条形荷载作用下加筋土边坡稳定性分析

建立了用于模拟和分析3个大型室内足尺加筋与不加筋边坡稳定性的数值计算模型。数值计算采用基于强度折减技术的连续介质快速拉格朗日分析方法,分别对条形荷载下的位移响应、节点位移速度向量、塑性区和剪应变速率分布进行计算,获得3个边坡在条形荷载下的极限承载力和双楔体破坏机制,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,对影响边坡稳定性的各主要因素进行分析。研究结果表明,经过格栅加固的边坡承载能力和稳定性明显提高,且随加筋层数、格栅刚度和强度的增加而增大;条形荷载越大或荷载位置离坡顶越近,边坡的稳定性越低;土体强度增大,边坡的稳定性明显增加,但土体摩擦角对安全系数的影响比黏聚力更为敏感;此外,顶层筋材埋深与条基荷载宽度比值大小与边坡的安全性密切相关,其最佳比值随加筋层数不同而改变。     

土工格栅加筋边坡坡顶条基极限荷载的预测

通过土工合成材料加固的边坡,承载能力显著提高,因而获得广泛应用。为了合理的评价加筋边坡的坡顶条形基础的极限荷载,制作了足尺寸模型并进行了试验,采用延性较好但强度较低的聚丙烯(PP)土工格栅对边坡进行了加固,在坡顶通过条形基础(钢梁)施加荷载直至边坡破坏,获得了极限荷载以及边坡的变形和破坏规律,通过细致的测试手段,详细地捕捉到模型的力学响应。在此基础上,通过校验的FLAC数值模型,对土工格栅加筋边坡的承载能力进行了预测,得到了满意的结果。     

加筋土破坏面的模型试验与数值模拟

通过加筋土模型试验得出的破坏面与有限元极限分析法模拟的破坏面对比,试验与数值模拟表明加筋砂土破坏面形态接近平面。破坏面与水平面夹角也基本一致,验证加筋土边坡采用有限元极限分析法是可行的。加筋后破坏面与水平面的角度比加筋前大8°,表明加筋效果明显。由于黏聚力与内摩擦角的影响因素不尽相同,因此目前国际通用软件中采用的计算模型与相关参数选取还有待改进。     

基于广义Hoek-Brown准则的边坡稳定性强度折减法数值分析

Hoek-Brown屈服准则作为估计完整岩石或节理岩体剪切强度的半经验准则,已成为岩体强度预测及计算领域应用最广泛的准则之一,并在边坡极限平衡法计算中得到了广泛应用,但很少应用于数值模拟计算领域。本文结合工程实例,以广义Hoek-Brown屈服准则建立数值计算模型,并基于强度折减方法计算边坡安全系数,经与等效Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则数值模拟及极限平衡计算对比,得出基于Hoek-Brown屈服准则的模拟计算结果与其它方法一致并且正确的结论。并认为不同屈服准则条件下的边坡潜在滑移面位置及变形特点存在差异,原因在于不同的屈服准则采用了不同的流动法则。与Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则相比,Hoek-Brown屈服准则采用基于应力水平的塑性流动法则更加体现了节理岩体的变形和破坏特点,可有效反映岩体的非线性破坏特征,更加接近工程实际,适于节理岩体的强度计算及稳定性分析。     

加筋边坡筋材拉力分布规律参数分析

筋材拉力沿坡高的分布规律决定了筋材参数的选取,因而有必要对其进行参数分析。采用Plaxis有限元软件建立加筋边坡数值模型,分析填土摩擦角、剪胀角、坡高、坡度等参数对加筋边坡筋材拉力分布的影响。结果表明,填土摩擦角和坡度对加筋边坡筋材拉力分布有较大影响,随着填土摩擦角的减小或者坡度的增大,筋材最大拉力的位置由边坡中部向边坡底部移动。     

条形基础荷载对边坡稳定性影响与加固研究

西部山区土地资源贫乏,为了合理地利用土地资源经常在边坡上修筑各类建筑物与构筑物,由于基础荷载会影响边坡的稳定性,荷载过大甚至会引起滑坡,造成生命与财产的重大危害。对此,以坡顶条形基础荷载作用于边坡稳定性为研究模型,应用 M-C 线性破坏准则结合极限分析上限定理,分析附加应力对边坡稳定性的影响。对于稳定性较差的土质边坡,采用抗滑桩进行超前支护,研究地震荷载作用下超前支护桩加固边坡的抗力荷载、临界屈服加速度的影响因素。为坡顶条形基础荷载下边坡稳定性分析与超前支护设计提供一种合理的计算方法。     

对数螺旋线破坏下加筋边坡地震稳定分析

以拟静力法的理论框架分析了土工合成材料加筋边坡对数螺旋线破坏模式下的地震稳定性,整个计算过程采用极限分析的动力学理论,推导出的表达式能够容易地计算出地震荷载作用下为阻止边坡破坏所必需的加筋力和屈服加速度系数。     

直线破坏模式下加筋边坡的地震稳定分析

以拟静力法的理论框架分析了土工合成材料加筋边坡直线破坏模式下的地震稳定性,整个计算过程采用极限分析的动力学理论,推导出的表达式能够容易地计算出地震荷载作用下为阻止边坡破坏所必需的加筋力和屈服加速度系数的闭合解。     

筋箍长度及刚度对加筋碎石桩复合地基承载力影响分析

针对加筋碎石桩复合地基中桩体性能,通过有限元数值模拟与模型试验对比分析,验证了数值模型的可靠性,进而变换加筋长度,研究分析了复合基础下端承加筋单桩与群桩的极限承载能力和破坏模式。研究结果表明:筋材强度较低时,加筋长度不会对桩体破坏模式产生影响,对极限承载能力提高有限;随着筋材强度不断提高,碎石桩在加筋体以下区域发生剪切破坏,并且随着加筋长度的增加向更深土层发展,基础的极限承载能力线性增长。加筋长度对群桩复合地基不同位置处桩体的破坏模式影响不同。相较于边桩,中心桩在桩身较深位置处发生剪切破坏,筋材需达到较深的长度才发挥约束效果。     

加筋地基极限承载力的变分解法

针对条形基础下均质软土加筋地基的极限承载力问题,根据塑性极限平衡原理,考虑各层筋材的拉力关系及拉力方向,在Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的基础上,将加筋地基极限承载力问题等价为一个泛函极值问题。利用变分原理得到与平衡方程相等价的积分约束条件以及相应的欧拉方程与横截条件,在引入边界条件后,求得了加筋地基破坏时的滑裂面、滑裂面上法向应力及加筋地基极限承载力。与此同时,研究了土体内摩擦角、土工材料受拉方向、土工材料加筋层数及铺设层间距等因素对地基极限承载力的影响,为软土地基加筋工程设计提供理论参考。     

Visualisation and quantification of geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads using discrete element method

Geogrids have been commonly used in reinforced soil structures to improve their performance. To investigate the geogrid reinforcement mechanisms, discrete element modelling of unreinforced and geogrid reinforced soil foundations and slopes was conducted under surface strip footing loads in this study. For unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations, the numerically obtained footing pressure-settlement relationships were validated by experimental results from the literature. In the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes, identical models and micro input parameters to those used in the numerical modelling of unreinforced and reinforced soil foundations were used. The geogrid reinforcing effects under strip footing loads were visualised by the qualitative contact force distributions in the soil structures, as well as the qualitative and quantitative tensile force distributions along the geogrids. In addition, the qualitative displacement distributions of soil particles in the soil structures and the quantitative vertical displacement distributions along soil layers/geogrids also indicated the geogrid reinforcing effects in such practical reinforced soil structures. The discrete element modelling results visualise and quantify the load transfer and spreading behavior in geogrid reinforced soil structures, and it provides researchers with an improved understanding of geogrid reinforcing effects at microscopic scale under strip footing loads.     

加筋边坡在坡顶荷载作用下的极限承载能力

采用大型室内试验的方法,研究了两个土工格栅加固的土坡和一个未加固边坡在坡顶荷载作用下的变形与破坏规律。本文重点介绍大型模型的实验设计、测试技术和研究方法。实验结果表明,土工格栅加固边坡的承载能力为相同条件下未加固边坡的1.6-2倍。     

Centrifuge model tests on the behavior of strip footing on geotextile-reinforced slopes

This paper examines the stability of geotextile-reinforced slopes when subjected to a vertical load applied to a strip footing positioned close to the slope crest. Vertical spacing between geotextile reinforcement was varied while maintaining a constant slope angle, load position, soil density and geotextile type. Small-scale physical tests were conducted using a large beam centrifuge to simulate field prototype conditions. After the model was accelerated to 40g, a load was applied to the strip footing until slope failure occurred. Digital image analysis was performed, using photographs taken in-flight, to obtain slope displacements and strain distribution along the reinforcement layers at different loading pressures during the test and at failure. Stability analysis was also conducted and compared with centrifuge model test results. The vertical spacing between reinforcement layers has a significant impact on the stability of a reinforced slope when subjected to a vertical load. Less vertical distance between reinforcement layers allows the slope to tolerate much greater loads than layers spaced further apart. Distributions of peak strains in reinforcement layers due to the strip footing placed on the surface of the reinforced slope were found to extend up to mid-height of the slope and thereafter they were found to be negligible. Stability analysis of the centrifuge models was found to be consistent with the observed performance of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to loading applied to a strip footing near the crest.     

砂土地基中加筋深度效果研究

利用非线性弹塑性有限元对具有不同加筋层数砂土地基的一系列模型试验结果进行了较为全面的计算与分析。有限元解析中所采用的砂土本构模型以修正塑性应变能量为硬软化基本参量,它可以较为精确地模拟砂土的应力路径效果。作为解析对象的模型地基由干燥的日本丰浦砂组成,不同层数的加筋材平铺在条形基础下方。结果表明,利用这种精度较高的有限元解析方法对加筋砂土地基进行解析,可以较好地再现由于加筋层数(加筋深度)变化而带来的对承载力与变形的影响。尽管加筋宽度与基础宽度相同,但是随着加筋层数的增多,加筋砂土地基的承载力明显增大,加筋深度效果明显优于加筋宽板效果。另外,利用以上的有限元分析,也能合理地模拟砂土地基渐进性剪切破坏的现象以及加筋材的诱发引张内力,可以更加合理地认识和理解砂土地基中加筋深度补强机理。     

Effect of footing shape and load eccentricity on behavior of geosynthetic reinforced sand bed

This paper presents the results from a laboratory modeling tests and numerical studies carried out on circular and square footings assuming the same plan area that rests on geosynthetic reinforced sand bed. The effects of the depth of the first and second layers of reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers on bearing capacity of the footings in central and eccentral loadings are investigated. The results indicated that in unreinforced condition, the ultimate bearing capacity is almost equal for both of the footings; but with reinforcing and increasing the number of reinforcement layers the ultimate bearing capacity of circular footing increased in a higher rate compared to square footing in both central and eccentrial loadings. The beneficial effect of a geosynthetic inclusion is largely dependent on the shape of footings. Also, by increasing the number of reinforcement layers, the tilt of circular footing decreased more than square footing. The SR (settlement reduction) of the reinforced condition shows that settlement at ultimate bearing capacity is heavily dependent on load eccentricity and is not significantly different from that for the unreinforced one. Also, close match between the experimental and numerical load-settlement curves and trend lines shown that the modeling approach utilized in this study can be reasonably adapted for reinforced soil applications.     

Cyclic response of footing on geogrid-reinforced sand with void

This paper describes laboratory tests on footing constructed on unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced sand with circular a void subjected to a combination of static and repeated loads. The settlement of the footing was measured for up to 5000 cycles of loading and unloading. The variables examined in the testing program include the number of geogrid layers, the location of the void within the soil, the amplitude of cyclic load, and the number of load cycles. The results show that the footing performance due to cyclic loading is better for thicker geogrid reinforced sand with a void than for unreinforced sand with no void. In addition, a critical region was found to exist under the footing, under which a void results in increased footing settlement. Overall, the results indicate that the reinforced soil-footing systems with sufficient geogrid-reinforcement and sufficient void embedment depth behave much more stiffly and are thus capable of handling greater loads with lower settlement than those in unreinforced soil without a void. The undesirable effect of the void on the footing behavior can be eliminated. In addition, the results show that the values of footing settlement increase rapidly during the initial loading cycles; thereafter the rate of settlement is reduced significantly as the number of loading cycles increases.     

Finite element limit analysis of load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes using a non-associated flow rule

This paper presents a numerical study on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes under footing load using a finite element limit analysis (FELA) method where a non-associated flow rule is assumed in the analysis. The method was validated against results from full-scale model tests and a limit equilibrium (LE) analytical method. A series of parametric analyses was subsequently carried out to examine the influences that the soil dilation angle, footing location, and reinforcement design (i.e. length, tensile strength, and vertical spacing) could have on the load-bearing performance of reinforced slopes. Results indicate that dilation angle has a significant influence on the predicted magnitudes of bearing capacity, slope deformation, and mobilized reinforcement load. The predicted values of bearing capacity using the FELA are smaller than those from the Meyerhof's analytical method for unreinforced semi-infinite foundation, especially for larger friction angle values. Additionally, the ultimate bearing capacity of the slope and its corresponding horizontal deformation increase with the reinforcement tensile strength. Finally, the slip planes under the applied footing load are found to be y-shaped and primarily occur in the upper half of the slope.     

Behaviour of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded circular footing

In the past, the beneficial effects of prestressing the geosynthetic in reinforced soil foundations have been studied mathematically. It is timely to experimentally investigate the degree of improvement generated by prestressing the geosynthetic layer for several embedment depths of a footing resting on a reinforced sand bed. Therefore, laboratory physical model tests and finite element analyses were conducted to study the behaviour of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded circular footing. The addition of prestress to the geotextile reinforcement results in significant improvement to the settlement response and the load-bearing capacity of the foundation. For a surface footing, the load-carrying capacity at 5 mm settlement for the prestressed case (with prestress equal to 2% of the allowable tensile strength of the geotextile) is approximately double that of the geotextile-reinforced sand without prestress. The beneficial effects of the prestressed geotextile configuration were evident for greater footing depths, in comparison with unreinforced and reinforced (without prestress) counterparts. Experimental and numerical results were also used to validate a few empirical relationships, which are commonly used for solving soil-structure interaction problems. The results obtained from finite element analysis using the program, PLAXIS are generally found to be in reasonabaly good agreement with experimental results.     

无黏性土斜坡地基承载力模型试验研究

采用缩尺模型试验对砂土斜坡地基的土压力分布、变形机制、破坏模式进行探索,并研究了斜坡坡角、基础尺寸、相对密度、基础形状对斜坡地基破坏形态及极限承载力的影响。结果表明：斜坡地基的破坏模式与Choudhury提出的破坏模式相近,破坏区域由不对称楔体、辐射向剪切区、被动楔体组成。斜坡地基的破坏区域长度随斜坡坡角、基础尺寸的增大而增大,但不随相对密度的变化而变化;而斜坡地基的极限承载力随斜坡坡角的增大而减小,随基础宽度、相对密度的增大而增大。对相同尺寸的基础而言,方形基础下的地基极限承载力和破坏区域长度均大于圆形基础。试验研究成果对斜坡地基变形特征、破坏形态和斜坡地基承载力影响因素的探究具有一定理论参考价值。