.09%,3/3 352）。通过对内蒙古地区居民蔬菜中农药残留膳食暴露风险进行评估,结果表明,采用食品安全指数法（IFS）以农药残留浓度Ri的平均值进行评估时,IFS均小于1,风险可接受;当以Ri的最大值评估时,我区人群对于蔬菜中甲拌磷、三唑磷、灭线磷、百菌清及氯氟氰菊酯农药残留存在暴露健康风险。急性暴露评估结果表明,当西红柿中甲拌磷浓度为1.42 mg/kg时,存在急性暴露风险。结论 蔬菜中四类农药均有检出,且存在超标现象。采用食品安全指数法（IFS）以农药残留浓度Ri的最大值评估时,我区人群对于蔬菜中甲拌磷、三唑磷、灭线磷、百菌清及氯氟氰菊酯农药残留存在摄入健康风险。急性暴露评估结果表明,通过西红柿摄入甲拌磷存在急性健康风险。建议相关部门加强对农药使用的监管,更好地保障我区居民身体健康。     

2015—2021年内蒙古地区市售蔬菜中禁限用农药残留调查分析

目的 了解内蒙古地区市售蔬菜中禁限用农药残留状况,为有关部门制定针对性强的、有效的禁限用农药监管防治对策提供科学依据。方法 2015—2021年,在内蒙古地区12个盟市采集市售蔬菜,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法、液相色谱-质谱联用法对蔬菜中禁限用农药残留进行检测,检测结果按照《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB 2763—2021）中规定的限量值来判定。结果 共采集市售蔬菜样本1 721份,监测禁限用农药20种,包括氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类及有机氯类农药,20种禁限用农药的总检出率为9.24%（159/1 721）,总超标率为5.35%（92/1 721）。在20种禁限用农药中,除丁硫克百威、灭多威、涕灭威、氯唑磷未检出外,其他16种农药均有检出,检出率最高的是久效磷,为4.64%（21/453）。超标率最高的是乐果,为2.50%（24/959）。叶菜类蔬菜中禁限用农药检出率和超标率均为最高,分别为12.11%（77/636）和8.18%（52/636）。结论 内蒙古地区市售蔬菜检出多种禁限用农药,建议相关部门加强禁限用农药的监管,保障人民群众舌尖上的安全。     

2016—2020年天津市市售蔬菜中农药残留状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解天津市市售蔬菜中农药残留状况及居民膳食暴露风险。方法 根据《国家食品污染物及有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,采集代表性时令蔬菜516份进行农药残留量检测,利用点评估方法对其进行膳食暴露评估。结果 70.54%（364/516）样品检出农药残留,其中47.29%（244/516）样品同时检出2种或以上农药;6.01%（31/516）样品农药残留量超标。各类型农药超标率排序为：有机磷类农药>氨基甲酸酯类农药>拟除虫菊酯类农药>有机氯类农药>杀菌剂类农药,差异有统计学意义（χ²＝9.84,P<0.05）。超标率位于前三位的农药分别为甲拌磷（2.62%,10/381）、克百威（1.55%,8/516）和氯氰菊酯（0.90%,2/223）。急性膳食暴露评估结果,甲拌磷急性膳食摄入风险值（%ARfD）为238.89%,克百威%ARfD为191.67%,大于100%,存在不可接受的风险;慢性膳食暴露评估结果,所有检出农药单项食品安全指数值（IFS）均小于1,风险可以接受。结论 天津市市售蔬菜中农药检出率较高,尤其是多种农药联合使用的现象突出,且仍存在使用禁用农药的情况,甲拌磷、克百威存在急性膳食暴露风险,政府和相关部门应加强对此类农药的监管。     

基于文献计量学与知识图谱的我国食品安全标准研究现状与趋势分析

目的 从文献计量角度分析我国食品安全标准研究现状与发展趋势。方法 利用检索筛选后的1 727条中国知网（CNKI）食品安全标准研究相关文献,使用VOSviewer、CiteSpace软件,从机构、作者、基金、期刊、关键词等角度,对相关文献进行多维度知识图谱可视化计量分析。结果 我国食品安全标准研究总体呈现增长趋势。1993年至2021年,大致经历了起步期、迅速发展期、波动发展期三个发展阶段;食品安全标准研究主要集中在国家食品安全风险评估中心、中国农业科学院、中国人民大学三个机构;共有四大作者网络,均以国家食品安全风险评估中心的研究者为代表;食品标准研究的文献第一位来源为《中国食品卫生杂志》,发文量达103篇,占总发文量的5.96%。出现频次最多的关键词依次是食品添加剂（91次）、食品安全国家标准（85次）、食品安全法（66次）,形成8类研究主题,主要以食品安全标准为中心展开;关键词分析发现2016—2021年出现的新兴研究热点主题包括跟踪评价、维生素、营养成分、重金属、理化指标、食品标签、国家标准等。结论 该研究为了解我国食品安全标准领域的整体研究现状及发展趋势提供了参考依据。     

2018—2021年陕西省市售水果中农药残留状况调查及膳食摄入风险评估

目的 调查分析陕西省市售水果中杀虫剂和杀菌剂类农药残留情况,评估当地居民通过摄入水果的农药残留暴露风险。方法 采集2018—2021年陕西省10个地市共6大类486份市售水果样品,依据国家风险监测工作手册《植物性样品中农药多组分残留的气相色谱-串联质谱（GC-MS）法测定的标准操作程序》和《植物性样品（含食用菌）中农药多组分残留的液相色谱质谱-串联质谱（LC-MS）法测定标准操作程序》对水果中13种杀虫剂和15种杀菌剂残留水平进行检测,依据GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》评价多组分农药残留的检出和超标状况。采用点评估法对各类农药残留进行急性、慢性膳食暴露风险评估,通过食品安全指数模型对检出农药开展总体风险判定。结果 本次监测的28种农药除吡唑醚菌酯、恶霜灵、腈菌唑、异菌脲4种杀菌剂和灭线磷、灭蝇胺、氟氯氰菊酯3种杀虫剂未检出,其余21种农药均有不同程度的检出,检出率在0.77%~21.54%,共7份样品4种农药残留超标,超标率在0.28%~1.27%,且有禁用的高毒农药检出。核果类（39.24%）、热带及亚热带水果（28.33%）、柑橘类（26.47%）及仁果类（25.96%）水果的农药残留检出率较高,浆果类（2.54%）的超标率较高,且均存在多种农药联合使用的情况。各类农药的急性和慢性膳食暴露量均低于其健康指导值,单项农药的食品安全指数均小于1,水果总体食品安全指数小于1。结论 陕西省市售水果中农药残留检出率较高,但超标率较低,本次监测的水果膳食摄入风险在可接受范围内,整体安全质量良好。     

冬奥会食品供应链有害因子知识图谱和智能化快筛技术研究

目的 面向冬奥会食品安全应急保障应用场景,构建“多元集成、有效控制、智慧保障”解决方案。方法 综合运用应急风险评估方法,基于知识图谱集成食品供应链有害因子智能化快筛装置与方法,采用大数据、人工智能和移动互联网技术构建奥运食品供应链风险预警智慧管控系统,智能生成食品供应链不同环节、不同有害因子应急预案,从而面向系统不同层级用户实现精准推送。结果 运用智能化快筛技术和预测预警技术,该预案在北京冬奥会及冬残奥会（张家口赛区）2022食品安全突发事件应急演练和冬奥会测试赛、正式比赛期间供奥食品企业食品安全保障工作中得到实际应用。结论 以食品安全风险分析和数据治理为主线、以快筛技术智能化集成为手段,以智慧风险预测与智能预警交互为纽带,推动了食品供应链有害因子系统感知、靶向识别、精准确证,提高了重大活动食品安全应急保障能力。     

2021年欧盟对华食品风险预警分析研究

目的 本文根据2019—2021年欧盟食品和饲料类快速预警系统（RASFF）向公众通报我国输欧食品安全情况,分析欧盟在食品领域的关注点,总结我国食品质量安全存在的问题及应采取的措施。方法 汇总2019—2021年欧盟RASFF对华通报情况,从通报类型、通报国家、产品类型、危害类型、通报类型与危害类型相关性分析等5个分析维度进行归类统计分析。结果 2021年欧盟RASFF对华食品通报158例,占对华通报的50.16%。被通报占比较高的三类产品为：水果和蔬菜（29例）、鱼及其制品（16例）、草药和香料（16例）;农药残留、食品添加剂及香精、工业污染物、霉菌毒素等四类危害类型占比较高。我国部分食品类别存在环氧乙烷超标问题,但我国有关食品中环氧乙烷和2-氯乙醇暴露情况的相关研究较少,目前尚未建立食品中检测方法及限量的国家标准。边境拒绝类型的通报中,农药残留（20例）、霉菌毒素（5例）、致病微生物（4例）等危害因素占比较高。结论 本文总结欧盟RASFF通报我国输欧食品安全情况,以期减少类似情况发生,为我国市场监管部门和出口食品企业提供参考。     

广东省农贸市场农药残留风险清单研究

目的了解广东省蔬菜的安全风险状况,制定农药残留风险清单,以期给监管人员提供指向性建议,提高食品安全监管水平。方法于2018年8～11月在广东省21个地市的农贸市场针对性抽检蔬菜风险品种191批次,采用国家标准方法检测蔬菜中的9种农药残留的含量,根据GB 2763-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》规定的限量值进行判定。结果广东省农贸市场蔬菜总体合格率为91.1%,有4种农药残留项目超标,风险因子主要为毒死蜱、克百威、水胺硫磷、甲氰菊酯。有机磷、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类农药污染较为严重;叶菜类、鳞茎类、豆类、芸薹属类蔬菜均检出农药超标。结论构建农药残留风险清单,重点抽查风险品种并对其风险因子监测模式是可行的,可有效提高监管的针对性,若配合快检产品的使用,监管的靶向性更强。     

广东省本地产茶叶农药多残留累积风险评估

目的 针对广东省本地产茶叶中13种常用农药,评估其慢性和急性膳食摄入风险,以期为生产监管、消费和制修订限量标准提供依据和技术支撑。方法 采集2017—2020年广东省本地产茶叶110份,按照GB 23200.113—2018方法对13种农药进行残留检测,运用危害指数（HI）法评价其急性和慢性膳食摄入风险及其累积暴露风险。结果 共检出8种农药残留,其中联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯检出率和残留水平最高,该3种农药广东省居民茶叶慢性和急性累积摄入量分别为4.87×10^-5 mg/（kg bw·d）和4.79×10^-3 mg/（kg bw·d）,分别占总农药摄入量的89.09%和86.01%,且均呈现男性高于女性、城市居民高于农村居民的规律。基于累积风险考虑,所有检出农药的慢性和急性累积摄入HI分别为3.69×10^-3和4.66×10^-1,摄入风险较低。结论 广东省居民通过本地产茶叶导致的多组分农药慢性和急性摄入风险低,但广东省本地产茶叶中农药残留现象普遍,应进一步加强规范农药在茶叶中的使用和管理。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.