住房合作社在西班牙住房市场中的重要意义

The Spanish housing cooperatives are temporary organizations aiming at building homes for their members with the help of professional agents to ensure a price which covers only the actual costs, without any profit of the private development company and, consequently a lower price than the market price, and affordable for the people. Houses produced in cooperative regime constitute a considerable part of the subsidized housing in Spain, which are graded into three categories according to the ratio of the beneficiary‘s income to the minimum wage. Their percentage in the overall houses built has also been increasing in recent years. The reason of the growth lies not only in its cost efficiency but also in some other advantages including the social cohesion of theusers who have organized the mselves in this regime. The author gives an example of the “L‘illa“ building to demonstrate these advantages.     

拉脱维亚的住房

As of 1990, the housing stock in Latvia has decreased mainly due to the exclusion of flats and decreasing investment in residential buildings among others. The article gives a brief introduction of the privatization process of apartments carried out after 1991 as one of the fundamental principles of independence and prosperity of Latvia. It also emphasizes the need of housing renovation based on the age and poor building techniques of most of the houses, and the importance of energy efficiency in building sector for which some programmes have been launched. Finally it illustrates the role of the Government in housing supply through such activities as developing the National Building Programme, providing policy guidance, housing monitoring and offering significant financial support.     

私营部门在住房建设中的作用

The modern socio-economical policy of the Republic of Belarus aims at solving the problems of sustainable functioning of urban and rural settlements, and creation and maintenance of a high quality housing for the population. Housing construction is the most socially significant and capital-intensive part of the economy everywhere. There is a close relationship between the housing sector and other economic spheres both in urban and rural settlements. The State implements an active housing policy to: increase the supply of housing, improve housing quality, meet the standards of the 21^st century, develop an effective demand on dwelling, elaborate regulations for subsidizing housing construction and support regions most in need. The general direction of housing reforms is the transition from State housing to a well functioning housing market. This paper will highlight most of the above mentioned issues.     

俄罗斯环保节能住房的发展

An environmentally sound house is the one that uses renewable sources for power supply and applies local systems for processing organic wastes and domestic effluents. Houses of this type are well known globally.Siberia is a large territory with severe climatic conditions. It encompasses one-fifth of the total Russian population and experiences more profound dwelling problems than the rest of Russia. The first part of the paper analyses briefly the state of the housing problems and the main tendencies in reforming the construction industry. Priority directions of eco-housing design and some technologies for the development of energy-effluent construction arediscussed in the second part. The final part describes particular actions aimed at the development of progrmmnes for the individual ecological housing construction in some regions of the Russian Federation.     

南非的出租住房

The Government of South Africa is committed to expanding homeownership on a large scale but represents major exceptions in developing countries insofar as they realize that this route alone cannot solve everyone‘s housing problem. Even the delivery of subsidies for homeownership on a major scale will not solve the housing crisis in the country. A demand for rental housing remains and something needs to be done to encourage its development. This article gives an introduction to South African rental housing.     

Guidelines for Low-Cost,Energy-Efficient House in Iraq

The goal of this study is to determine specific guidelines for Iraqi architects to contribute to the design and composition of energy-efficient housing units within the limits of a normal budget, locally available materials and technologies. These units can provide comfort despite the current energy situation in Iraq. The study is based on a computer simulation for a reference building in Baghdad, which has been selected according to the urban conditions, building legislations, housing market and statistics. The final results displayed the main recommendations and the possibility to achieve up to 50% energy reduction with a pay-back period not exceeding two years in some cases. There are some measures that have big energy saving potential. Yet, some of the measures may require big investment or have some bad environmental impacts. Some other good measures are already being implemented.     

低收入群体住房：克罗地亚转型经济展望

The transition process in the housing and construction industry has embraced deep structural changes on the side of both suppliers and buyers. As a new independent country, Croatia has been undergoing a complex process of transition towards a market environment. The country was exposed to war in the early 1990s, that has resulted in targeting major portion of its potentials towards the reconstruction of destroyed/damaged property.A comprehensive reconstruction should involve all forms of market-friendly, social, environmental, and economic policy to ensure good quality of life as well as regional and sustainable development. However, it is important to notice that the efficient privatization and establishing an effective private sector is an unavoidable pre-condition for the overall economic development as well as an efficient housing industry. Therefore, the increasing role of the private sector strongly correlates with the successful market transformation and the time needed to catch up with the needed growth. This paper introduces low-income housing as the perspective of the Croatian transition economy.     

Residents＇ Satisfaction with the Public Housing Unit Features and Its Implications in China

This paper studied the residents＇ level of satisfaction in public housing units in Shenyang of China which aimed to identify how each housing unit feature correlates with the residents＇ overall satisfaction and implication on policy and design. The discussion is based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 2011. This research concluded that more residents were satisfied with the housing unit features than those who were dissatisfied, while some remarkable differences could be observed if comparative analysis between two different public housing types in China were studied. The affordable housing residents are generally more satisfied with housing unit features than those living in low-rent housing. The most dissatisfying feature is the living room, followed by unit size and the floor plan. Additionally, the living room and the floor plans were features which were highly and positively correlated to the residents＇ overall satisfaction of housing unit features. Consequently, improving the living room size and the design of housing unit floor plans would clearly be beneficial to alleviating residents＇ dissatisfaction to the housing units.     

世界城市住房状况

More than one billion of the world‘s city residents live in inadequate housing, mostly in the sprawling slums and squatter settlements in developing countries. The lack of adequate housing in the cities of developing countries is one of the most pressing problems of the 21 st century. During the 1990s, some developing countries achieved an improvement in urban housing conditions, though many were unable to cope even with current needs. The situation may become even worse, as household sizes decrease in most countries, and the number of urban households grows considerably faster than urban population. Below is a brief introduction of housing conditions throughout the world.     

私营部门在住房供应与改造方面的作用

Housing is amongst the basic needs for people and availability of decent-quality housing will guarantee social stability for the whole society. More generally——housing has always been, currently is, and probably will remain an important factor for the economic policy in any society. But the demands and preferences of housing have passed through considerable historical alteration alongside technological and societal development in the course of which the meaning of satisfactory housing has become diversified and complicated. This paper aims to outline the major challenges and problems in Estonian national housing scene. It highlights the role of the private initiative in creating reasonable conditions for sustainable housing development during the last decade.     

阿富汗的城市重建之战

Twenty-three years of conflict and chronic under-investment have devastated the urban housing stock and physical infrastructure of Afghanistan. However, the financial support for urban development lag behind other strategic sectors while cities are expected to play a leading role in the reconstruction. With one of the highest urban growth in Asia, the cities in Afghanistan claim comprehensive investment, balanced urban development plans and immediate actions to meet the severe challenge. In this regard UN-HABITAT has been supporting the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing in developing many reconstruction programmes.     

Design Drivers for Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Developing Countries

Current demand for housing worldwide has reached unprecedented levels due to factors such as human population growth, natural disasters and conflict. This is felt no more so than in developing countries which have experienced disproportionate levels of demand due to their innate vulnerability. Many current approaches to housing delivery in developing countries continue to utilize inappropriate construction methods and implementation procedures that are often problematic and unsustainable. As such affordability and sustainability are now vital considerations in the international development debate for housing the poor in developing countries in order to meet the long term sustainable development goals and needs of housing inhabitants. This paper utilized an extensive scoping study to examine the various facets impacting on design decision making relative to sustainable and affordable housing delivery in developing country contexts. Aspects of affordability, sustainability, design decision making, appropriate technology use, cultural awareness, as well as current barriers to affordable and sustainable construction in developing countries are examined in detail. Results highlighted the capability of indigenous knowledge, skills and materials as well as selected appropriate technology transfer and cultural awareness by foreign bodies can be utilized in innovative ways in addressing current housing needs in many developing country contexts.     

The Trend of Housing Marginalization of Low and Lower-Middle Social Groups in Large Cities and Its Planning Countermeasures:Taking Chengdu as an Example

As low and lower-middle social groups account for a great proportion of the total population in China and their status in society is special,it is of great social and practical significance to study their housing conditions and characteristics.Based on research at home and abroad,this paper defines the basic characteristics of low and lower-middle social groups in China,and elaborates the definition and connotation of housing marginalization,thereby proposing that these residents in the Chinese city are facing a problem of housing marginalization.According to data from the fifth and sixth population census and statistical yearbooks of Chengdu,it reveals changes in housing location,housing tenure structure,and housing quality of the study group between 2000 to 2010 by means of spatial and statistical analysis,which indicates that the low and lower-middle social groups are facing the three trends of "living in outskirts," "predicament in tenure selectivity of housing," and "impoverishment of housing quality." In response to these trends,three planning suggestions are proposed:① to establish "housing policy areas" suitable for the group of residents to reside and work;② to innovate policy measures to support the low and lower-middle social groups to rent and purchase houses within these areas;③ to guide the residents to integrate into the community life circle in these areas so as to avoid poverty concentration.     

Atenastudio + City Forster,意大利和荷兰

Design Concept: Hanging Gardens The concept building's primary structure consists of a central series of steel frames from which all floors are suspended. All apartment units are modular so that the configuration and aggregation of units can be adapted to market demands. The overall building is covered with a steel-mesh, allowing a space in between it and the building for balconies or service corridors. The steel mesh also provides a base for climbing plants, providing synthesis with an urban and natural landscape.     

Hong Kong:Creative City Between East and West

Abstract The slogan"One Country,Two Systems"guides the political,economic and cultural development of Hong Kong–one of the world’s most important financial centers.However,the city is more than just a financial center and a tradehub.The city also has a strong civil society,and the members of the civil society have much interest in culture and cultural identity.The city aims to strengthen its position as a prominent center of higher education in Asia.Therefore,cultural facilities,infrastructure,festivals(such as the Hong Kong Film Festival)and culturerelated fairs,as well as cultural and creative industries,are high on the political agenda,dedicated to promoting Hong Kong to be a cultural center in Asia.In recent years,a number of studies have been commissioned to explore the potential of cultural and creative industries under the urban economy.The findings suggest that cultural and creative industries are one of the economic development fields that the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)Government should support and promote in the future.A design center and agency,called Cyberport,has been established to create institutions that can support the evolution of cultural and creative industries.In addition,the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regional Government of China decided in 2008 to develop a prime location in the middle of the city into a cultural district.The West Kowloon Cultural District will position the city on the cultural map of Asia.     

A Two-Stage Method for an Approximate Calculation of Statically Indeterminate Trusses

The paper presents the principles of a method, which in two simple stages makes possible to carry out the statically calculation of values of forces acting in the fiat static indeterminate trusses. In each stage, it is considered the static determinate truss, scheme of which is obtained after remove the suitable number of members from the basic static indeterminate truss. The both intermediate statically determinate trusses are of the same clear span and they are loaded by forces of half values applied to the corresponding truss nodes. The method applies one of the typical procedures of calculation of the statically determinate trusses and then it is applied in an appropriate way the rule of superposition for obtaining the final values of forces acting in particular members of the basic truss. The values of forces calculated in this way are of a very close approximation to the force values determined in the special and complex ways being considered as the exact calculation methods. The proposed method can be useful mostly but not only for the initial structural design of such systems. The simplicity of the two-stage method justifies an assumption that it can be relatively easy and worthy to adjust to the requirements of the computer aided technology of statically calculation of the complex forms of trusses.     

An Impact by the Leasing System of Urban Land upon Urban Development

1.The Process of Prac-ricing the Leasing System and ofUrban Land in ChinaThe land system and housing sys-tem are correlated and can not be sep-arated in any country or city.They ex-ert a tremendous influence on urbandevelopment.The policy of land assigned gratisand housing noncommercializationhad been carried out in China's cities     

Ponderation Evoked by the Present Situation of Land Management in Shenzhen

Forward: The experience of land management in Shenzhen gives us the enlightenments: First, it is imperative toimplement commodification of land in China and full scale implementation. This trend will lead to the following 4benefits, namely: increase the effectiveness of land use dispositioning accelerate opening up to the outside world, allowfair competition among enterprises and enable the concentration of financial resources of the country and to bringabout a new source of financial income for the country. Secondly, there should be a clear model in thecommodification of land in China. It is appropriate for Shenzhen to choose the Commonwealth model i.e., the HongKong model, for reference for its commodification of land. However, we must abide by the principle that land re-sources are reasonably created under the condition that the relationship between ownership of land and rights to useremains unchanged. To implement commodification of land, it is necessary to establish perfect market for the tradingof parcels of land. This market has to be based on the prereguisite of public ownership of land, monopolized by thestate in accordance to the principle (of public ownership of land, monopolized by the state in accordance to the prin-ciple) of commodification. Thirdly, this management must be implemented by phases in different places instead ofmass action. The whole country can be roughly divided into four categories: the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) repre-sented by Shenzhen, the heavy industrial base along the southeast coastal region, some medium-sized open cities andthe northwest and southwest regions, where different practice should be adopted in different categories. Fourthly,commodification of land is closely linked with commodification of housing properties the whole situation of whichneeds to be taken into consideration in a comprehensive manner.     

Optimization for Maximum Nonlinear Buckling Load and Topics on Imperfection of Latticed Shells

The present paper represents comparison of continuum shells and latticed shells with qualitative analysis. For shells, the mechanical characteristics in the two perpendicular directions are continuous and related to each other, and any change in thickness will result in change in stiffness in any direction. In latticed shells, members are discrete and stiffnesses in two mutually perpendicular directions are discontinuous and independent of each other. Therefore, sensitivity of geometrical imperfection for buckling of latticed shells should be different from that of continuum shells. The author proposes a shape optimization method for maximum buckling load of a latticed shell. A single layer latticed dome is taken as a numerical example, and the results show that the buckling load parameter for full area loading case increases 32.75% compared to that of its initial shape. Furthermore, the numerical example demonstrates that an optimum latticed shell with maximum buckling load, unlike an optimum continuum shell, may not be sensitive to its geometrical imperfection.