鱼腥草挥发油对多柔比星致大鼠心肌损伤的保护机制

目的:探讨鱼腥草挥发油对多柔比星(Doxorubicin,DOX)致大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用。方法:水蒸气蒸馏法制备鱼腥草挥发油,气相色谱质谱法(GC-MS)测定其成分,并评价其DPPH自由基清除作用、还原力、金属离子螯合能力。建立DOX心肌损伤模型,分为正常对照组、DOX模型组、鱼腥草挥发油25、50、100 mg/kg剂量组和维生素E(V_E)500 mg/kg组;收集全血检测血常规;心肌组织HE染色;通过试剂盒检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力;心肌组织过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量;通过Agilent 7890B气相色谱仪测定盲肠内容物短链脂肪酸含量。结果:GC-MS数据显示鱼腥草挥发油主要含有28种化学成分。体外抗氧化实验表明鱼腥草挥发油具有较好的抗氧化能力;与DOX模型组相比,鱼腥草挥发油各组和V_E组对DOX引起的体质量及血常规无显著变化,但能提高心肌组织中CAT活性,降低MDA含量及血清中LDH活性,且HE染色数据显示可抑制心肌组织的形态变化。同时,短链脂肪酸含量数据显示,DOX模型组含量显著下降,给予挥发油后无显著变化。结论:鱼腥草挥发油可通过抑制氧化应激,对DOX所致的心肌损伤发挥保护作用。     

葡萄籽的成分开发利用与研究进展

葡萄籽中含有多种活性成分,例如葡萄籽多酚(包括原花青素、白藜芦醇、单宁等)、优质的蛋白质以及葡萄籽油等。这些活性成分具有特殊的生理功能,原花青素具有清除自由基、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗血小板凝聚、抗炎、抗过敏、抗疲劳、防治脱发等作用;白藜芦醇的生理作用有抗癌、保护心血管、抗氧化、保护神经、保护机体损伤等;单宁对多种细菌、真菌、酵母菌都有明显的抑制能力,还具有收敛性、酶抑制、清除自由基、抗脂质过氧化等活性。葡萄籽蛋白质中各种氨基酸含量明显高于中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量的建议服用量。葡萄籽油是具有养生作用的保健油,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达92%,还具有保护细胞膜的作用。因此,葡萄籽的不同成分在食品、药品、化妆品等领域得到广泛应用。     

天然酚类化合物对呕吐毒素诱导毒性损伤保护作用的研究进展

呕吐毒素(Deoxynivalenol,DON)是污染粮谷类食品和饲料最常见的霉菌毒素之一。人类和动物摄入被DON污染的食物后,其肠道系统、免疫系统、神经系统、肝、肾、脾等器官和组织会发生不同程度的损伤,甚至危及生命健康。天然酚类化合物具有安全无毒、来源广泛等优点,并且具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗凋亡等特性,逐渐被广泛应用于减缓由DON暴露引起的机体损伤。本文主要介绍DON的毒性作用,并对国内外利用天然酚类化合物减缓DON诱导的毒性作用的保护机制研究进行综述,以期为防控DON诱导的毒性损伤提供参考。     

葡萄素的生物活性研究

葡萄素（Viniferin）是葡萄与葡萄酒中重要功能性成分白藜芦醇（Resveratrol）聚合后的一类天然多酚。近年来的研究发现,葡萄素和白藜芦醇一样具有抗菌、抗炎、抗癌等多种生物活性,并且其活性和稳定性都高于白藜芦醇。因而在植物抗病、人体生理药理活性领域倍受关注。本文对葡萄与葡萄酒中几种主要葡萄素的生物活性、分布和检测等方面的研究进展做简要介绍。     

基于β-乳球蛋白配体结合特性的活性成分包埋和保护研究现状

虽然营养活性成分具有调节生理机能的功能,但环境敏感性和低溶解度限制了许多活性成分在功能食品、药品和化妆品开发中的应用。可食用载体体系的设计和研发提供了克服这些限制的可能性。阐明载体物质和活性成分间作用机制,是设计和制备非乳状液型载体体系的关键。食品蛋白由于具有高营养价值和多种功能特性,因此被广泛应用于制备载体体系。β-乳球蛋白是牛乳中主要乳清蛋白,具有多个配体结合位点,可结合脂肪酸、维生素、磷脂、多酚类化合物等多种物质。β-乳球蛋白也可同时结合叶酸、白藜芦醇和维生素E,生成蛋白质-多配体复合物。本文概述了β-乳球蛋白与不同营养活性成分间相互作用,以及生成复合物对活性成分的保护作用,讨论了天然β-乳球蛋白作为营养活性成分载体的优、缺点以及开发基于此蛋白的多活性成分载体的可能性。     

白藜芦醇药理活性及作用机制研究进展

白藜芦醇(resveratrol)是一种天然可食的非黄酮类多酚化合物,存在于多种植物中。白藜芦醇具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌等多种药理作用。本文对白藜芦醇的药理活性及作用机制进行综述,以期为白藜芦醇的开发和应用提供参考和指导。     

葡萄酒的功能因子——白藜芦醇

葡萄酒中的白藜芦醇属于多酚类化合物,具有软化血管,保护心脏,预防癌症的功能。对肿瘤和心脏病的治疗和预防更有明显的作用,因此日益引起人们的关注。     

黄酮类化合物对镉毒性营养干预分子机制的研究进展

镉对生物器官和系统如肝脏、肾脏、骨、免疫系统和生殖系统等有着广泛的损伤作用;黄酮类化合物是多酚类化合物,广泛存在于多种植物中,而研究表明黄酮类化合物能有效预防或改善镉引起的机体损伤。本文主要对黄酮类化合物干预镉毒性的研究进展以及发挥保护作用的分子机制方面进行综述,为预防镉毒性和营养干预机制的进一步研究提供参考。     

人参不定根乙醇提取物保护异丙肾上腺素诱导的心肌缺血作用研究

目的 人参不定根(ginseng adventitious roots, GAR)是生物发酵技术培养的人参组织培养物,与五年以下人参实质等同,可作为新食品原料应用于食品领域。本研究旨在阐明GAR提取物对异丙肾上腺素(Isoproterenol, ISO)诱导的小鼠心肌缺血损伤的保护作用。方法 50只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组(n = 10),给予GAR提取物预保护：对照组、ISO组、500 GAR + ISO组(500 mg/kg d,连续灌胃28 d),1000 GAR + ISO组(1000 mg/kg d,连续灌胃28 d)、1000 GAR组。第27 d和28 d皮下注射ISO建立小鼠心肌缺血模型。检测小鼠体重、心重、心重体重比和心电图变化,H E染色检测心脏组织病理学改变,试剂盒检测心肌损伤相关酶及抗氧化相关酶活性,Western Blot检测炎症相关蛋白Caspase-1及IL-1β表达变化。结果 1000 mg/kg d GAR预保护显著降低ISO导致的ST段升高和心重体重比增加,降低血清中心肌损伤相关酶LDH、CK-MB、ALT和cTn-T水平,明显提高心肌组织抗氧化相关酶SOD、GSH-px和CAT活性。组织病理学分析也显示GAR能够减轻心肌损伤,通过蛋白质印记分析发现GAR明显减少炎症通路Caspase-1、cleaved-Caspase-1及IL-1β蛋白表达。结论 综上所述,GAR对ISO导致的心脏损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能是增强内源性抗氧化能力及减少炎症蛋白表达。     

植物源天然产物对黄曲霉和黄曲霉毒素B_1的抑制作用研究进展

黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)是化学物质中致癌性最强的一种,对人和动物的健康具有极大的威胁,尤其是对肝脏的损害。AFB1是谷物和粮油中最为多见的真菌毒素,危害性也最强,长期低剂量的摄入AFB1除了会导致肝脏损伤和诱发肝癌之外,也会损害人体的其他器官。因此,能够有效防护人体免遭AFB1损伤的功能食品和新型保健药物已成为研究重点。近年来,天然产物因其具有生物活性显著、副作用小、多靶点等优点而备受关注,多种植物源天然产物已被报道能够抑制黄曲霉的生长产毒和AFB1的毒性作用。该文主要综述了植物源天然产物对黄曲霉生长产毒和AFB1毒性作用的抑制作用以及其相关抑制机制,为进一步开展AFB1毒性损伤的防护研究工作,开发能降低AFB1对人和动物的毒性损伤的新型保健药物和功能食品提供参考。     

Effect of soy phosphatidyl choline on the bioavailability and nutritional health benefits of resveratrol

Resveratrol has several nutritional health benefits including a cardioprotective effect. Although it has high oral absorption, but its rapid metabolism results in less systemic availability and restrict its efficacy. To overcome this, resveratrol complex with hydrogenated soy phosphatidyl choline (HSPC) was developed and its effect was evaluated on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. The cardioprotective activity of the resveratrol complex and free resveratrol (4 and 8 mg/kg) were evaluated by measuring various antioxidants and cardio protective enzymes. The complex significantly restored the activity of SOD, catalase, LDH and creatine kinase with respect to doxorubicin treated group (P < 0.05 and < 0.01). Plasma concentration of resveratrol obtained from the complex was higher than pure resveratrol. This study highlighted on the improved bioavailability and cardio protective health benefit of resveratrol by HSPC due to its sustained delivery and potential antioxidant property.     

Milk and kefir maintain aspects of health during doxorubicin treatment in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX), a powerful anthracycline antibiotic commonly used to treat a wide variety of cancers, is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative damage, resulting in cardiac dysfunction. Components of dairy may have protective effects against DOX-induced cardiac damage. Kefir is a naturally fermented milk product containing antioxidants, probiotic bacteria, and yeast in addition to the protective components of dairy. We explored the effects of dietary milk and kefir on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. We used singly housed, 10-wk-old male Sprague Dawley rats assigned to 1 of 3 isocaloric diets, control (CON n = 24), milk (MLK, n = 24), or kefir (KEF, n = 24), with equivalent macronutrient profiles. After a 9-wk dietary intervention, all animals were given either a bolus injection (15 mg/kg) of DOX (CON-DOX n = 12; MLK-DOX n = 12, KEF-DOX n = 12) or saline (CON-SAL n = 12; MLK-SAL n = 12; KEF-SAL n = 12). Body weight, grip strength, echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac geometry, and cardiac function were evaluated using echocardiography at 5 d postinjection and data were analyzed using ANOVA. Survival at d 5 post-DOX injection was 92 and 100% in KEF-DOX and MLK-DOX, respectively, and 75% in CON-DOX. By the last week of the dietary intervention, and just before injection with saline or DOX, CON weighed significantly (14%) more than the MLK and KEF. The DOX treatment resulted in significant reductions in body weight; however, we found no diet × drug interactions. The DOX treatment reduced peak grip strength compared with SAL; when compared with pre-injection measures, MLK-DOX rats did not experience a significant reduction in peak grip strength compared with CON-DOX and SAL-DOX rats. Heart mass in MLK and KEF was significantly higher when compared with CON. In summary, 9 wk of milk or kefir ingestion resulted in lower body size and higher heart mass after DOX treatment. Additionally, MLK preserved peak grip strength after DOX treatment, whereas KEF or CON did not. We observed no consistent protective effects with respect to heart dimensions and function. These findings suggest that long-term milk or kefir ingestion may be helpful in optimizing health before and during doxorubicin treatment.     

Protective Effect of Dietary Ghrelin‐Containing Salmon Stomach Extract on Mortality and Cardiotoxicity in Doxorubicin‐Induced Mouse Model of Heart Failure

Ghrelin exhibits a cardioprotective effect. We examined whether orally administered ghrelin‐containing salmon stomach extract (sSE) instead of chemically synthesized ghrelin protects against doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Mice were divided into four groups: (i) the control, (ii) DOX groups were fed a control diet (AIN‐93G), (iii) the sSE, and (iv) DOX + sSE groups were fed a 10% sSE diet (AIN‐93G + 10% sSE). After a 4‐week pretreatment of sSE, DOX or saline was administered to the corresponding groups by intraperitoneal injection. The groups fed the 10% sSE diet consumed significantly more food than the groups fed the control diet before the DOX injection. No mortality was observed in the DOX + sSE group, whereas 40% (2 of 5) mortality was observed in the DOX group. Compared with the DOX group, levels of ascites and plasma cardiac troponin I improved in the DOX + sSE group. Significantly lesser DOX‐induced collagen accumulation was observed in the left heart ventricle of the DOX group than in that of the DOX + sSE group. These results suggest that the dietary ghrelin contained in sSE mimics synthetic ghrelin in cardioprotective effect. Ghrelin in sSE (45 pmol/g) and the food intake‐stimulating effect of sSE may explain, at least in part, the protective effect of orally administered teleost ghrelin.     

D-核糖对阿霉素诱导心脏毒性的保护作用及机制研究

目的:研究D-核糖对阿霉素（Doxorubicin，DOX）诱导的小鼠心脏毒性保护作用及机制。方法:8周龄雄性ICR小鼠随机分为对照组（Con），模型组（DOX）组，D-核糖低剂量组（LDR），D-核糖高剂量组（HDR），每组10只。采用单次腹腔注射大剂量阿霉素（15 mg/kg）建立DOX急性心脏毒性小鼠模型，检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase，LDH）活性和心脏组织三磷酸腺苷（adenosine triphosphate，ATP）含量；通过苏木素-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin stain，HE）染色观察心肌组织病理变化；通过检测心肌组织内总超氧化物歧化酶（Total superoxide dismutase，T-SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase，CAT）活性以及丙二醛（Malondialdehyde，MDA）含量，评价心脏氧化应激水平；采用蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测沉默信息调节因子2相关酶类1（silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1，Sirt1）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α，PGC-1α）、B淋巴细胞瘤-2（B-cell lymphoma 2，Bcl-2）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bcl-2 associated X protein，Bax）、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（cysteine-containing aspartate specific protease 3，Caspase-3）的表达。结果:DOX可引起小鼠体质量显著降低（P<0.05），血清LDH活性显著升高（P<0.05），心肌抗氧化酶活力显著降低（P<0.05）；与DOX组相比，高剂量D-核糖可以显著降低血清LDH水平（P<0.05），提高心肌抗氧化酶活力（P<0.05），提高Sirt1、PGC-1α、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平（P<0.05），降低Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表达水平（P<0.05）。结论:高剂量D-核糖可以通过激活Sirt1/PGC-1α通路，缓解氧化应激，抑制心肌细胞凋亡，降低阿霉素诱导的急性心脏毒性。     

Bioactive compounds in wine: Resveratrol,hydroxytyrosol and melatonin: A review

Regular moderate wine consumption is often associated with reduced morbidity and mortality from a variety of chronic diseases in which inflammation is the root cause. This review is focused on three of the numerous bioactive compounds present in wine: resveratrol, hydroxytyrosol and melatonin. Resveratrol and hydroxytyrosol are polyphenols. Melatonin, recently described in wine, is an indoleamine. Their structures, concentrations in wine, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic and health promoting properties are reviewed. Resveratrol seems to be one of the most promising compounds due to its bioactivity, with wine being the main source of resveratrol in diet. Hydroxytyrosol, which its main source in diet is olive oil has been also found in both red and white wine in considerable amounts. Melatonin has been found in wine in low amounts. However, both high bioactivity and bioavailability have been attributed to it. They show antioxidant, cardioprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and antiaging activities. However, human studies are still in the initial stages and therefore further studies are needed.     

Partition and digestive stability of α-tocopherol and resveratrol/naringenin in whey protein isolate emulsions

Co-encapsulation of multiple bioactive components is an emerging field that shows promise as an approach to develop functional foods. Hydrophobic components are generally dissolved in the inner oil phase of protein-stabilised emulsions. Some components may co-adsorb to oil droplet surfaces, due to the ligand-binding properties of proteins. In this study, α-tocopherol and resveratrol/naringenin were co-encapsulated in emulsions stabilised by whey protein isolate (WPI). α-Tocopherol was totally encapsulated and its partitioning inside oil droplets was about 3.3 times that bound by free WPI in the aqueous phase. The total encapsulation efficiency for resveratrol or naringenin was 52% and 58%, respectively. Addition of resveratrol improved digestive stability of α-tocopherol, but naringenin did not. Co-encapsulation with α-tocopherol had no significant influence on the digestive stability of resveratrol/naringenin. The data gathered here should be useful for the delivery of bioactive components with different solubilities.     

萌芽花生营养成分变化及其功能作用研究进展

花生萌芽过程中,蛋白质发生水解,脂肪含量下降,而白藜芦醇含量急遽增加,可作为理想的功能食品基料。本文统计了近50年关于萌芽花生的文献,重点分析了花生萌芽过程中蛋白质、脂肪等主要营养物质以及白藜芦醇含量的变化,介绍了萌芽花生抗氧化和降脂等功能作用的研究进展,同时还详细阐述了国内外萌芽花生加工利用的研究现状。在现有研究基础上,指出了目前萌芽花生的营养因子富集、功能作用研究等方面存在的问题,并提出萌芽花生理论研究与食品开发等方向的展望,以期为萌芽花生在食品工业中的进一步开发与利用提供参考。     

人参不定根生产、生物活性成分及应用现状

摘 要：人参是一种著名药用植物,在世界范围内被广泛应用。为了解决人参资源的短缺问题,人参组织培养物即人参不定根生产培养技术被逐渐应用于人参及其生物活性成分的生产。与天然人参相比,人参不定根培养在生长速度和生物活性成分积累能力方面表现更优。人参不定根中的生物活性成分包括人参皂苷、人参多糖、肽类和脂肪酸等,其中人参皂苷是人参不定根药用价值的主要来源。人参不定根有免疫调节、改善记忆、肝保护和降血糖作用,有较好的药用和健康保健作用,人参不定根大规模培养在一定程度上能够促进我国健康产业的发展。本文综述了影响人参不定根生产的多种因素、几种较为重要的人参皂苷的生物学功能以及人参不定根的临床应用,以期为人参不定根的生产优化以及进一步的临床应用提供参考。     

大豆活性组分和肠道菌群相互作用研究进展

目前食品组分与肠道菌群的相互作用及其对健康的影响已成为膳食与健康领域的研究热点。存在于动物体内的肠道菌群对大豆活性组分的分解代谢、转化吸收有着重要作用,大豆活性组分在体内肠道菌群作用下发生生物转化,导致其结构改变,从而形成新的活性成分,进而影响人体健康。同时,大豆活性组分的肠道菌群代谢产物又能够调节肠道菌群结构、保护肠黏膜屏障、维护肠道微生态平衡。本文对大豆活性组分如何在菌群作用下进行有效生物转化、肠道菌群在外源组分的扰动下如何进行菌群结构和丰度调整以及大豆组分的菌群代谢产物对人的健康影响等方面进行了综述,以期为深入研究大豆活性成分对人体健康作用的机理提供参考。     

Technology options for new nutritional concepts

Recent advances in the food and nutrition sciences support the concept that the diet has a significant role in the modulation of various functions in the body. The diet and/or its components may contribute to an improved state of well-being, a reduction of risks related to certain diseases and even an improvement in the quality of life. These new concepts have led to the introduction of a new category of health-promoting foodstuffs, i.e. functional foods.
The concern about health embraces a number of driving issues, needs and opportunities which may be approached by designing specific diets from various food raw materials. These tailor-made products provide physiological benefits that are targeted at particular consumer groups.
The functionality of functional foods is based on bioactive components, which may be contained naturally in the product but usually require formulation by appropriate technologies in order to optimise the desired beneficial properties. To this end, it is often necessary to develop and apply novel technologies, e.g. membrane separation, high hydrostatic pressure and supercritical fluid extraction techniques. Also the minimal processing concept could be employed in this context.
This review discusses the current technological options available and the future challenges faced in the area. Particular attention is paid to the exploitation of bovine colostrum and milk-derived bioactive compounds for the development of functional foods.