Influence of geosynthetic stiffness on bearing capacity of strip footings seated on thin reinforced granular layers over undrained soft clay

Thin granular fill layers are routinely used to aid the construction of shallow footings seated over undrained soft clay foundations and to increase their load capacity. The influence of time- and strain-dependent reduction in reinforcement stiffness on the bearing capacity and load-settlement response of a footing seated on a thin reinforced granular fill layer over undrained soft clay foundations is examined in this paper using finite-difference method (FDM) numerical models. The time- and strain-dependent stiffness of the reinforcement described by a two-component hyperbolic isochronous tensile load-strain model is shown to influence the bearing capacity and load-settlement response of the reinforced granular base scenario. The additional benefit of a reinforced granular layer diminishes as the time-dependent stiffness of the geosynthetic reinforcement increases. An analytical solution for the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings seated on thin unreinforced and reinforced granular layers over undrained clay is proposed in this study. The main practical outcome from this study are tables of bearing capacity factors to be used with the analytical solution. The bearing capacity factors were back-calculated from the numerical analyses and account for the influence of rate-dependent properties of geogrid reinforcement materials and clay foundations with soft to very soft undrained shear strength.     

Ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing resting on soil bed strengthened by wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique

In the recent past, the wraparound geosynthetic reinforcement technique has been recommended for constructing the geosynthetic-reinforced soil foundations. This paper presents the development of an analytical expression for estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing resting on soil bed reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement having the wraparound ends. The wraparound ends of the geosynthetic reinforcement are considered to provide the shearing resistance at the soil-geosynthetic interface as well as the passive resistance due to confinement of soil by the geosynthetic reinforcement. The values of ultimate load-bearing capacity determined by using the developed analytical expression agree well with the model footing load test values as reported in the literature.     

加筋边坡在坡顶荷载作用下的极限承载能力

采用大型室内试验的方法,研究了两个土工格栅加固的土坡和一个未加固边坡在坡顶荷载作用下的变形与破坏规律。本文重点介绍大型模型的实验设计、测试技术和研究方法。实验结果表明,土工格栅加固边坡的承载能力为相同条件下未加固边坡的1.6-2倍。     

Centrifuge model tests on the behavior of strip footing on geotextile-reinforced slopes

This paper examines the stability of geotextile-reinforced slopes when subjected to a vertical load applied to a strip footing positioned close to the slope crest. Vertical spacing between geotextile reinforcement was varied while maintaining a constant slope angle, load position, soil density and geotextile type. Small-scale physical tests were conducted using a large beam centrifuge to simulate field prototype conditions. After the model was accelerated to 40g, a load was applied to the strip footing until slope failure occurred. Digital image analysis was performed, using photographs taken in-flight, to obtain slope displacements and strain distribution along the reinforcement layers at different loading pressures during the test and at failure. Stability analysis was also conducted and compared with centrifuge model test results. The vertical spacing between reinforcement layers has a significant impact on the stability of a reinforced slope when subjected to a vertical load. Less vertical distance between reinforcement layers allows the slope to tolerate much greater loads than layers spaced further apart. Distributions of peak strains in reinforcement layers due to the strip footing placed on the surface of the reinforced slope were found to extend up to mid-height of the slope and thereafter they were found to be negligible. Stability analysis of the centrifuge models was found to be consistent with the observed performance of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to loading applied to a strip footing near the crest.     

无黏性土斜坡地基承载力模型试验研究

采用缩尺模型试验对砂土斜坡地基的土压力分布、变形机制、破坏模式进行探索,并研究了斜坡坡角、基础尺寸、相对密度、基础形状对斜坡地基破坏形态及极限承载力的影响。结果表明：斜坡地基的破坏模式与Choudhury提出的破坏模式相近,破坏区域由不对称楔体、辐射向剪切区、被动楔体组成。斜坡地基的破坏区域长度随斜坡坡角、基础尺寸的增大而增大,但不随相对密度的变化而变化;而斜坡地基的极限承载力随斜坡坡角的增大而减小,随基础宽度、相对密度的增大而增大。对相同尺寸的基础而言,方形基础下的地基极限承载力和破坏区域长度均大于圆形基础。试验研究成果对斜坡地基变形特征、破坏形态和斜坡地基承载力影响因素的探究具有一定理论参考价值。     

Bearing capacity of square footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand

The results from laboratory model tests and numerical simulations on square footings resting on sand are presented. Bearing capacity of footings on geosynthetic reinforced sand is evaluated and the effect of various reinforcement parameters like the type and tensile strength of geosynthetic material, amount of reinforcement, layout and configuration of geosynthetic layers below the footing on the bearing capacity improvement of the footings is studied through systematic model studies. A steel tank of size 900 × 900 × 600 mm is used for conducting model tests. Four types of grids, namely strong biaxial geogrid, weak biaxial geogrid, uniaxial geogrid and a geonet, each with different tensile strength, are used in the tests. Geosynthetic reinforcement is provided in the form of planar layers, varying the depth of reinforced zone below the footing, number of geosynthetic layers within the reinforced zone and the width of geosynthetic layers in different tests. Influence of all these parameters on the bearing capacity improvement of square footing and its settlement is studied by comparing with the test on unreinforced sand. Results show that the effective depth of reinforcement is twice the width of the footing and optimum spacing of geosynthetic layers is half the width of the footing. It is observed that the layout and configuration of reinforcement play a vital role in bearing capacity improvement rather than the tensile strength of the geosynthetic material. Experimental observations are supported by the findings from numerical analyses.     

A reinforcing method for steep clay slopes using a non-woven geotextile

The effect of non-woven geotextile reinforcement on the stability and deformation of two clay test embankments is examined based on their performance for about 3 years for the first embankment and about years for the other. Horizontal planar sheets of a non-woven geotextile are expected to work in three ways: for compaction control; for drainage; for tensile reinforcement. The degree of stability of the steep slopes of the test embankments decreased during heavy rainfall. It is found that the use of non-woven geotextile reinforcement may effectively improve embankment performance. Only the stability analysis in terms of effective stresses can explain the performance of the test embankments. The horizontal creep deformation of the embankments during 2–3 years, which is partly attributed to the creep deformation of the non-woven geotextile, was found to be small. The results of both laboratory bearing capacity tests of a strip footing on a model sand ground reinforced with the non-woven geotextile and plane strain compression tests on sand specimens reinforced with the non-woven geotextile show that the non-woven geotextile gives tensile reinforcement to soils.     

Effect of soil-reinforcement interaction coefficient on reinforcement tension distribution of reinforced slopes

This paper examines the effect of the mobilized reinforcement tension within reinforced soil slope at a different level of soil-geosynthetic interaction. The mobilized reinforcement tension is assumed, in most design methods for the internal stability of reinforced slopes, to be equal to mobilized soil forces computed using a limit equilibrium method. However, comparison with the reinforcement tension force measured in the field has shown that this approach is conservative. This paper examines the effects of the soil-reinforcement interaction coefficient on the tensile redistribution of geosynthetics. The modified process of Bishop Method of slope stability analysis is used to locate the critical slip surface and to calculate the mobilized reinforcement tensile force. The reinforcement forces obtained from field data and on centrifuge model test results for a reinforced slope problem are used to examine the relationship between mobilized reinforcement tensile force and mobilized soil shear strength.     

加筋高边坡的稳定分析

采用强度折减法对两个高度分别为 60 m 和 40 m 的土工格栅加筋高边坡的设计断面进行稳定分析,综合考虑塑性区贯通、特征点位移突变、计算不收敛,以及土工格栅的容许抗拉强度等确定相应的安全系数。计算表明采用不同的破坏标准,强度折减法会得到不同的安全系数;如果筋材强度始终得到保证,单纯由土材料的强度损失诱发边坡失稳,这种情况对应的安全系数是比较高的。考虑筋材强度,边坡会在较小的折减系数下因为筋材强度不足而失稳。有限元法能够得到不同情况下各层筋材的受力情况,可以据此进行加筋力的分配,这是极限平衡法所不具备的。     

Earth reinforcement using soilbags

This paper describes the method of earth reinforcement using soilbags and illustrates its application for case studies involving a pond and the expansive soil slope protection for a highway. The strength properties of soilbags were investigated using unconfined compression tests and bearing capacity tests on real soilbags containing either medium grained sands or gravels. The test results show that soilbags have high strength when subjected to an external load. This is primarily attributed to the mobilization of tensile forces in the bags. It is concluded that earth reinforcement using soilbags could substantially improve the bearing capacity of soft ground as well as minimizing deformation under working loads.     

Seismic Bearing Capacity of a Rigid Footing Adjacent to a Cohesionless Slope

At present, analytical or empirical formula for seismic bearing capacity of footings adjacent to slopes is not available. This study uses a pseudo-static-based approach in conjunction with rigorous Janbu's slice method to derive analytical values of seismic bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and correction factors for the effects of inertia of soil mass and load inclinations for a rigid footing adjacent to cohesionless slopes. It is shown that both the bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and the correction factors for the seismic bearing capacity of footings placed on level ground derived herein are comparable with those reported in the literature. Empirical equations regarding the effects of slope angles and load inclinations, expressed using generalized forms of those proposed in the literature, are also derived. It is also found that the empirical equations derived in the present study provide values of correction factors in good agreements with the analytical ones, indicating the validity of using these empirical equations for assessing the bearing capacity of rigid footings situated on the slope subjected to pseudo-static seismic loading.     

高强钢筋活性粉末混凝土简支梁刚度试验研究

在8根高强钢筋活性粉末混凝土简支梁受弯试验的基础上,通过改变试验梁的纵筋率、钢筋等级等因素,分析试验梁的承载性能和变形特点。结果表明,随着配筋率和钢筋等级的提高,试验梁的承载力和整体刚度也相应提高,延缓了纵筋进入塑性阶段的时间,有效约束裂缝的发展,降低梁在加载阶段的挠度。根据高强钢筋活性粉末混凝土梁自身受力特点建立抗弯刚度计算公式,并将计算值与试验值进行对比,结果表明两者吻合良好,可供高强钢筋活性粉末混凝土梁设计参考。     

条形荷载作用下加筋土边坡稳定性分析

建立了用于模拟和分析3个大型室内足尺加筋与不加筋边坡稳定性的数值计算模型。数值计算采用基于强度折减技术的连续介质快速拉格朗日分析方法,分别对条形荷载下的位移响应、节点位移速度向量、塑性区和剪应变速率分布进行计算,获得3个边坡在条形荷载下的极限承载力和双楔体破坏机制,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,对影响边坡稳定性的各主要因素进行分析。研究结果表明,经过格栅加固的边坡承载能力和稳定性明显提高,且随加筋层数、格栅刚度和强度的增加而增大;条形荷载越大或荷载位置离坡顶越近,边坡的稳定性越低;土体强度增大,边坡的稳定性明显增加,但土体摩擦角对安全系数的影响比黏聚力更为敏感;此外,顶层筋材埋深与条基荷载宽度比值大小与边坡的安全性密切相关,其最佳比值随加筋层数不同而改变。     

Effect of footing shape and load eccentricity on behavior of geosynthetic reinforced sand bed

This paper presents the results from a laboratory modeling tests and numerical studies carried out on circular and square footings assuming the same plan area that rests on geosynthetic reinforced sand bed. The effects of the depth of the first and second layers of reinforcement, number of reinforcement layers on bearing capacity of the footings in central and eccentral loadings are investigated. The results indicated that in unreinforced condition, the ultimate bearing capacity is almost equal for both of the footings; but with reinforcing and increasing the number of reinforcement layers the ultimate bearing capacity of circular footing increased in a higher rate compared to square footing in both central and eccentrial loadings. The beneficial effect of a geosynthetic inclusion is largely dependent on the shape of footings. Also, by increasing the number of reinforcement layers, the tilt of circular footing decreased more than square footing. The SR (settlement reduction) of the reinforced condition shows that settlement at ultimate bearing capacity is heavily dependent on load eccentricity and is not significantly different from that for the unreinforced one. Also, close match between the experimental and numerical load-settlement curves and trend lines shown that the modeling approach utilized in this study can be reasonably adapted for reinforced soil applications.     

均质土地基上埋深条形基础 极限承载力系数数值研究

 以K. Terzaghi提出的叠加公式为基础计算均质地基上埋深条形基础的极限承载力,需要确定承载力系数及相应的埋深修正系数。一般情况是采用极限平衡法、滑移线法及上限分析法进行承载力问题的研究,但受假定破坏模式的影响,不同的研究成果具有较大差异,而有限元法并不事先假定破坏模式,其计算结果具有较高精度。通过在基础与地基土接触面及基础边缘土体内数值奇异点引入接触面单元,建立适用于埋深条形基础的理想弹塑性有限元数值计算模型。利用在ABAQUS平台上开发的计算模块,对饱和不排水黏土地基、砂土地基及土体摩擦角与黏聚力均不为0的地基承载力问题进行系统的有限元计算,分析各系数随基础侧面粗糙程度、地基土强度参数、超载大小等影响因素的变化规律,并与已有结果进行对比,所给出的承载力系数及相应埋深修正系数的计算图表,可供基础工程设计参考。     

条形荷载下加筋土边坡破坏机制的数值模拟

为了克服模型的尺寸效用,获得加筋与不加筋边坡在条形荷载下的各种性状参数和边坡的破坏机制,建立用于分析和模拟3个大型室内足尺加筋与不加筋边坡破坏机制的数值计算模型。边坡回填材料采用级配较差的粗砂,土体的非线性弹性响应采用Duncan-Chang双曲线模型E-B模式加以描述,破坏准则采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,并采用与屈服条件不相关联的流动法则。加筋材料采用两节点的弹塑性锚索结构单元进行模拟,并采用无厚度的弹簧-滑动系统来模拟筋土之间的相互作用和相对运动。数值计算采用基于有限差分的连续介质快速拉格朗日分析方法(FLAC),分别对与破坏面位置和形态密切相关的节点位移速度向量、塑性区和剪应变速率分布3个参数进行了计算,获得了3个边坡在条形极限荷载下的双楔体破坏机制和极限承载力,与试验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,对不同的条形荷载位置及不同填土材料强度下边坡破坏机制进行了数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明,无论加筋与不加筋边坡,当条形荷载位置距坡肩的距离减小时,边坡破坏面形态由双楔体过渡到圆弧形;当填土材料强度降低时,破裂面形态转化为圆弧形或对数螺线形。     

Bearing capacity of strip foundations in horizontal-vertical reinforced soils

The formula for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of horizontal-vertical reinforced soil is investigated based on the failure mode and the mechanism of sand beds reinforced with horizontal-vertical reinforcement. Two components of soils and reinforcement are calculated separately. The ultimate bearing capacity of a shallow, concentrically loaded strip footing on homogeneous soil is commonly determined using the Terzaghi superposition method. The contribution of horizontal-vertical reinforcement is calculated based on the bearing resistance of the soil against the transverse members. A vertical inclusion is treated as a retaining wall, the confinement being calculated using Rankine's earth pressure theory. An analytical solution is presented including the traditional factors of soil, unit soil weight, footing width, number of horizontal-vertical reinforcement layers, and reinforcement geometry. The results were validated against experimental results and the mean error of the theoretical model was about 10%, with a maximum error of about 20%.     

加筋地基承载力特性及破坏模式的试验研究

利用自制的模型试验设备,做了一系列加筋地基的模型试验,应用数字照相变形量测技术,结合地基土压力和基础的沉降的量测来研究加筋地基的加筋机理和变形破坏模式。基础荷载作用下的地基变形场用连续的数码相片记录,然后用数字照相变形量测技术分析得到地基的增量变形场和地基的破坏面。试验结果表明,无加筋地基的破坏模式和经典的地基破坏模式吻合较好,加筋地基的破坏模式会因为加筋体的存在而发生一定程度的改变。文中模型试验所揭示的加筋地基的变形破坏机理可作为加筋地基的极限分析的基础。     

自适应有限元极限分析及岩土工程中的应用

为了探讨有限元法极限分析的网格自适应以及锥优化算法在Mohr-Coulomb材料极限分析中的应用,以屈服准则残余和变形为依据提出针对Mohr-Coulomb材料极限分析的有限元自适应策略。对局部网格自适应结合非结构三角形网格在数值极限分析中的表现进行了探讨。通过基于有限元的极限分析方法结合网络自适应寻找潜在滑移面,从而极大程度地提高了数值计算精度。数值算例证明了所提出极限分析网格自适应准则的有效性以及在岩土极限分析中的应用前景。     

配筋方式对桩基厚承台承载性能影响的试验

为研究不同配筋方式对混凝土厚承台承载性能的影响,通过对3个配置不同形式钢筋的混凝土9桩承台进行破坏性试验,对不同配筋形式的承台受力机理和破坏模式进行探讨,证明厚承台符合空间桁架模式的受力特点,集中方式配筋有利于发挥钢筋的抗拉作用,在承台中部配置的钢筋网片能延缓混凝土压杆的劈裂破坏,在承台底部集中配筋的基础上增加中层钢筋网能有效提高承台的承载力。最后给出桩基承台配筋设计的建议。