Putting Places First in Competitive Urban Transformation European Urban Creativity Perspectives and the City of Sarajevo

The inter-urban competition seems to be of paramount importance for city-development today. The extensive reliance of competitiveness-oriented urban governance agendas on the knowledge-based, ＂new＂ economy, introduced the notion of ＂creativity＂ into discussion on the future of urban development. Though still on the margins of serious urban theory, the discourse on ＂creative cities＂ that emerged in the early 2000s, has already had massive influence on the ways in which cities are managed and transformed in Europe. After examination of how the competitiveness-oriented strategies based on creativity and related to the qualities of place increase cultural and social sustainability of urban transformation and development, this paper briefly rethinks the current urban development policy of the city of Sarajevo in relation to the notion of ＂place＂, by leaning on the contemporary European urban development paradigm. The conclusion points out that the sustainable increase of urban competitiveness in Sarajevo should be pursued by the development projects of urban transformation promoting creative knowledge sector, based on the inclusive cultural urban narratives related to places, thus assuring simultaneous growth of creative knowledge industries and preservation of diverse social geography.     

Editor's Note

<正>In an urban society,where more people live in cities,more wealth is materialized in cities,and cities take a dominant role in socio-economic development,urban safety has become a critical issue for the sustainable development of cities.It concerns not only the safety of man in front of the risks of natural and manmade disasters in a simple sense,but also the interaction between nature and man to reduce the happening frequency and actual damage of natural disasters in a profound     

有利于城市贫民的城市发展和住房战略

The purpose of the present theme paper is to consider how approaches to urban development have evolved over time, and most recently with the advent of the above-mentioned international concern for urban poverty reduction.Specifically, how local actors, including governments at all levels, non-governmental organizations, professionals and people living and working in slums, have attempted to improve cities and urban centres in ways that are favourable to the urban poor. For ease of analysis, the paper considers two elements of urban development-urban management and shelter strategies. Chapter one begins with a review of the evolution of urban planning and management approaches, from master plans to pro-poor urban governance. Chapter two examines the evolution of shelter strategies, from direct government supply to an emphasis on security of tenure for the poor.Some of the key lessons learned from both approaches are summarized in chapter three. Examples of current innovations in approaches to urban poverty reduction are described in chapter four, looking at contributions at the local, national and international levels.     

An Analysis of China''''s Urban Population Migration

The major trend in the population mi-gration in China at present is the gradualurbanization of the rural population.Theimmediate important tasks and objectives ofcontrolling China's urban population mi-gration are to check the flow of rural popu-lation into cities, to control the growth ofurban population and implement the policyfor urban development. The cities referred to in this article are     

Glossary

Editor’s Note:During the rapid urbanization of China in the past 30 years,the development of new urban areas and new cities and the renovation of old cities are two key factors.Generally speaking,the urban renewal in China mainly refers to the redevelopment of the industrial areas and the renovation of the residential quarters in the built-up areas of a city.As an     

Transformation of Urban Design from the Perspective of Society-Space Relationship

The New Urban Agenda approved at Habitat III – The United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development in 2016, promises to achieve the urban transition toward sustainability in response to future challenges facing cities worldwide. In the current context of new urbanization in China, urban development is experiencing a transition from incremental development to regeneration. In order to realize people-oriented objectives, planners need to gain scientific understanding of urban development and grasp the basic concepts of urban design and value orientation, so that they can shape spaces that meet diverse needs, achieve social inclusion and enhance the quality of urban life. The purpose of this paper is to reiterate the importance of studying urban development from the "society-space" perspective and the concern about its values in urban design. The paper analyzes and discusses the characteristics of urban development and changes in social needs that appear in the practice of urban design from the perspective of society-space relationship. In addition, it emphasizes the spatial-temporal characteristics and value orientation in the development of urban design theory and practice. Considering China's current urban background, the paper also argues that the current transformation of urban design practice needs to be guided by theories on human settlements and reinforce three important aspects of urban design characteristics and values: seeking truth from science, seeking kindness in humanities, and seeking beauty through art.     

Environmental Problems of Openning Cities in China During the Development of Internationalization

The Seventy of Environmental Problems ofMetropolis in Developing CountriesSince the human society entered by the era ofindustrialization and internationalization,thecontracdiction between urban development and environ-ment has been always besetting scholars governments andsocieties:especially that the formation and development ofextra—large cities in many developing countries were madeat the expense of sacrificing the environmental and livingqualities.Not only various morbid states ever besetting thedeveloped countries have reappeared,but the”excessive ur-ban diseases”due to urban spawl going beyong the econom-ic development also appeared in those cities:excessive den-sity of constant urban population and rudimentary indus-tries,over loading of low-level urban infrastructure and avariety of serious industrial and bio-chemicalpo pulations…,from which various kinds of explosiveecological.economical and social crisis have arrisen making some extra-large cities of poor countries the mostunstable and uns     

Article Submission Terms and Conditions

As the only professional and academic English periodical in the area of urban planning, China City Planning Review (referred to CCPR hereinafter) deals with the problems, trends and relative policies of urban development in Chinese cities with abundant information and valuable illustrations.     

Rise,Growth and Evolution of the Chinese Urban System

The paper explores the rise,historical growth and evolution of the Chinese urban sys-tem in its spatial context and the implication of these characteristics for the spatial distri-bution of cities and economic activity,the pattern of interaction,and the processes ofgrowth and change.The growth of modern city links with its development history,geographical condi-tions,economic basis and political systems of a country.There has been rapidurbanization in China during the last several decades,as in other developing countries.The purpose of this paper is to review the rise.growth,evolution and development ofChinese urban system in the time-spatial context.First,when did the initial cities emerge?Second,when did the Chinese urban system rise? Third,how did the urban system growand evolute?     

Improving Planning Mechanism to Upgrade the Planning Level of Old Cities

Before 1980,in the development ofChina's cities,emphysis was laid on theconstruction of new cities and expansionof new urban districts.As for old citiesand old urban districts,the principle of“full utilization and gradual transforma-tion”was adopted.Therefore,accordingto general comprehension,old cities main-ly refer to the areas which were formed inhistory and need to be maintained andtransformed now,and they usually in-clude inner city and areas built before     

An Institutional Analysis on China’s “Urban Disease”

This paper aims to clarify the institutional causes of China’s"urban disease"and propose solutions to counter it.The institutional causes summarized in the paper include the fiscal and taxation system,land system,planning system,the central-local relations,and so forth.By influencing the behavior of municipal governments,these factors not only produce excessive incentives for cities to pursue urban development,but also result in"urban disease"in Chinese cities.Based on such an analysis,this paper puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on gradual reforms in the future to help mitigate China’s"urban disease."     

The Historical Evolution of Chinese Urban Morphology

China has had a long urban experience. The existence oftowns in China can be dated to 2600 BC, and the pattern of urbanmorphology were essentially different from those in other majorcultural regions, which represents one of the major forms of urbangrowth of the world. This paper describes the characteristics andhistorical development of Chinese urban morphology. The centrallocation of political and administrative buildings, a grid-iron streetpattern, symmetrical layout and axis are the most important charac-teristics of Chinese traditional cities, which reflected the distinctivepolitical and economic system and cultural traditions of China. Polit-ical forces play a key role in shaping this urban pattern. The histori-cal development of Chinese urban morphology experienced fourphases: the walled city (770 BC——AD 906), the open city (618——1840), the colonial city (1840——1949), and the modern city(1949——1985). Each of these phases has its distinct characteris-tics and different planning philosophies reflecting the current na-tional political and economic development. The central feature of ur-ban development in China is that the process has been controlledto a large extent by the highly centralized government. After 1949,Chinese cities experienced a fundamental transformation in their in-ternal structure and morphology which reflect the communist idealsin urban planning. The key aims of urban planning in communistChina is to establish a highly productive and convenient living envi-ronment, and to reduce the gaps between city and countryside in or-der to achieve a new type of socialist city with 'classless' or 'uni-form socio-economic characteristic.     

Resilient Development of Urban Waterfront in Fast-Changing Cities--A Case Study of Wuhan,China

Urban waterfronts, where the land of city meets a body of water, are unique and finite resources representing the best opportunities for community enhancement and enrichment. On the other hand, waterfronts are also high-risk areas, where the water-related disasters could seriously affect the long-term sustainability of urban environment. This paper focuses on the relationship of the cities with their waterfronts. It presents a case study of Wuhan--a Chinese metropolis, where waterfronts play an important role in its urban planning policy. It attempts to investigate the mechanism of waterfront transformation, and to find out which strategies to adapt and what resilience means in terms of urban waterfronts in a rapidly transforming city. This article examines some representative urban projects on the waterfront and summarizes spatial models applied on the waterfront with distinct policies. Finally, it demonstrates that an urban waterfront is an ＂osmotic interface＂ which should be more correctly envisaged as a network of places, functions, additions and hinges between the city and its water environment. It clarifies that waterfront areas represent a multidisciplinary and multitasking issue in perspective of urban resilient development.     

Strategic Planning Approaches for Creating Resilient Cities: A Case Study on Hangzhou City

In the twenty-first century, the population in China will be increasingly urbanized – focusing the sustainability challenge on cities and raising new challenges to address the urban resilience capacity. During the past two decades, China's urban policies are state institution-directed, growth-oriented, and land-based, imposing unprecedented challenges on sustainability. Strengthening the capacity of cities to manage resilience appears to be a key factor for cities to effectively pursue sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to explore strategic planning approaches for creating resilient cities in China through a study on Hangzhou City in an integrated framework. Firstly, the paper gives a systematic insight into the structure of Hangzhou City. Secondly, the development trajectory of the urban system is analyzed to understand how the past has shaped the present and to get a broader perspective on its evolution. Thirdly, scenario planning is conducted to explore the adaptive capacity of Hangzhou City under different future conditions. At last, having analyzed the past, present, and future of the urban system, the paper discusses the strategies for resilient planning, which helps to identify factors and trends that might enhance or inhabit the adaptability.     

The Issue of Street Construction in the Transformation of Old City Areas in Medium-and-Small-Sized Cities

Excerpts: The rapid economic development of cities provides the material basis for the transformation of the oldcities. The reconstruction of streets is the first issue being looked at. In the past few years,experiences have beengained and problems encountered. For instance, only some sections of the streets are reconstructed, the scale and de-velopment program of reconstruction are decided without any comprehensive, conceptual planning program, Thispaper attempts to analyse the reasons and defects of the past practice and some suggestions are made on improve-ment measures. It is pointed out in particular, that the transformation of streets should be based in the need, devel-opment potential, characteristics and specific role of the cities in order to enable the streets to be reconstructed incoordination with the transformation of the cities as a whole.     

Strengthening of the Territorial Position of Valladolid through Planning Strategies： Networks,Patterns and Centralities

The urban condition of the European territory requires new approaches to explain the current development of cities and to propose new planning tools. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that we can support an innovative perspective based on intermediate geographical scales, more useful for outlining the specific features of territory. While we analyze the territory, we should overcome the strictly local scale of the administrative boundaries and create new relationship between contemporary urban concepts （metropolization of territory and metapolis） and the regional ecological patterns. In the case of Valladolid （E） urban/metropolitan area, we focus on both causes and process of city growth. We have understood that it could be inefficient for planning forgetting the real spatial configuration （the city is located in an intersection between two territorial corridors） and misunderstanding the territorial role of the city at different scales （the double centrality in the emerging urban area and in the region）. The significance of this case is to reveal the inter-scalar condition of places as generators of constraints in the contemporary urban fabric and, at the same time, to show the quality and the potential of places in the future urban realm.     

“当前现有的全球化”所造成的危害

The ‘really existing globalization‘, which is used to refer to the type of globalization we see today, is viewed by the author to pose great dangers to life in cities by increasing poverty and gap between the rich and the poor,handicapping developing cities through specialization of functions, advocating marketization of housing and privatization of public services which are harmful to the urban poor, prioritizing profit instead of quality in environmental management and magnifying the danger of terrorism to cities. However, this is not the only form of globalization possible.     

“一带一路”倡议下中东阿拉伯国家工业城发展与规划研究（英文）

Industrial city is an important concept in urban planning.This paper discusses the connotation,origination,quantity,scale,type,distribution,achievements,and planning characteristics of industrial cities in the Middle East Arab countries through literature,statistical,and comparative analyses.It identifies the problems and challenges industrial cities in the Middle East Arab countries are facing and proposes relevant countermeasures for their transformation under the new situation of the Belt and Road Initiative.At present,the research shows that there are about 100 industrial cities planned and constructed in Saudi Arabia,Syria,Qatar,and other Middle East Arab countries.Composed of free trade zones,industrial parks,and handicraft zones,a multi-levelled carrier system is formed for regional industrialization,helping to optimize the urban and economic geography pattern and to promote the integration of industrialization and urbanization of the region.They become a systematic upgrade and comprehensive transcendence of free trade zones and industrial zones,forming a comprehensive platform for the Middle East Arab countries to promote resource development and integration,industry upgrading and transformation,and industry-city integration and symbiosis.The paper proposes that China and the Middle East Arab countries should learn from each other regarding the planning and development of industrial cities and manage to achieve the coordinated development between China’s Overseas International Cooperation Parks and the Middle East Arab countries’ industrial cities.     

Study on Urbanization Development Strategy along Wuhan to Xianning Intercity Rail

As the development of＂two-oriented society＂ in Wuhan urban agglomeration, the intercity railway will be an important way of driving the development of urbanization in Wuhan urban agglomeration. Intercity railway shortens the time in traffic between surrounding cities of Wuhan and it brings a lot of people, materials and information. It has also brought opportunities and challenges to the areas along intercity railway. The question is how to seize the development opportunities and coordinate the contradiction between development and environmental protection, and taking a new type urbanization. The paper, studying on the areas along Wuhan to Xianning intercity railway, made a summary of the objective law of urbanization and the influence to the along areas by the intercity railway, meanwhile, had experienced from the developed areas which along the intercity railway both in China and abroad. Then the paper proposed the urbanization development strategy from the aspect of land use, industry, population and transportation on the basis of analysis to be economic base and development conditions of the areas.     

Planning and Construction of Low Carbon Cities:The Relevance of Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cities are the major source of carbon dioxide emissions in China,and are the critical locations where emissions should be effectively managed.Adopting a low carbon urban development model is the pathway towards reducing the emissions.A low carbon city development model means achieving efficient and effective urban growth through low energy consumption and low emissions.While many local authorities in China have started to express the intention to construct low carbon cities,it is important to emphasize the need to apply a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) to low carbon urban policies and development projects.Since all policies and projects will have their costs and benefits to the society,the effects of the policies and projects on reducing emissions should be measured and assessed objectively.Through the setting up of an analysis framework to assess the costs and benefits,one can provide a scientific basis for decision making,and enhance the overall efficiency in the use of resources for the society as a whole.