四川蛇纹石猫眼的组成及显微形貌特征

采用傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱、 X射线粉晶衍射和扫描电子显微镜对四川蛇纹石猫眼进行了研究. 结果表明, 四川蛇纹石猫眼的主要组成矿物为纤蛇纹石, 具有斜纤蛇纹石d202, 006=0.244 6 nm(I/I0=29)和d202, 006=0.245 1 nm(I/I0=27)X射线粉晶衍射的特征谱线; 在960～1 100 cm-1间红外图谱分裂成3个明显的谱带, 570 cm-1附近的红外谱带以肩状出现, 在3 600～3 690 cm-1的高频区出现两个谱带. 蛇纹石纤维形态分为两类: 一类是纤维韧性好, 外表光滑干净, 未见明显的溶蚀现象; 另一类纤维平直, 韧性差, 具有较明显的溶蚀现象. 在垂直纤维方向上, 蛇纹石纤维表现出内层为圆柱状、外层为多角形的"内圆外方"的结构模式.     

台湾碧玉的X射线粉末衍射和红外吸收光谱特征

在综合利用前人研究成果的基础上,通过对产自台湾花莲的碧玉进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)等测试分析,并与加拿大碧玉的相关研究成果进行比较分析。研究结果表明,台湾碧玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,并且存在少量阳起石、绿泥石等杂质矿物。透闪石呈显微纤维状结构,纤维沿长轴方向密集排列,相互穿插;通过XRD计算其晶胞参数,透闪石的结晶度较高,达到94.62%;与加拿大碧玉相比,台湾碧玉中的Fe2+质量分数较高;在红外光谱中,3 674cm-1附近的吸收谱带属于透闪石中OH伸缩振动,900～1 150cm-1范围内吸收谱带属于Si4O11的伸缩振动,600～800cm-1范围内吸收谱带归属于γs(Si-O-Si)振动,400～600cm-1范围内吸收谱带属于Si-O弯曲振动、M-O伸缩振动和OH平动的耦合。     

四川蛇纹石猫眼的矿物组成及显微形貌研究

采用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FT IR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析方法对四川蛇纹石猫眼进行了研究。结果表明:四川蛇纹石猫眼主要组成矿物为纤蛇纹石,具有纤蛇纹石d202、006=0.2446nm(I/I0=29)和d202、006=0.2441nm(I/I0=27)X射线粉晶衍射的特征谱线。在960~1100cm-1间的红外谱图分裂成三个明显的谱带,570cm-1附近的红外谱带以肩状出现,3600~3690cm-1间的高频区出现两个谱带。蛇纹石纤维形态分为两类:一类是纤维韧性好,外表光滑干净,未见明显的溶蚀现象;另一类纤维平直,韧性差,外表粘有一些杂质,见有较明显的溶蚀现象。在垂直纤维方向上,蛇纹石纤维表现出内核为圆柱状、外壳为多角形的“内园外方”的结构模式。     

大别山区石英质玉宝石矿物学特征研究

大别山区石英质玉属新近发现的一种石英质玉(简称"大别山玉"),具色彩绚丽、质地细腻温润等特点。利用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、化学分析、红外光谱分析等方法,重点对"大别山玉"的矿物组成、化学成分、物理光学性质、微结构、红外吸收光谱等特征进行研究。结果表明,"大别山玉"具较典型的微粒-细粒结构,主要矿物为石英,含少量的绢云母、绿泥石、萤石、黄铁矿及其它粘土矿物等次要矿物,实属石英质玉;其化学成分相对较纯,主成分为SiO2,含少量的Al2O3,CaO,MgO,Fe2O3,FeO,K2O等;其红外反射光谱以Si—O非对称伸缩振动致特征的1177,1104 cm-1谱带、Si—O—Si对称伸缩振动致800,781cm-1分裂谱带以及由Si—O弯曲振动致492 cm-1较强谱带和542 cm-1弱谱带为特征。同时,还对"大别山玉"的结晶度及水的赋存状态一并给予了探讨。     

不同产地琥珀FTIR和~(13)C NMR谱学表征及意义

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪并配合固体高分辨核磁共振波谱仪,对不同产地的琥珀和柯巴树脂的红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振谱(13 C NMR)进行了测试与分析。结果表明,由C—H饱和键伸缩振动致红外吸收强谱带致2 930,2 870cm-1红外吸收强谱带,与之对应的CH2—CH3弯曲振动致1 460~1 443cm-1和1 384~1 375cm-1红外吸收中强谱带,为不同产地琥珀的特征红外光谱;与琥珀相比较,柯巴树脂所特有的吸收谱峰为由C═CH2反对称伸缩振动致红外吸收弱谱带3 080cm-1,C═C伸缩振动致红外吸收谱带1 645cm-1和C—H面外变形振动致红外吸收谱带890cm-1;分析不同产地琥珀的FTIR和13 C NMR谱学表征,其相对石化成熟度亦有差异,缅甸琥珀、辽宁琥珀、多米尼加琥珀、墨西哥琥珀的相对年龄依次变新,且δ=14×10-6~18×10-6和δ=215×10-6~220×10-6处的13 C NMR共振谱峰仅出现在柯巴树脂中,表明其石化成熟度相对偏低。文中对不同产地琥珀的谱学表征差异与其石化程度的关系及其意义一并给予了分析。     

绿松石及其处理品与仿制品的红外吸收光谱表征

采用红外反射光谱技术,对市面上常见的充填和压制处理绿松石、仿绿松石及天然绿松石制品的红外吸收光谱进行了研究和对比。结果表明:充填处理绿松石制品的红外吸收光谱具有由聚合物中aνs(CH2)反对称伸缩振动和sν(CH2)对称伸缩振动致的吸收谱带(2 934~2 924,2 863~2 854 cm-1)及(νC O)伸缩振动所致的红外吸收特征谱带(1 739~1 718 cm-1);仿绿松石制品中则明显缺乏天然绿松石中的ν(OH)伸缩振动致红外吸收谱带(3 507,3 465 cm-1),并出现由aνs(CH2)反对称伸缩振动和sν(CH2)对称伸缩振动及(νC O)伸缩振动致红外吸收谱带以及由各自基团振动的红外吸收特征谱带(指纹区内)。依据这些特征的红外吸收光谱有助于将它们区分开。     

鸭绒鸡绒鸽绒三级红外光谱研究

为了准确鉴定鸭绒、鸡绒及鸽绒,对其一维红外光谱、二阶导数红外光谱和同步二维红外光谱进行了研究。研究发现:鸭绒、鸡绒及鸽绒同时存在着—CH3不对称及对称伸缩振动模式、—CH2不对称及对称伸缩振动模式、酰胺Ⅰ带C=O伸缩振动模式、酰胺Ⅱ带C—N伸缩振动和N—H弯曲振动组合吸收模式、酰胺Ⅲ带C—N伸缩振动和N—H弯曲振动组合吸收模式,C—O伸缩振动模式和S—O弯曲振动模式等。认为在3 000cm-1~1 000cm-1频率区间内,采用传统的一维和二阶导数红外光谱法不能有效区分鸭绒、鸡绒及鸽绒,而同步二维红外光谱在1 100cm-1~1 000cm-1频率范围内可以区分鸭绒、鸡绒及鸽绒。     

棉纤维及苎麻纤维的三级红外光谱研究

研究棉纤维和苎麻纤维的三级红外光谱。采用傅立叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱技术,测试了棉纤维和苎麻纤维的一维红外光谱、二阶导数红外光谱和同步二维红外光谱。试验发现:棉纤维和苎麻纤维同时存在着—CH2不对称伸缩振动模式,—CH2对称伸缩振动模式,—OH变形振动模式和C—O伸缩振动模式等4种红外吸收模式。认为:在3 000cm-1~2 800cm-1、1 450cm-1~1 400cm-1、1 350cm-1~1 300cm-1和1 100cm-1~1 000cm-1频率区间内,采用传统的红外光谱技术(一维红外光谱和二阶导数红外光谱)不能有效区分棉纤维和苎麻纤维,而同步二维红外光谱可以清晰的区分棉纤维和苎麻纤维。     

贵州罗甸和广西大化软玉的化学成分与光谱特征

选取贵州罗甸县官固村及广西大化县岩滩镇产出的软玉作为研究对象,采用X射线荧光光谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和激光拉曼光谱仪对样品的化学成分及振动光谱特征进行测试分析。结果表明,贵州罗甸和广西软玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,并含有少量白云石。贵州罗甸软玉中FeO_T平均质量分数为0.268%,低于广西软玉的1.757%,且白玉、青白玉、青玉的FeO_T质量分数依次递增。随着晶体结构中Fe~(2+)对Mg~(2+)的类质同象替代作用增强,软玉红外光谱和拉曼光谱中M-OH振动谱带分裂程度逐渐提高。分裂程度最高者为广西青玉,其3 674、3 660、3 644 cm~(-1)附近中红外吸收谱带由OH(Mg,Mg,Mg)、OH(Mg,Mg,Fe~(2+))、OH(Mg,Fe~(2+),Fe~(2+))基频振动所致,7 182、7 154 cm~(-1)附近的近红外吸收谱带由OH(Mg,Mg,Mg)、OH(Mg,Mg,Fe~( 2+))的倍频振动所致,3 672、3 658、3 642 cm~(-1)的特征拉曼谱峰由M-OH伸缩振动所致。由于贵州软玉整体Fe质量分数比广西软玉低,故相关谱峰未出现分裂现象。     

安徽绿松石充填材料及处理特征初探

采用宝石学常规测试、傅里叶红外光谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱仪、紫外-可见分光光度计等方法测试了几种用于绿松石充填的胶水材料及对应处理后的安徽绿松石样品。结果表明,疏松原矿绿松石的相对密度为2.25,胶水充填的绿松石相对密度更低,低于理论值。液态胶水的红外光谱中普遍有位于2 978 cm~(-1)处—CH_3键、2 930 cm~(-1)处—CH_2键、1 722 cm~(-1)附近C=O键和1 256 cm~(-1)附近C—O—C键的振动峰;固化胶水主要基团的红外振动峰与液态胶水基本一致;固化剂的红外光谱中1 715 cm~(-1)处振动峰归属于v(C=O)伸缩振动,1 418、1 327 cm~(-1)处振动峰归属于б(COO)弯曲振动。胶水充填绿松石样品的红外光谱中2 920～2 940 cm~(-1)范围内为v(CH_2)伸缩振动、1 720～1 730 cm~(-1)范围内为酯类v(C=O)伸缩振动、1 390～1 470 cm~(-1)内б(C—H)弯曲振动和1 220～1 300 cm~(-1)范围内v(COC)伸缩振动的特征峰指示了有机充填的特征;绿松石样品拉曼光谱显示2 890～2 990 cm~(-1)范围内强而尖锐的v(C—H)伸缩振动峰也可作为充填鉴定的辅助依据。绿松石样品在紫外-可见光谱中显示由Fe~(3+)离子所致432 nm吸收带和[Cu(H_2O)_4]~(2+)所致600 nm以后宽缓吸收带,在475 nm和515 nm处显示与染色粉有关的吸收带。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.