条形荷载下加筋土边坡破坏机制的数值模拟

为了克服模型的尺寸效用,获得加筋与不加筋边坡在条形荷载下的各种性状参数和边坡的破坏机制,建立用于分析和模拟3个大型室内足尺加筋与不加筋边坡破坏机制的数值计算模型。边坡回填材料采用级配较差的粗砂,土体的非线性弹性响应采用Duncan-Chang双曲线模型E-B模式加以描述,破坏准则采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,并采用与屈服条件不相关联的流动法则。加筋材料采用两节点的弹塑性锚索结构单元进行模拟,并采用无厚度的弹簧-滑动系统来模拟筋土之间的相互作用和相对运动。数值计算采用基于有限差分的连续介质快速拉格朗日分析方法(FLAC),分别对与破坏面位置和形态密切相关的节点位移速度向量、塑性区和剪应变速率分布3个参数进行了计算,获得了3个边坡在条形极限荷载下的双楔体破坏机制和极限承载力,与试验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,对不同的条形荷载位置及不同填土材料强度下边坡破坏机制进行了数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明,无论加筋与不加筋边坡,当条形荷载位置距坡肩的距离减小时,边坡破坏面形态由双楔体过渡到圆弧形;当填土材料强度降低时,破裂面形态转化为圆弧形或对数螺线形。     

降雨条件下加筋对土质边坡破坏模式影响试验研究

运用自行研制的人工降雨装置,通过改变降雨强度及筋带数量,对加筋土质边坡开展降雨破坏试验研究。试验结果表明:同一加筋土质边坡,雨水入渗速度随降雨强度的增加而增大,随降雨持时的增加而减小;在相同历时条件下,降雨强度越大,湿润锋变化越明显;其变化速度随历时的增加而逐渐减小。同一降雨强度条件下的加筋土质边坡,雨水入渗速度随筋带层数的增加而减小,随降雨持时的增加而减小;在相同历时条件下,筋带的层数越少,边坡的湿润锋变化越明显;其变化速度随历时的增加而逐渐减小。研究成果可对加筋边坡的防灾减灾工程提供参考。     

黄土地区非对称公路路堤稳定性分析

利用FLAC3D软件建立了非对称黄土公路路堤数值分析模型,在强度折减法的基础上,按M-C强度理论分析抗剪切强度参数内摩擦角和黏聚力对路堤稳定性的影响。通过对比不同加筋层数、筋土界面参数和荷载形式下加筋路堤的安全系数和剪应变增量云图,归纳总结出上述参数对路堤稳定性的影响规律。模拟结果表明:内摩擦角和黏聚力对路堤稳定性影响规律相似,安全系数和塑性贯通区均随剪切强度参数增大而增大。格栅加筋效果随着加筋层数和界面参数增大而增大,但增加幅度逐渐减小并最终趋于稳定。此外,非对称荷载作用下路堤稳定性较均布荷载的差。     

土工格栅加筋路堤边坡变形试验研究

通过具体的模型试验对土工格栅加筋路堤边坡的变形进行了研究。研究结果表明：在边坡坡角、竖向压力相同时,土工格栅加筋边坡的沉降及侧向位移值比不加筋边坡要小得多;而且加筋层数越多或格栅的抗拉强度越高,边坡的沉降与侧移也越小,边坡破坏时的竖向压力峰值Pm ax也越大;在相同的加筋条件下,边坡的坡角越大,沉降也越大;加筋能提高土体整体性,使应力应变在边坡土体内分布更均匀。     

循环荷载作用下格栅防护柔性埋地管道的性能分析

交通循环荷载下埋地管道性能与防护是当前研究的重点问题,首先针对格栅加筋柔性管道开展试验研究,分析管道埋深H为3D(D为管道外径)时循环荷载水平和频率、首层格栅埋深、长度、层间距和筋材层数对管道力学与变形性能的影响,试验结果表明:首层格栅最佳埋深u为0.4B(B为加载板宽度),最佳层间距ug为0.5B,最佳铺设长度L为5D;增加格栅层数能显著增强土体,从而有效减少管道变形和加载板沉降;提高荷载水平或降低荷载频率使管道变形、加载板沉降和格栅应变整体显著增加;格栅应变随其与加载板中心的距离增加而减小,格栅中心点应变随循环次数增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。进而,基于有限元数值模拟分析管道埋深H、加载板宽度B和管径D对管道力学性能的影响,数值结果表明增加管道埋深或减小加载板宽度,管道径向变形减小;同等荷载作用下,减小管径时管道径向变形增大,筋材加筋效果减弱,适当增加管道直径,有利于筋材加筋作用的充分发挥,从而减小管道径向变形。     

格宾网加筋红砂岩粗粒土的强度和变形特性

开展了不同加筋层数、不同压实度、不同含水率的格宾网加筋红砂岩粗粒土大三轴试验,分析格宾网层数、试样含水率和压实度对红砂岩粗粒土应力应变关系、强度和变形特性的影响,引入强度比参数评价加筋效果,并与土工格栅加筋方案进行对比。试验结果表明:格宾网加筋能明显提高红砂岩粗粒土的峰值强度和土体延性;格宾网加筋使红砂岩粗粒土的黏聚力大幅提升,但其内摩擦角提高幅度不大;在同一压实度下,加筋和未加筋土体的黏聚力随含水率变化呈现非线性变化关系,且在最佳含水率附近达到峰值;在同一含水率下,黏聚力和内摩擦角随试样压实度的增加而增大;加筋效果与加筋层数、土体含水率和压实度有关,格宾网加筋的作用发挥随围压增大而减小。     

土工格栅纵横肋的加筋土力学特性仿真研究

为了研究土工格栅纵横肋布筋形式对加筋土力学特性的影响,采用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型,对不同工况下加筋土体的应力、位移以及土工格栅的拉应力进行仿真分析。研究结果表明:纵肋对加筋土力学性能的影响起主导作用,横肋起辅助作用。在逐级上覆荷载的作用下,完整格栅的加筋土结构稳定性较好;减少横肋时,加筋土结构力学特性变化不明显;减少纵肋时,加筋土体应力、位移增大,土工格栅拉应力增大,加筋土结构朝着整体破坏的方向发展,布筋时应避免这种情况。     

经编和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土的三轴试验研究

对经编格栅和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土进行不固结不排水的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,在粘性土体上布置格栅筋材,都能提高土体强度,但不同的筋材,其加筋效果是不一样的,经编格栅加筋土的加筋效果要优于玻纤格栅加筋土。加筋层数越多,加筋效果越好;随着加筋土应力增加,加筋土抵抗变形的作用才能得到更充分发挥,土体加筋效果更明显。不同筋材的加筋土,其粘聚力与内摩擦角的变化规律不一致;玻纤格栅和经编格栅加筋粘性土的加筋效果与砂土不同,不仅表现在粘聚力的增加上,还表现在内摩擦角的增加上。加强筋条结点连接的牢固性,能够提高加筋效果。     

土工格栅加筋黏性土动力性能的试验研究

对土工格栅加筋黏性土进行不固结不排水的动态三轴振动试验。试验结果表明,在黏性土中布置格栅筋材,在一定程度上能提高加筋土体的动抗剪强度;加筋层数越多,加筋土动强度越大;土工格栅加筋黏性土的加筋效果在高围压下能够更好地发挥。加筋土动强度指标提高体现在动黏聚力的增大上,而对动摩擦角几乎没有影响,循环荷载振动次数对动强度指标影...     

基于ABAQUS有限元的土工格栅加筋路堤边坡稳定性研究

运用通用ABAQUS有限元程序,结合某路堤断面对路堤加筋效果进行数值模拟,研究在交通荷载下土工格栅加筋作用对路堤稳定性的影响.采用拟静力法,分析路堤在加筋、未加筋两种情况下的路堤边坡稳定性.研究表明:在简化交通荷载下,加筋不仅可提高路堤稳定安全系数,有效减少路堤侧向位移,并能极大缓解路堤边坡在超过临界状态时产生的位移突变情况,通过计算得到路堤合理加筋层间距为1m.     

Visualisation and quantification of geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads using discrete element method

Geogrids have been commonly used in reinforced soil structures to improve their performance. To investigate the geogrid reinforcement mechanisms, discrete element modelling of unreinforced and geogrid reinforced soil foundations and slopes was conducted under surface strip footing loads in this study. For unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations, the numerically obtained footing pressure-settlement relationships were validated by experimental results from the literature. In the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes, identical models and micro input parameters to those used in the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations were used. The geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads were visualised by the qualitative contact force distributions in the soil structures, as well as the qualitative and quantitative tensile force distributions along the geogrids. In addition, the qualitative displacement distributions of soil particles in the soil structures and the quantitative vertical displacement distributions along soil layers/geogrids also indicated the geogrid reinforcing effects in such practical reinforced soil structures. The discrete element modelling results visualise and quantify the load transfer and spreading behavior in geogrid reinforced soil structures, and it provides researchers with an improved understanding of geogrid reinforcing effects at microscopic scale under strip footing loads.     

Physical and numerical modelling of strip footing on geogrid reinforced transparent sand

This paper presents the results of laboratory scale plate load tests on transparent soils reinforced with biaxial polypropylene geogrids. The influence of reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers on the load-settlement response of the reinforced soil foundation was assessed by varying the reinforcement length and the number of geogrid layers, each spaced at 25% of footing width. The deformations of the reinforcement layers and soil under strip loading were examined with the aid of laser transmitters (to illuminate the geogrid reinforcement) and digital camera. A two-dimensional finite difference program was used to study the fracture of geogrid under strip loading considering the geometry of the model tests. The bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced soil foundation has increased with the increase in the reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers, but the increase is more prominent by increasing number of reinforcement layers. The results from the physical and numerical modelling on reinforced soil foundation reveal that fracture of geogrid could initiate in the bottom layer of reinforcement and progress to subsequent upper layers. The displacement and stress contours along with the mobilized tensile force distribution obtained from the numerical simulations have complimented the observations made from the experiments.     

Influence of geosynthetic stiffness on bearing capacity of strip footings seated on thin reinforced granular layers over undrained soft clay

Thin granular fill layers are routinely used to aid the construction of shallow footings seated over undrained soft clay foundations and to increase their load capacity. The influence of time- and strain-dependent reduction in reinforcement stiffness on the bearing capacity and load-settlement response of a footing seated on a thin reinforced granular fill layer over undrained soft clay foundations is examined in this paper using finite-difference method (FDM) numerical models. The time- and strain-dependent stiffness of the reinforcement described by a two-component hyperbolic isochronous tensile load-strain model is shown to influence the bearing capacity and load-settlement response of the reinforced granular base scenario. The additional benefit of a reinforced granular layer diminishes as the time-dependent stiffness of the geosynthetic reinforcement increases. An analytical solution for the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings seated on thin unreinforced and reinforced granular layers over undrained clay is proposed in this study. The main practical outcome from this study are tables of bearing capacity factors to be used with the analytical solution. The bearing capacity factors were back-calculated from the numerical analyses and account for the influence of rate-dependent properties of geogrid reinforcement materials and clay foundations with soft to very soft undrained shear strength.     

考虑不排水抗剪强度空间变异性的条形基础极限承载力随机分析

目前有关抗剪强度参数随深度变化对地基稳定性影响的研究还不深入。为此,提出了考虑土体不排水抗剪强度均值和标准差随深度变化的地基稳定性随机分析方法。建立了表征不排水抗剪强度空间变异性的不平稳随机场模型,采用Karhunen-Loeve（KL）展开离散随机场。探讨了土体不排水抗剪强度参数空间变异性对地基极限承载力的影响规律,并比较了不排水抗剪强度参数平稳和不平稳随机场模型对地基稳定的影响。以不排水黏性地基稳定随机分析问题为例验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明：考虑不排水抗剪强度参数空间变异性时,地基极限承载力均值和标准差随相关距离的增大而增大,地基极限承载力对竖直向相关距离更为敏感。地基极限承载力均值随不排水抗剪强度变异系数的增加而减小,标准差随变异系数的增加而增加。不排水抗剪强度变异性对地基失效概率有明显的影响,安全系数较大时,不排水抗剪强度相关距离越小,地基失效概率越小。与不排水抗剪强度参数的不平稳随机场相比,不排水抗剪强度的平稳随机场模型会高估地基极限承载力的变异性,在相同的安全度水平下,当地基的安全系数较低时,平稳随机场模型会导致对地基失效概率的低估;当地基安全系数较高时,平稳随机场模型会导致对地基失效概率的高估。     

Centrifuge model tests on the behavior of strip footing on geotextile-reinforced slopes

This paper examines the stability of geotextile-reinforced slopes when subjected to a vertical load applied to a strip footing positioned close to the slope crest. Vertical spacing between geotextile reinforcement was varied while maintaining a constant slope angle, load position, soil density and geotextile type. Small-scale physical tests were conducted using a large beam centrifuge to simulate field prototype conditions. After the model was accelerated to 40g, a load was applied to the strip footing until slope failure occurred. Digital image analysis was performed, using photographs taken in-flight, to obtain slope displacements and strain distribution along the reinforcement layers at different loading pressures during the test and at failure. Stability analysis was also conducted and compared with centrifuge model test results. The vertical spacing between reinforcement layers has a significant impact on the stability of a reinforced slope when subjected to a vertical load. Less vertical distance between reinforcement layers allows the slope to tolerate much greater loads than layers spaced further apart. Distributions of peak strains in reinforcement layers due to the strip footing placed on the surface of the reinforced slope were found to extend up to mid-height of the slope and thereafter they were found to be negligible. Stability analysis of the centrifuge models was found to be consistent with the observed performance of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to loading applied to a strip footing near the crest.     

加筋边坡在坡顶荷载作用下的极限承载能力

采用大型室内试验的方法,研究了两个土工格栅加固的土坡和一个未加固边坡在坡顶荷载作用下的变形与破坏规律。本文重点介绍大型模型的实验设计、测试技术和研究方法。实验结果表明,土工格栅加固边坡的承载能力为相同条件下未加固边坡的1.6-2倍。     

Finite element limit analysis of load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes using a non-associated flow rule

This paper presents a numerical study on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes under footing load using a finite element limit analysis (FELA) method where a non-associated flow rule is assumed in the analysis. The method was validated against results from full-scale model tests and a limit equilibrium (LE) analytical method. A series of parametric analyses was subsequently carried out to examine the influences that the soil dilation angle, footing location, and reinforcement design (i.e. length, tensile strength, and vertical spacing) could have on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes. Results indicate that dilation angle has a significant influence on the predicted magnitudes of bearing capacity, slope deformation, and mobilized reinforcement load. The predicted values of bearing capacity using the FELA are smaller than those from the Meyerhof's analytical method for unreinforced semi-infinite foundation, especially for larger friction angle values. Additionally, the ultimate bearing capacity of the slope and its corresponding horizontal deformation increase with the reinforcement tensile strength. Finally, the slip planes under the applied footing load are found to be y-shaped and primarily occur in the upper half of the slope.     

土工格栅加筋边坡优化设计研究

基于加筋材料的拉拔试验结果和极限平衡理论,针对具体边坡工程进行了不同加筋方案的计算与分析,对比了计算模型和设计方法的适用性,给出了满足边坡稳定条件的最佳设计方案。计算结果表明:采用改进瑞典法或荷兰法的计算结果相近且较原瑞典法有明显的提高,更能体现加筋效果;地震效应和地下水对加筋结构有较大影响;水利法应用于稳定地基上加筋边坡目的性强,能获得满足稳定性条件的合理布筋量;当地下水位较高时,筋材宜通铺。双层加筋效果较单层加筋有明显提高,但并非后者的简单叠加。单层加筋时,铺设位置对于边坡稳定性的影响有限,若铺设于坡身更能减少布筋量,降低造价。对比分析还表明,无论采用何种加筋方式,加筋前后的最危险滑弧位置均会发生改变,后者会向边坡中心和地基深处发展,对于提高其稳定性有明显作用。     

Bearing capacity of square footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand

The results from laboratory model tests and numerical simulations on square footings resting on sand are presented. Bearing capacity of footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand is evaluated and the effect of various reinforcement parameters like the type and tensile strength of geosynthetic material, amount of reinforcement, layout and configuration of geosynthetic layers below the footing on the bearing capacity improvement of the footings is studied through systematic model studies. A steel tank of size 900 × 900 × 600 mm is used for conducting model tests. Four types of grids, namely strong biaxial geogrid, weak biaxial geogrid, uniaxial geogrid and a geonet, each with different tensile strength, are used in the tests. Geosynthetic reinforcement is provided in the form of planar layers, varying the depth of reinforced zone below the footing, number of geosynthetic layers within the reinforced zone and the width of geosynthetic layers in different tests. Influence of all these parameters on the bearing capacity improvement of square footing and its settlement is studied by comparing with the test on unreinforced sand. Results show that the effective depth of reinforcement is twice the width of the footing and optimum spacing of geosynthetic layers is half the width of the footing. It is observed that the layout and configuration of reinforcement play a vital role in bearing capacity improvement rather than the tensile strength of the geosynthetic material. Experimental observations are supported by the findings from numerical analyses.