响应面优化食用槟榔卤水配方的研究

在传统的制备工艺基础上，对食用槟榔卤水制备工艺进行优化。通过单因素试验结果，选取保水剂、增稠剂、有机酸的添加量作为自变量，感官评分为响应值，进行响应面优化，获得食用槟榔卤水最优制备配方。结果表明，脂肪酸蔗糖酯与单硬脂酸甘油酯、卡拉胶与海藻酸钠、石灰粉与饴糖的质量比分别为4∶5、4∶5、1∶3，保水剂、食用油、乳化剂、增稠剂及有机酸的添加量分别为0.3%、4%、2%、2%、3%。在此最优配方参数下制备的食用槟榔卤水感官评分为80.34，卤水呈现深棕黑色，表面光泽、无裂纹，适口性较好、劲道足，具有食用槟榔卤水独特的风味与滋味；游离碱度为92.6 mg/g；微生物相关指标均符合相关标准。     

浅析采卤井卤水盐结晶堵管因素及预防措施

浅析采卤井卤水盐结晶堵管因素及预防措施四川省合川盐矿罗安民，曹均录关键词：水溶采卤，堵管在深岩盐层中，石盐可以被水溶解成卤水，而且高浓度卤水从井下溶腔返出过程中易形成盐晶体堵管。当其管内卤水浓度≥２４．５°Ｂｅ′时（即减量≥３１５克／升以上），温度在...     

烹饪课堂问答(三十一)

编辑部老师： 我平时经常做卤菜，但做出来的卤菜总不够理想，不知怎样才能使卤制菜肴色泽红亮？另外，川味卤菜里倒底要放哪些香料？每种香料的比例是多少？望能给予指教。 辽宁锦州市读者 贾猛 答：川味卤菜是川菜的一个组成部分，具有浓厚的地方特色。可用来制作川味卤菜的原料十分广泛，鸡、鸭、兔、猪肉、牛肉、蹄膀、鸡蛋、豆制品等都可以用来卤制。川味卤菜在各地的制法虽然有一些差异，但总的说来可以归纳为两大类，即红卤和白卤。红卤和白卤的区别在于，红卤重色，卤水中要加入糖色和酱油，故成品色泽红亮；而白卤为浅色，卤水中不…     

食用槟榔的急性毒性及抗氧化作用研究

目的研究槟榔提取液及卤水的急性毒性和抗氧化作用。方法对2种食用槟榔成品、2种槟榔卤水溶液、槟榔腌果和槟榔干果水提取液各1份、采用经口急性毒性试验方法,研究各样品对小鼠的急性毒性效应;以超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)为指标,研究各样品在高、中、低3个浓度饲喂90 d时对小白鼠抗氧化酶的影响。结果 2种食用槟榔成品对小鼠的半数致死量(LD_(50))分别为69.42g/(kg·bw)和38.22g/(kg·bw),腌果和干果的半致死剂量(LD_(50))值分别为34.88 g/(kg·bw)和41.14 g/(kg·bw),卤水的LD_(50)4848 g/(kg·bw),食用槟榔成品LD_(50)值显著低于槟榔腌果(P0.01),但与干果LD_(50)无显著差异。槟榔成品及其相应卤水样品对小鼠血清SOD活性、MDA含量无显著变化(P0.05);各处理组GST活性均低于对照组,部分样品下降显著。结论按照急性毒性分级标准,槟榔成品、腌果、干果和卤水均属于实际无毒级,该剂量下槟榔提取物未对小鼠抗氧化作用产生显著影响。     

广东卤水种种

说到广东卤水，大家都会想起很有名气的潮州卤水。其实，广东卤水有潮式卤水和粤式卤水两种。广东人对卤制菜品十分讲究，针对不同的卤制原料，其卤料的配方也有所不同，如在卤鸡、卤鸽子、卤鹅、卤凤爪、卤牛肚时，所用的卤料配方都不尽相同。广东卤水与川式卤水一样，从卤汁的颜色来说，可分为红卤水和白卤水两大类。下面，我就把几种广东卤水，以及一些特色卤水的配方和制法介绍给大家。     

五香味型及其应用

“五香”是一种风味泛称。泛指以数种香料如八角、山奈、草果、丁香、小茴、甘草、砂头、老蔻、肉桂、花椒等混合形成的香味。其香料品种和数量可根据菜肴风味需要酌情选用,远不止五种。川菜中常用的五香味型就是数种香料按一定比例混合并辅以川盐、料酒、姜、葱等调味品形成的一种复合味型。其味型特点是:浓香咸鲜。广泛用于冷、热菜式。应用范围:适用于卤、炸收、凉拌、蒸、炸、煮等烹制法和以动物性肉类及家禽家畜内脏为原料的菜肴,或以豆类及其制品为原料的菜肴。下面以烹调方法为主线,谈谈五香味型的具体应用。 一、卤技法中的应用 “卤菜”是川味五香味型中最大宗的一类,它具有(火巴)、软、味浓香、老少皆宜、清洁卫生、存放时间长、携带食用方便等特点。卤菜制作最关键的技术在于调制卤水,而川味卤菜所用卤水常分为红卤和白卤二种。红卤和白卤的主要区别在于红卤中加有适量的冰糖糖色,适于卤制色浅的原料。白卤中则不加糖色,适于卤制深色原料(如牛、羊肉)。两种卤水的风味应基本一致。下面以红卤水调制为例。     

卷制蛋心卤菜

蛋黄鸭肉卷原料：光鸭1只（约2000克）咸鸭蛋黄20个姜15克葱20克精盐、白酱油、花雕酒、胡椒粉、味精、香油各运量白卤水5千克另备净纱布、白棉线、牙签等制法：l、将鸭去内脏、骨及头、爪，治净，斩成4大块，用美（拍破）、葱、精盐、白酱油、花雕酒、胡椒粉、香油、味精等码味，路清约12小时。2、将净纱布铺在案板上，取出路清好的鸭肉，根于水分后平放在纱布上，取5个咸鸭蛋黄放在鸭肉的一端，然后将鸭肉裹成卷，以牙签别住，再用纱布包好，用白棉线扎紧。依法逐一制完。3、锡太白卤水上火，将鸭白卷放卤水中卤制约ZO分钟，离火，再浸泡…     

卤井管理探讨

卤井管理作为矿山管理的主要内容,有着举足轻重的地位。在实际工作中,因管理方法不当,而导致井下事故的发生,应引起重视。在这里,就如何加强卤井管理的问题作一些探讨。在卤井生产过程中,由于卤水浓度过高,而卤水含膏、含砂量过高,地面温度过低,开关井操作不当等因素,常常会造成井下管串结晶堵塞事故。这时,卤井所反映的预兆为：注水压升高、注水量变小;返水量变小,含气量增加,卤水温度降低等。大量事实表明,岩盐结晶与管壁的粗糙度有着密切的关系。越是粗糙的管壁,越易形成结晶。由于井下数千余米管壁的粗糙度是无规则的,…     

新菜传真(129)

乌龙牛鞭卷原料:牛鞭500克猪肉皮200克姜片20克葱节30克盐、料酒、红曲米、白卤水各适量椒盐味碟1个制法:把牛鞭和猪肉皮分别治净后,用姜片、葱节、盐和料酒腌渍片刻,再把牛鞭放白卤水锅里卤熟,猪肉皮放加有红曲米的白卤水锅里卤(?)至上色,然后趁热用卤好的猪肉皮包上牛鞭裹成筒     

鸡汤肥肠

“鸡汤肥肠”是笔者不久前在蓉城一家菜市场的腌卤摊上觅得的美食。它是将肥肠白卤制熟后，再入鸡汤中浸煮而成。成菜既有点像卤菜，又有点像汤菜，并配以红油味碟，先蘸食肥肠，后饮鸡汤，吃法别具一格。若是将此菜移植于餐厅酒楼，想必同样可行。下面，笔者就将“鸡汤肥肠”的制法介绍给大家。原料：猪大肠２０００克鸡汤２５００克姜块、精盐、胡椒粉、鸡精、葱花、白卤水各适量红油味碟１个制法：１．猪大肠治净，放入冷水锅中，烧沸片刻后捞出，再用清水反复冲洗除去腥味，随后放入白卤水锅中卤熟捞出。２．鸡汤装入煮锅中烧沸，下入拍…     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.