呕吐毒素的食品污染、吸收代谢及肠道毒性研究进展

呕吐毒素又名脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）,是食品中污染最广泛的单端孢霉烯族化合物,且这类化合物是致吐和厌食毒性最强的真菌毒素。DON由镰刀菌产生,对动物和人体的肠道系统、免疫系统、神经系统、肝、肾、脾等器官和组织产生毒性,具有较强的细胞毒性,其中肠道为其毒性作用的第一道屏障。本文综述DON的食品污染特性、吸收代谢及不同研究模型的肠道毒性,并针对其易转化的特点,总结DON衍生物的肠道毒性,为今后DON及其衍生物的毒理学研究提供参考。     

河北省玉米、面粉中DON污染调查

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)又称呕吐毒素,是近年来引起人们广泛关注的存在于谷物中的镰刀菌毒素。具有较强的急性毒性和致吐作用。研究结果表明,DON还具有慢性毒性和致畸作用。有些国家已经制定了食品中DON卫生标准。自1984年以来,罗雪云等从本省两起霉玉米中毒样品中检出     

挂面煮制方法对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的去除效果研究

本研究通过煮制水中加入碳酸钠分析被污染挂面中DON毒素的去除作用。首先确定了加碱量对熟挂面品质的影响并分析了微波炉、电磁炉煮制挂面对DON去除效果的影响,研究结果表明:煮制水中添加0.25%碳酸钠对熟挂面品质无显著不良影响,并增加了DON毒素的去除效果;微波煮制挂面对DON毒素的去除率优于电磁炉煮制,但效果不显著。其次,以不同污染浓度的挂面进行0.25%碳酸钠煮制,获得DON毒素去除效果的预测曲线:y=0.4546x-0.0377,R2=0.9605,通过曲线可知,加碱煮制挂面可将DON毒素含量由2.30 mg/kg降至国家标准(1 mg/kg),显著优于无碱条件下煮制对DON毒素的去除效果。在此基础上,借助四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱仪(Q-TOF)分析0.20%碳酸钠条件下DON毒素标准品的降解产物,发现可能存在的降解产物为C15H20O6(iso DON,lactone DON)、C15H20O5(nor DON D)、C14H18O5(nor DON A,B,C),其产物毒性显著降低。利用0.25%碳酸钠煮制挂面具有较好的DON毒素降毒作用。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物检测方法的研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）属B型单端孢霉烯族毒素,主要由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物的过程中产生。DON是目前谷物及其制品中污染最为普遍的一种真菌毒素,具有明显的毒性,食用被其污染的饲料和食物会对动物和人类产生急性或慢性毒性作用。因此,为了保护消费者健康并最大限度减少经济损失,迫切需要建立高效、简单、快速的检测技术以实现对DON及其衍生物的有效监测。本文对DON及其衍生物常见的定性定量检测方法进行了系统阐述,并对新兴检测技术的创新点及其潜在应用价值进行了讨论分析,以期为DON及其衍生物检测方法的科学选择提供参考。     

真菌毒素DON和ZEN的体外联合毒性评价

选取BEL7402细胞对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)的联合毒性进行评价。首先将不同浓度的DON、ZEN以及其混合物染毒对数期的BEL7402细胞,刺激24 h后,对细胞增殖率、ROS活性氧水平、钙离子水平、细胞凋亡率以及凋亡相关靶点基因的表达等指标进行监测分析,并对两种毒素的联合毒性作用进行评价。结果表明,真菌毒素DON、ZEN均可抑制细胞活性,IC_(50)分别为9.3、27.2μg/m L,可导致细胞氧化应激损伤,提高细胞内活性氧水平以及钙离子浓度,显著上调凋亡关键基因p53、Bax,下调Bal-2基因,诱导细胞产生早期凋亡甚至坏死,多种毒性指标验证了这两种毒素对细胞的联合毒性作用表现为加和作用。     

姜黄素干预霉菌毒素诱导毒性的研究进展

通过植物源性天然产物对危害因子的毒性进行干预和控制是当前食品安全领域中的研究热点之一。姜黄素是传统香料姜黄中提取的疏水性多酚化合物,具有较强的抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、增加免疫力等作用。近期研究表明姜黄素可以干预黄曲霉毒素B₁、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素B₁、呕吐毒素等霉菌毒素诱导的毒性作用,减少机体损伤,增强抵抗力。本文简要概述食品安全中重点霉菌毒素的毒性,并着重阐述了近5年姜黄素对霉菌毒素毒性的干预作用,主要从减少ROS生成、降低脂质过氧化、调控相关通路以及调节肠道菌群等干预方式进行分析,并讨论其相关机理和亟待解决的问题,为姜黄素在大健康产业中的深度开发利用和未来发展提供理论依据,也为其他植物源性功能成分的研发拓宽思路。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的毒性及其生物转化研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是世界上分布最广泛的真菌毒素之一,给世界粮食产业造成巨大经济损失,也给人类健康带来重大威胁。该文对DON毒素的基本性质、毒性作用及生物转化研究进展进行全面论述,为DON毒素的防控技术提供参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇脱毒方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）是粮食和饲料中污染广泛的真菌毒素之一,其化学性质稳定,毒性强,严重威胁人类和动物的健康。目前DON脱毒方法主要有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法和生物脱毒法,其中生物脱毒法具有安全环保、特异性强、解毒效果显著等优点而备受推崇。生物脱毒法主要包括微生物的吸附作用和酶降解方式等。微生物的酶降解作用是通过破坏DON的毒性基团,例如C12,13位脱环氧、C3-OH氧化和C3-OH异构化等,将DON代谢转化为毒性较小甚至无毒的物质。某些种类的乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、德沃斯氏菌和酵母菌等细菌和真菌都具备降解DON的能力,乳酸菌作为食品级的益生菌,在降解DON和防控食品真菌毒素污染具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了DON脱毒方法的研究进展,将其优缺点进行分析总结,旨在为防控食品和饲料中DON污染,尤其是微生物对DON脱毒作用的进一步拓展和深入研究提供参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的生物转化及其隐蔽型毒素的形成研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是目前粮食作物中由于霉变产生的分布最为广泛、影响较大的单端孢霉烯族化合物之一。DON在植物、微生物作用下会转化形成各种隐蔽型毒素,且这些生物转化往往并不彻底,使中毒症状更加复杂,从而增加了粮食及其副产品的风险。本文主要综述各类生物对DON的转化模式及其对所形成的隐蔽型毒素类型、分布及毒性作用的影响,以期为今后DON及其隐蔽型毒素的降解研究提供参考。     

食品霉菌毒素残留免疫学技术检测

霉菌毒素是由霉菌在农产品中产生的一系列具有广泛化学结构的有毒次级代谢产物，对人和动物具有广泛的毒性作用，能够引起人和动物癌症、肝毒性等各种症状。如果人和动物食入被霉菌毒素污染的食品或饲料，则会对人类健康构成严重威胁，或使畜牧业生产蒙受损失。因此世界各国对此高度重视，许多国家针对食品、农产品霉菌毒素残留问题制定了严格的法规，并对食品、粮食规定了最低允许残留限量。由于农产品毒素污染主要与气候和生物学因     

Ozone treatment to reduce deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) contamination in wheat bran and its impact on nutritional quality

Wheat bran is an important source for human and animal feed. Its nutritional aspects include a high content of fibre and minerals, as well as phenolic compounds that help prevent chronic diseases. However, wheat can be susceptible to contamination by fungus, which can produce mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), causing adverse health effects. Therefore, methods should be developed to reduce possible contamination. Ozone can be used for this purpose as it is considered safe and environmental friendly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction of DON and ZEN concentrations in wheat bran using the ozonation process as well as to evaluate the effect of ozonation on the nutritional quality of bran. Considering this, wheat bran naturally contaminated with both DON and ZEN was processed using ozone at different conditions. The nutritional quality of the bran was evaluated after processing considering the following aspects: the total phenolic content and the bran antioxidant capacity (by using both DPPH and ABTS radicals). The results showed that the degradation of ZEN was higher and faster than the degradation of DON, which could be explained by their molecular structures. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the bran were not affected by the ozonation process, which is preferable from a nutritional point of view. Therefore, ozonation was demonstrated to be a possible method for reducing mycotoxins in wheat bran, although more studies are needed in order to better understand and optimise processing and product quality.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的前处理及检测方法研究进展

小麦和谷物制品作为我国餐桌上的主要饮食,常受到各种真菌的污染并产生毒素.尤其是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),属B型单端孢霉烯族化合物,主要由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物或者贮存的过程中产生,温润的环境更促使DON的产生,具有细胞毒性和致癌性,影响人和动物的健康.目前从国家市场监督管理网站等...     

Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation

Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecenes in food and feed, and is a significant contaminants due to its frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations worldwide. Since toxin production depends strongly on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, Fusarium toxin contamination can not be avoided completely. Therefore, exposure to this toxin is a permanent health risk for both humans and farm animals. As cereal crops are commonly contaminated with DON and animal diets consist mainly of cereals, it can be assumed that animals are frequently exposed to DON-contaminated feeds. Many strategies can be undertaken to reduce the toxic effect of DON. In addition to the general necessity for minimizing all risk factors that might influence the contamination of cereals with DON, such as the so-called field toxins before harvest, several post-harvest strategies can be applied to counteract possible deleterious effects of this mycotoxin in farm animals. Another approach for decontamination in feedstuffs is the use of adsorbent materials. Adsorbent materials may bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract and reduce absorption and systemic toxicity. It has been shown that some adsorbents are suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of specific mycotoxins, but its efficacy against trichothecenes is practically zero. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce animal and human health risk are needed. The use of microbial additives is a method which uses microorganisms having the capability to detoxify mycotoxins by metabolism or degradation prior to their resorption in the gastrointestinal tract. DON has been reported to be completely transformed to de-epoxy-DON by ruminal and intestinal microflora. Eubacterium BBSH 797 was capable of DON degradation and counteracted the toxic effects of DON in animals. This review focuses on the efficacy of microbial feed additives in ameliorating the toxic effects of DON. According to the results of experiments to date, it appears that microorganisms are the main living organisms suitable for this mycotoxin biodegradation. However, the use of this approach depends on its effectiveness from both a practical and economic perspective.     

Minor components of pulses and their potential impact on human health

Pulses contain a number of bioactive substances including enzyme inhibitors, lectins, phytates, oligosaccharides, and phenolic compounds. Enzyme inhibitors can diminish protein digestibility, and lectins can reduce nutrient absorption, but both have little effect after cooking. Phytic acid can diminish mineral bioavailability. Some phenolic compounds can reduce protein digestibility and mineral bioavailability, and galactooligosaccharides may cause flatulence. On the other hand, these same compounds may have protective effects. Phytic acid exhibits antioxidant activity and protects DNA damage, phenolic compounds have antioxidant and other important physiological and biological properties, and galactooligosaccharides may elicit prebiotic activity. These compounds can have complementary and overlapping mechanisms of action, including modulation of detoxifying enzymes, stimulation of the immune system, regulation of lipid and hormone metabolism, antioxidant, antimutagen, and antiangiogenic effects, reduction of tumor initiation, and promotion and induction of apoptosis. Secondary metabolites are considerated antinutrients, simultaneously conferring health benefits, so these secondary metabolites are currently marketed as functional foods and nutraceuticals ingredients.     

Efficacy of detoxification of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn by Bacillus sp. LS100 in reducing the adverse effects of the mycotoxin on swine growth performance

Biodetoxification of mycotoxins is a novel strategy to control mycotoxicoses in animals. Bacillus sp. LS100, which transforms deoxynivalenol (DON) to a less toxic chemical de-epoxy DON (DOM-1), was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the adverse effects of DON on swine growth performance. A feeding trial was conducted in growing pigs with four treatments: (1) corn meal without detectable DON served as control (Non-toxic Corn); (2) Fusarium-infected corn giving a toxic diet containing 5?µg DON?g^?1 (Toxic Corn); (3) Toxic Corn detoxified with Bacillus sp. LS100 giving a detoxified diet containing 5?µg DOM-1 g^?1 (LS100-De-toxic Corn); (4) Non-toxic Corn treated with Bacillus sp. LS100 serving as bacterial control (LS100-Non-toxic Corn). During 9 days of exposure to the treatments, pigs on Toxic Corn showed a significant reduction in daily feed consumption, daily weight gain and feed efficiency by 29, 48 and 29%, respectively, compared to pigs on Non-toxic Corn. These parameters of the pigs fed LS100-De-toxic Corn diet were 45, 82 and 32% greater, respectively, than those of pigs fed Toxic Corn diet, and were similar to those pigs fed Non-toxic Corn and LS100-Non-toxic Corn diets. There were no significant differences between the treatments of LS100-Non-toxic Corn and Non-toxic Corn diets, implying that the bacterial isolate might not have significantly affected nutrition and palatability of the feed or had negative effects on the pig's feeding performance. The results have proved that microbial detoxification of DON in contaminated feed can eliminate negative effects of the mycotoxin, and the pre-feeding detoxification approach may be applied in the livestock industry.     

Extraction,identification, fractionation and isolation of phenolic compounds in plants with hepatoprotective effects

The liver is one of the most important organs of human body, being involved in several vital functions and regulation of physiological processes. Given its pivotal role in the excretion of waste metabolites and drugs detoxification, the liver is often subjected to oxidative stress that leads to lipid peroxidation and severe cellular damage. The conventional treatments of liver diseases such as cirrhosis, fatty liver and chronic hepatitis are frequently inadequate due to side effects caused by hepatotoxic chemical drugs. To overcome this problematic paradox, medicinal plants, owing to their natural richness in phenolic compounds, have been intensively exploited concerning their extracts and fraction composition in order to find bioactive compounds that could be isolated and applied in the treatment of liver ailments. The present review aimed to collect the main results of recent studies carried out in this field and systematize the information for a better understanding of the hepatoprotective capacity of medicinal plants in in vitro and in vivo systems. Generally, the assessed plant extracts revealed good hepatoprotective properties, justifying the fractionation and further isolation of phenolic compounds from different parts of the plant. Twenty‐five phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, lignan compounds, phenolic acids and other phenolic compounds, have been isolated and identified, and proved to be effective in the prevention and/or treatment of chemically induced liver damage. In this perspective, the use of medicinal plant extracts, fractions and phenolic compounds seems to be a promising strategy to avoid side effects caused by hepatotoxic chemicals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physiological and behavioral effects of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in Tenebrio molitor larvae

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent type B trichothecene mycotoxins present in cereals such as: wheat, rye, barley, oats and corn. It initiates a wide range of toxic effects on human and animal health. As an edible insect species for the growing human population, Tenebrio molitor is typically fed on cereal bran or flour. In the present study T. molitor L. larvae were grown for two weeks on wheat bran artificially contaminated with DON at four concentrations: 4.9 μg/g, 8 μg/g, 16 μg/g and 25 μg/g. The effects of DON intake on survival, growth, activity of the antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the phase II biotransformation enzyme - glutathione-S-transferase (GST), protein content and locomotor activity were monitored in two-month-old T. molitor larvae. The study revealed that DON at concentrations ranging from 4.9 to 25 μg/g wheat bran reduced larval body weight and protein content. Furthermore, it increased SOD and GST activity, had no effect on CAT activity. Also, this study showed that presence of DON in these concentrations has no direct detrimental effects on larval survival, but reduced locomotor activity. The observed effects were particularly pronounced in the larvae given the highest DON concentration 25 μg/g. These finding reveals that DON in artificially contaminated wheat bran at concentrations up to 25 μg/g is able to induce dose-dependent physiological and behavioral changes in T. molitor larvae.     

The prevalence of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in the spring wheat grain from different agricultural production systems in Lithuania

Deoxynivalenol (DON) together with two acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) occurs in cereal grains and their products. Co-occurrence of DON and acetylated derivatives in cereal grain is detected worldwide. Until now, DON and its derivatives have been considered equally toxic by health authorities. In this study, we analysed 103 samples of spring wheat grain, originating from the fields of different production systems in Lithuania, for the co-occurrence of type-B trichothecenes (DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON). The samples were classified according to the production system—organic, sustainable and intensive. Mycotoxin levels in the spring wheat grain samples were determined by the HPLC method with UV detection. The type-B trichothecenes were found to be present at higher concentrations in the grain from the intensive production system. Eighty-one percent of the spring wheat grain samples from the intensive production system were co-contaminated with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON, 1% with DON+3-ADON. Additionally, DON+15-ADON and DON were found in 5% and 10% of the tested samples, respectively. Two percent of the samples were free from mycotoxins. In the grain samples from the sustainable production system, DON and a combination of DON+3-ADON showed a higher incidence – 47% and 23%, respectively. The samples with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON accounted for 18%. Completely different results were obtained from the analyses of organic grain samples. A large number of the organic spring wheat grain samples were contaminated with DON+3-ADON (55%) or DON (36%). The combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON was not present, while DON+15-ADON was present in 9% of the samples tested. The production systems did not lead to significant differences in mycotoxin levels, although a trend toward higher incidence and higher contamination was observed for the samples from the intensive and sustainable production systems.     

Evaluation of the effect of plant extracts and phenolic compounds on reduction of acrylamide in an asparagine/glucose model system by RP‐HPLC‐DAD

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide has been found in various foods. Many studies have been conducted to mitigate acrylamide formation during the Maillard reaction. In this study, the effects of 35 crude aqueous extracts from dietary plants (spices, fruits, tea, beans and herbs) and 11 phenolic compounds on the mitigation of acrylamide in an asparagine/glucose model system were investigated. A simple method using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with 100% water as mobile phase was developed for acrylamide quantification. RESULTS: Addition of plant extracts significantly influenced acrylamide formation. Extracts of mint, cumin seeds and star anise caused the greatest reductions, of 75%, 73% and 69%, respectively, but Huanggang Ku‐Jing‐Cha extract facilitated acrylamide formation with increases of 18%. Of the phenolic compounds, p‐coumaric acid caused the greatest reduction (53%), whereas hesperetin increased acrylamide content by 9%. CONCLUSION: This study provided a possible use of crude aqueous plant extracts to mitigate acrylamide formation in the Maillard reaction. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry