Bacillus sphaericus 2297蛋白酶基因sph在毕赤酵母中的表达及重组酶酶学性质

将Bacillus sphaericus 2297蛋白酶基因sph进行毕赤酵母密码子优化后,进行全基因合成,并构建了重组酵母菌P. pastoris X33-ppicZalphA-sph,对重组酶进行酶学性质研究。结果表明,重组酶的最适反应温度和最适反应pH为40 ℃和8.0,且其为20~30 ℃中保温10 h仍有80%以上的酶活力、在pH7.0~9.0条件下孵育24 h,仍能保持60%以上的酶活性。K+、Sr2+对酶活有明显激活作用,而Fe3+、Ba2+对酶活有明显抑制作用;重组蛋白酶SPH在极性常数为0.8~3.1的25%的正丁醇、环己烷、二甲苯中孵育6 d后,仍能保留50%以上的酶活性。本研究为B. phaericus 2297和B. phaericus DS11蛋白酶有机溶剂耐受性机制的研究奠定基础。     

谷氨酰胺酶基因的克隆、表达和酶学性质研究

以枯草芽孢杆菌基因组为模板通过PCR扩增获得谷氨酰胺酶基因ylaM,构建重组质粒p MA5-ylaM,将其转化到枯草芽孢杆菌168中获得重组菌BS168/pMA5-ylaM,并在宿主菌成功得到表达,纯化后的谷氨酰胺酶比酶活大小为939.48 U/mg。谷氨酰胺酶的反应最适pH为7.5,反应最适温度为55℃,La~(3+)、Zn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)对谷氨酰胺酶活力具有一定的抑制作用,在NaCl浓度为15%～17.5%的条件下,该酶酶活力可以保留50%以上。在5 L罐中,通过分批补料发酵,其最高酶活力产量为215.06 U/mL。     

黑曲霉脂肪酶tglE的基因克隆与生化特征解析

从黑曲霉基因组中克隆了一种新的脂肪酶基因tglE,并在毕赤酵母中成功表达。重组酶具有典型的脂肪酶活性,其最适pH为7. 0,最适温度为40℃;在30～60℃或pH 6. 5～9. 0该酶的酶活力保持在60%以上;在pH 6. 0～8. 0或20～30℃均较为稳定。Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Sn~(2+)对tgl E有明显的激活作用; Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)和EDTA对重组酶的酶活抑制作用明显,特别是EDTA可抑制重组酶90%的活。tgl E对橄榄油和C_4底物的作用最强,对棕果油和C16底物的作用最弱。以C_4为底物,tglE的Km值为14. 40 mmol/L,Vmax为46. 72mmol/(m L·h)。tgl E具有催化辛酸和乙醇生成辛酸乙酯的酯化活性。     

D-阿洛酮糖 3-差向异构酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达

将D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶(DPE)基因利用PCR进行扩增,与枯草芽孢杆菌载体p MA5连接,构建重组质粒p MA5-cbdpe。重组质粒转入枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis WB800感受态细胞,利用卡那霉素筛选和PCR鉴定,获得一株DPE重组枯草芽孢杆菌菌株。该重组菌株无需诱导即可产生DPE酶,18 h时酶活可达6.8 U/m L。该酶最适p H为7.0,最适温度为55℃,与大肠杆菌表达的DPE酶酶学性质相似。结果表明,DPE酶可在枯草芽孢杆菌中表达。     

大肠杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶A的基因克隆与表达及其酶学性质

目的:研究大肠杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶A的基因克隆与表达及其酶学性质。方法:首先采用PCR技术克隆编码大肠杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶A的基因gadA,并将该基因克隆至载体pET-28a(+)中,形成重组质粒pET28a-gadA;然后将该重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21,构建重组菌株大肠杆菌BL21/pET28a-gadA。进一步采用Ni~(2+)亲和层析色谱分离纯化谷氨酸脱羧酶A,研究其酶学性质。结果:经PCR和双酶切鉴定,重组质粒pET28a-gadA构建成功。SDS-PAGE分析表明Ni~(2+)亲和层析纯化后得到电泳纯级谷氨酸脱羧酶A,其比活力为19 U/mg,得率为12.8%。在pH 4.5时,谷氨酸脱羧酶A的酶活力最高。该酶的最适温度为50℃,且在40℃时有较高的热稳定性,70℃时热稳定性较差,酶活力仅为初始酶活的17.9%。Cu~(2+)对该酶的酶活力有较强的抑制作用,Ba~(2+)、Co~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对其酶活力影响不大,Ca~(2+)能显著增加该酶的酶活力。结论:研究结果为深入理解谷氨酸脱羧酶A的酶学性质及其γ-氨基丁酸的制备提供了试验基础。     

一种碱性γ-谷氨酰转肽酶在Bacillus subtilis 168中的分泌表达与酶学性质分析

将γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)在Bacillus subtilis 168同源过量表达,发现该酶能够自动分泌到细胞外,且重组菌酶活比原始菌提高了3 568倍。通过SDS-PAGE分析发酵液上清液发现,该γ-谷氨酰转肽酶是由一个相对分子质量为42 000的大亚基和一个22 000的小亚基组成。通过酶学性质分析发现,该γ-谷氨酰转肽酶是一个耐碱性的酶,最适反应pH为10;同时该酶具有良好的耐热性,最适反应温度达到50℃;另外,加入5.0 mmol/L的Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、K~+、La~(3+)、Li~+和NH_4~+对GGT转肽活力具有明显的促进作用,其中添加的NH_4~+对GGT活力促进作用最为显著,GGT活力提高45%以上,而Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)则对其具有抑制作用。     

D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶的异源表达和酶学性质

克隆了来源于Clostridium bolteae ATCC BAA-613的D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶基因,利用重叠延伸PCR技术在Cb-dpe基因的上游加入了P43启动子,形成P43-Cb-dpe,再将P43-Cb-dpe连接到p MA5载体上构建出双启动子表达载体,并导入到Bacillus subtilis WB800中进行表达;与单启动子表达系统相比,双启动子表达载体能够显著提高Cb-dpe的表达量。对重组Cb-DPE酶进行了分离纯化和酶学性质的研究,结果表明:重组Cb-DPE的最适温度为55℃,最适pH为7.0,在温度30~40℃范围内和pH 6.5~7.5之间有良好的稳定性;Co~(2+)、Mn~(2+)可显著增强酶活;D-阿洛酮糖为底物时,K_m为26.68 mmol/L,小于果糖的61.80 mmol/L,说明该酶对D-阿洛酮糖的亲和性比对D-果糖的高。而在动力学参数方面,以D-阿洛酮糖为底物对应的催化效率K_(cat)/K_m为95.8 L/(mmol·min),大于以果糖作为底物时的54.1 L/(mmol·min)。     

淀粉液化芽孢杆菌BS5582中性蛋白酶基因的克隆表达及其酶学性质研究

以一株高产中性蛋白酶的Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS5582基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得结构基因npr,构建质粒pPIC9K-npr,并转化到表达菌株毕赤酵母GS115中得到重组菌。经甲醇诱导发酵,测定中性蛋白酶活性。结果表明,目的基因大小为1566bp,在宿主中得到了成功表达,重组菌酶活力为9.17×103U/g,酶学性质分析表明,重组中性蛋白酶的最适反应温度为50℃,最适反应pH为7,在40℃中保温1h后仍能保持85%左右活性,在pH4～9的范围内稳定性较好,Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+离子对该酶有激活作用。     

Bacillus sp.L1胞外蛋白酶EL1基因克隆及酶学性质分析

目的:对菌株Bacillus sp.L1分泌的胞外蛋白酶EL1进行分离纯化、基因克隆及酶学性质研究。方法:利用硫酸铵沉淀、阴离子交换层析从菌株Bacillus sp.L1的发酵液中分离纯化出胞外酶EL1,对其进行了质谱分析、基因克隆及酶学性质研究。结果:质谱结果提示EL1属于丝氨酸蛋白酶,该酶基因开放阅读框为1326 bp,蛋白序列共441个氨基酸,氨基酸序列与菌株Bacillus stratosphericus分泌的丝氨酸蛋白酶(WP_007499449)同源性最高(98%)。该酶最适温度60℃,具有较好的热稳定性;最适pH8.0,在pH8.0时稳定性较好;Mn2+对其有一定的激活作用,Cu2+对其有一定的抑制作用。结论:Bacillus sp.L1分泌的胞外蛋白酶EL1具有较好的热稳定性,在碱溶液中可以保持较高的活力,具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

重组枯草芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因工程菌构建与表达

根据GenBank枯草芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因序列设计引物,以枯草芽孢杆菌基因组为模板,PCR克隆α-淀粉酶基因(amy),将α-淀粉酶基因插入穿梭表达载体pP43C,构建重组质粒pP43Camy。随后将重组质粒转化八种蛋白酶缺陷的宿主枯草芽孢杆菌WB800,经筛选获得重组枯草芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因工程菌WB800/pP43Camy1026,工程菌摇瓶发酵酶活力达960U。性质研究表明,重组α-淀粉酶的最适作用温度为70℃,最适反应pH为6.0,具有良好的应用潜力。     

Bacillus cereus,Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides differentiation using a PCR-RE technique

A method was developed to differentiate between Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis using the polymerase chain reaction combined with a restriction endonuclease (PCR-RE) technique. This fast and simple protocol, applied to pure culture strains, was developed using the gyrB DNA sequence, as previously proposed by other authors. Strains from international collections were used to optimize the method which was then applied to the identification of strains isolated from food samples. Amplifications were specific for the B. cereus group. Only Staphylococcus aureus gave the same size PCR product, but it was easily differentiated from strains in the B. cereus group by using restriction analysis, based on digestion with the RsaI, Sau3AI and EcoRI endonucleases. Specific amplifications and good differentiations were obtained using pure strains, suggesting the possibility of using the method described to identify the B. cereus group directly in food samples.     

A selective chromogenic agar that distinguishes Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis

A selective and differential plating medium, R & F anthracis chromogenic agar (ACA), has been developed for isolating and identifying presumptive colonies of Bacillus anthracis. ACA contains the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-choline phosphate that upon hydrolysis yields teal (blue green) colonies indicating the presence of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity. Among seven Bacillus species tested on ACA, only members of the Bacillus cereus group (B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis) produced teal colonies (PC-PLC positive) having cream rings. Examination of colony morphology in 18 pure culture strains of B. anthracis (15 ATCC strains plus AMES-1-RIID, ANR-1, and AMED-RIID), with one exception, required 48 h at 35 to 37 degrees C for significant color production, whereas only 24 h was required for B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. This differential rate of PC-PLC synthesis in B. anthracis (due to the truncated plcR gene and PlcR regulator in B. anthracis) allowed for the rapid differentiation on ACA of presumptive colonies of B. anthracis from B. cereus and B. thuringiensis in both pure and mixed cultures. Effective recovery of B. anthracis from a variety of matrices having both high (soil and sewage) and low microbial backgrounds (cloth, paper, and blood) spiked with B. anthracis ANR-1 spores suggests the probable utility of ACA plating for B. anthracis recovery in a diversity of applications.     

Bacillus probiotics

Bacterial spore formers are being used as probiotic supplements for use in animal feeds, for human dietary supplements as well as in registered medicines. Their heat stability and ability to survive the gastric barrier makes them attractive as food additives and this use is now being taken forward. While often considered soil organisms this conception is misplaced and Bacilli should be considered as gut commensals. This review summarises the current use of Bacillus species as probiotics, their safety, mode of action as well as their commercial applications.     

Detection and quantification of spoilage and pathogenic Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis by real-time PCR

A new primer-probe set for the detection and quantification of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis by real-time PCR (Rti-PCR) was developed. For it, forty-eight strains belonging to these species were considered. The DNA of these strains was isolated and a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene amplified. The amplicons were sequenced and the obtained sequences were aligned with reference sequences from the GenBank. For the development of the Real-Time PCR (RTi-PCR) methodology based on TaqMan probes, a primer pair and probe, specific for the studied Bacillus spp., were designed. To establish the quantification method, two RTi-PCR standard curves were constructed; one with DNA extracted from a serially-diluted B. cereus culture and a second curve with DNA extracted from a sterilised food product inoculated with serial dilutions of B. cereus. The curves exhibited R² values of 0.9969 and 0.9958 respectively. Linear correlations between the log₁₀ input DNA concentration and the threshold cycle (Ct) values were observed with a magnitude of linearity in the range of 1.65 × 10¹ CFU/mL to 1.65 × 10⁶ CFU/mL for both standard curves. The specificity of the designed primers and probe was tested with DNA extracted from B. cereus, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis strains, which gave Ct values between 14 and 15, whereas non-specific amplifications of the DNA from other microbial species of food interest exhibited a Ct value above 28.5. To our knowledge, this method represents the first study about the quantification of spoilage and/or pathogenic B. cereus, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis in food products, with the aim to prevent the presence of these undesirable species in the food chain.     

Analytical methods for Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species

Bacillus cereus can give rise to two distinct forms of foodborne disease, the emetic and the diarrhoeal syndromes. The emetic syndrome is believed to be associated with an emetic toxin pre-formed in food. Cooked rice is the most common vehicle, and the symptoms are similar to those of Staphylococcus aureus intoxication. The diarrhoeal type is caused by an enterotoxin and the symptoms generally parallel those of the Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. The heat resistance of B. cereus spores and the non-fastidious nature of the organism facilitates its survival and/or growth in a wide variety of foods. This review describes analytical methods available for the isolation, identification, and enumeration of the organism, in addition to details about biological and immunological methods for toxin assay. Data are also presented concerning the incidence and epidemiology of B. cereus food poisoning around the world, and especially in Japan.     

Discrimination of Bacillus cereus from Selected Bacillus spp. by Pyrolysis Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC) and statistical analysis employing stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA), were used to classify five species and varieties in the genus Bacillus. Nine strains were harvested, lyophilized, and pyrolyzed under replicate conditions. The combination of PGLC and SDA enabled classification of these selected varieties and species of Bacillus at 96% accuracy. Stepwise discriminant analysis of the same PGLC data discriminated (100%) B. cereus, a foodborne pathogen, from the remaining selected nonpathogenic bacilli when the two groups were compared. One particular elution peak resulting from the PGLC-SDA analysis was prominent in both discriminations reported. The PGLC and SDA method offers potential as an accurate, objective procedure for the discrimination of these selected bacilli.     

Biofilm-spore response in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis during nutrient limitation

This study aimed to trace the dynamics of biofilm formation by vegetative cells and endospores of Bacillus cereus DL5 and Bacillus subtilis 168. Counts of B. cereus DL5 and B. subtilis 168 vegetative cells and spores either attached to glass wool or, correspondingly, planktonic cells were determined by standard plate-counting methods. Results from this study highlighted the biofilm-forming potential of both spores and vegetative cells of two different Bacillus species. It was shown that once Bacillus spores had attached to a surface, the spores germinated under favorable (B. cereus DL5) and even unfavorable (B. subtilis 168) nutrient conditions, resulting in biofilms containing both spores and vegetative populations. Furthermore, it was suggested that vegetative B. cereus DL5 cells exhibited a low propensity for spore formation in attached and planktonic growth forms in nutrient-limited growth medium. By contrast, vegetative B. subtilis 168 cells readily formed spores in planktonic and attached microcosms when exposed to nutrient-limited growth conditions. Sporulation in attached Bacillus populations is an important practical consideration for many food industries, such as dairy processing, where bacilli are routinely isolated from populations attached to processing-equipment surfaces.     

碱性高温淀粉酶基因的克隆与表达及酶特性的初步研究

从土壤中筛选到一能分泌碱性高温淀粉酶的芽孢杆菌属菌株。用质粒pTB522作载体,该淀粉酶基因(amyA)被克隆并在枯草芽孢杆菌ANA-1中得到表达。又通过亚克隆,得到含酶基因的更小重组质粒pTBX32(14.6kb)。携带该重组质粒的枯草芽孢杆菌ANA-1分泌的淀粉酶的特性与供体菌的相同。该酶作用最佳pH为8.5、最适温度为75℃,但在65℃,pH8.5条件下处理1h,该酶活性不降低。通过硫铵沉淀、热处理、DEAE——纤维素色谱和亲和色谱等分离技术,从培养液中部分纯化了该酶,其分子量估计为56000。     

一株凝结芽孢杆菌产芽孢条件的研究

通过培养基组成正交试验及培养条件单因素试验,对一株凝结芽孢杆菌的产芽孢条件进行了优化,优化后的培养基组成(质量分数)为酵母粉3g/L,蛋白胨5g/L,牛肉膏2g/L,MnSO4 0.005g/L,NaCl2g/L,K2HPO4 3g/L,MgSO40.02g/L.最优的培养条件为温度40℃,初始pH值为7.0,转速210r/min,装液量为250mL的三角瓶装30mL,接种量为6%(v/v),发酵时间为48h.最终的芽孢数为9.1×100 cfu/mL.     

芽孢杆菌的检测方法

内生芽孢是目前所知的最具抗性的生命活体结构。它对许多处理(包括热、紫外线)都有很强的抗性,这与它的特殊结构有关。这种特性使其能经巴氏杀菌而残存于乳中,因此把芽孢数及耐热芽孢数、嗜冷菌作为原料奶检验项目之一,能较全面地评判原料奶的质量。根据芽孢的特性,本文对目前芽孢检测的各种方法进行了综述,以期为芽孢的快速检测提供依据。