1-甲基环丙烯和自发气调对猕猴桃品质及活性氧代谢的影响

为探讨1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）处理和自发气调（self-modified atmosphere,MA） 贮藏对猕猴桃常温贮藏品质和活性氧代谢的影响,分别采用1 μL/L 1-MCP、MA贮藏和1-MCP＋MA贮藏3 种方式处 理猕猴桃后,将其贮藏于（20±1）℃环境中28 d。结果表明：1-MCP处理和MA贮藏都能保持猕猴桃果实硬度,抑 制可滴定酸质量分数下降和总糖含量上升,降低乙烯释放速率,其中1-MCP处理效果优于MA贮藏,而1-MCP处理 后进行MA贮藏效果最好。1-MCP处理和MA贮藏都能提高果实超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）活力,且在贮藏前、中期提高抗坏血酸含量,从而降低组织氧 化水平并抑制膜脂氧化进程,其中1-MCP处理在贮藏前中期效果显著,MA贮藏在贮藏后期效果更佳,而1-MCP处 理后进行MA贮藏的果实在贮藏前、中期CAT、APX活力和抗坏血酸含量最高。可见,1-MCP处理和MA贮藏都能保 持猕猴桃常温贮藏品质,并提高关键抗氧化酶活力和抗氧化物质含量,其中1-MCP作用效果更好,而1-MCP处理后 进行MA贮藏的保鲜方式效果最佳。     

1-MCP处理对猕猴桃中抗坏血酸含量及其品质、生理的影响

为探讨低温储藏过程中1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对猕猴桃果实品质的影响,分析了果实中抗坏血酸含量和相关品质、生理指标的相关性。以"秦美"猕猴桃果实为试材,在(0±1)℃贮藏下,用1.0μL/L 1-MCP处理,每隔15 d取样,进行相关指标分析。结果显示,1-MCP处理显著抑制了抗坏血酸含量的下降;对品质指标——叶绿素和可滴定酸含量的下降具有显著抑制作用,可保持较高的果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量;对生理指标——果实的呼吸强度和MDA的上升速度具有抑制作用,降低了乙烯释放的峰值;对超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用。分析表明对照组中还原型抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸分别与MDA含量、O2-·含量、pH、Chlb含量呈极显著相关;处理组中还原型抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸均与MDA含量、O2-·含量、硬度呈极显著相关。     

1-MCP处理延缓采后机械伤青圆椒的衰老进程

为了探究1-MCP处理对采后机械损伤青圆椒果实生理生化的影响,本实验采用10 μL/L 1-MCP处理机械损伤的青圆椒果实。在贮藏期间分析了1-MCP处理对机械损伤青圆椒果实的品质、细胞膜损伤以及丙二醛（MDA）含量、叶绿素含量和活性氧清除酶如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性和基因表达水平的影响。实验结果显示：在20 ℃的贮藏条件下,用1-MCP处理机械损伤青圆椒果实,可以有效保持其贮藏期品质。与对照组相比,10 μL/L 1-MCP处理有效减缓了青圆椒果实中叶绿素的降解和维生素C含量的降低,抑制了青圆椒果实MDA含量的积累,维持了细胞膜的完整性。同时,用1-MCP处理的机械损伤青圆椒的抗氧化酶类POD、CAT、APX的活性和基因相对表达量均显著高于对照组。以上结果表明,1-MCP处理可以有效延缓采后机械伤的青圆椒的衰老进程,保持果实的贮藏品质,延长青圆椒果实的货架期。     

NO熏蒸调控冷藏枸杞鲜果活性氧代谢减轻褐变

为探明NO熏蒸降低冷藏枸杞鲜果活性氧代谢减轻褐变,以“宁杞七号”枸杞鲜果为试验材料,采用300 μL/L（0 μL/L NO为对照）的NO气体对“宁杞七号”熏蒸处理3 h,贮藏于3±0.5 ℃条件。结果表明：NO熏蒸处理能显著抑制枸杞鲜果褐变度的上升（p<0.05）。在贮藏末期,NO熏蒸处理组枸杞鲜果还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力分别较对照组高32.65%、0.03%、0.21%;氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量、超氧阴离子（O2-）生成速率及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力分别较对照组低18.97%、28.21%、42.99%、0.08%;与贮藏第0 d相比,对照组抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活力上升5.33%,处理组下降29.39%,对照组谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活力下降31.52%,处理组上升1.22%。且在整个贮藏过程中,NO处理组枸杞鲜果中还原型抗坏血酸（ASA）含量及GSH/GSSG值均显著高于对照组（p<0.05）。综合以上结果说明,300 μL/L NO熏蒸处理加快了活性氧自由基清除速率,维持细胞膜的完整性,从而延缓了枸杞鲜果的褐变进程。     

壳寡糖处理对采后油彽果实活性氧代谢的影响

研究分子量为3 000 Da、浓度为10 g/L的壳寡糖处理对采后油彽果实活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,壳寡糖处理延缓了油彽果实贮藏期间O_2~-·生成速率、MDA含量和细胞膜透性的上升,此外,经壳寡糖处理的果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等活性氧清除酶活性以及还原型抗坏血酸(As A)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著高于对照果实。据此认为,壳寡糖处理增强了采后油彽果实的活性氧清除能力、减轻了活性氧伤害,从而延缓了果实的衰老。     

1-MCP处理期不同成熟度‘霞晖8号’桃果实贮藏中品质和生理生化特性的影响

桃作为跃变型果实,其贮藏时间较短且极易发生冷害、木质化。1-MCP作为采后果蔬保鲜效果较好的化学处理方法,在新鲜果蔬采后应用。本实验以两种成熟度‘霞晖8号’桃果实为试材,采用10 μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene, 1-MCP）密闭处理果实12 h,探索20 ℃ 1-MCP对贮藏期间不同成熟度桃果实品质和生理生化变化的影响。结果表明,1-MCP处理均能抑制两种成熟度果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放。贮藏第4 d时,1-MCP处理低和高两成熟度果实的呼吸强度分别较对照低12.16 mg·kg ?1·h ?1和12.82 mg·kg ?1·h ?1,乙烯释放量峰值较对照分别降低了18.43%和15.88%。1-MCP处理果实的硬度、还原型抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量均高于同时间的对照果实,处理能够抑制果实丙二醛的积累,在贮藏末期,低成熟度处理和对照组MDA含量分别为2.35和2.54 μmol·g?1FW。另外,与对照相比,贮藏末期高成熟度处理果实琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶活性较高,分别为0.47和2.80 U·min?1·g?1FW,低成熟度处理果实过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性上升时间受到延迟,琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶活性分别提高了32.50%和20.30%,表明1-MCP处理可以延缓‘霞晖8号’桃果实成熟衰老进程,保持其品质,且以较低成熟度处理效果更好。     

1-MCP和乙烯利处理对采后‘金冠’苹果常温贮藏过程中生理变化及活性氧代谢的影响

以‘金冠’苹果为试材,研究1μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和0.2 mmol/L乙烯利处理对其采后常温贮藏过程中生理变化及活性氧相关代谢的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,1-MCP处理有效延缓果实软化、可滴定酸(TA)含量下降及可溶性固形物(TSS)含量上升,明显抑制叶绿素降解、呼吸强度及乙烯生成,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,减缓O-2·产生速率、H2O2及丙二醛(MDA)的积累;乙烯利处理主要在前期促进果实软化和TA含量下降,促进叶绿素降解及乙烯生成,使呼吸高峰提前,对上述活性氧相关代谢有相反效果,但对TSS无显著影响。结论:1-MCP处理保持了采后苹果果实的常温贮藏品质,而乙烯利处理则相反,苹果果实采后贮藏过程中活性氧的代谢与乙烯有关。     

纸片型1-MCP处理对‘朝霞’水蜜桃果实活性氧清除系统的影响

目的 研究纸片型1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene, 1-MCP)处理对水蜜桃果实活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)清除系统的影响。方法 用1.2 μL/L纸片型1-MCP处理‘朝霞’水蜜桃12 h, 以没有1-MCP处理的‘朝霞’水蜜桃为对照, 果实在(25±1)℃下贮藏12 d, 每隔2 d取样分析果实超氧阴离子自由基(O2?.)产生速率、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量、内源抗氧化物质含量和ROS清除酶活性的变化。结果 与对照‘朝霞’水蜜桃比较, 1-MCP处理的‘朝霞’水蜜桃显现出较低的O2?.产生速率和MDA含量, 较高的还原型谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸含量, 以及较高的过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性。结论 纸片型1-MCP处理能增强‘朝霞’水蜜桃ROS清除能力, 有效减少其果实ROS的产生与MDA的积累, 减轻‘朝霞’水蜜桃膜脂过氧化, 维持细胞膜结构的完整性, 从而保持‘朝霞’水蜜桃果实采后品质、增强其耐贮性。     

酸性电解水对采后龙眼果实贮藏期间活性氧代谢的影响

酸性电解水（acidic electrolyzed water,AEW）处理属于新型的果蔬采后保鲜方式。该实验探讨AEW处理对龙眼果实采后贮藏期间活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）代谢的影响。结果表明：相比对照组,pH 2.5、有效氯质量浓度80 mg/L、氧化还原电位1 512 mV的AEW浸泡果实10 min能显著提高贮藏期间龙眼果肉抗氧化酶（抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶）活性,保持较高水平的非酶抗氧化物质（如还原型谷胱甘肽和还原型抗坏血酸）含量,及较高的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力和还原力。此外,AEW处理可显著降低果肉超氧阴离子产生速率和过氧化氢含量（P＜0.05）,从而有效抑制丙二醛含量的上升。据此推测,AEW处理增强龙眼果实的耐贮性可能与其提高采后贮藏期果肉的ROS清除能力紧密相关。     

褪黑素处理对采后猕猴桃果实后熟衰老的影响

采后‘华优’猕猴桃（Actinidia Chinensis ‘Huayou’）果实经0（对照）、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50 mmol/L褪黑素分别浸泡10 min后,置于（0.0±0.5）℃、相对湿度90%～95%的低温条件下贮藏 90 d。结果表明：0.10 mmol/L褪黑素处理较其他浓度处理更明显地延缓了猕猴桃果实硬度和色泽L*值的下降,有效地降低了呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,且在贮藏结束后保持了较低的质量损失率和腐烂率。与对照相比,0.10 mmol/L褪黑素处理降低了淀粉酶活力,延缓了淀粉质量分数的下降,维持了较高的超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活力,提高了过氧化氢酶活力峰值,显著提高了抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的含量。这表明0.10 mmol/L褪黑素处理能在低温贮藏条件下延缓猕猴桃果实的后熟衰老进程。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status