细水雾熄灭K类火灾的全尺寸模拟实验

利用ISO 9705全尺寸多功能热释放速率测试仪在开放空间研究了细水雾作用下K类火灾的发展过程,实验中对细水雾作用下食用油火的温度、热释放速率及烟气的主要特性参数变化规律进行了测量与研究,分析了预燃时间对灭火有效性的影响,系统地阐述了细水雾作用下K类火灾关键特性参数的变化规律．实验发现,细水雾可以有效地抑制K类火灾的发展,在其作用下火焰温度及热释放速率快速降低,并可以有效地冲刷烟气,降低一氧化碳及二氧化碳的浓度,提高氧气的浓度及火场能见度．同时利用稳定火源热释放速率模型计算了K类火灾发展阶段的热释放速率,与实验测量结果比较发现,模型可准确地预测K类火灾发展阶段的热释放速率的变化规律．     

细水雾与液体燃料火焰相互作用的小尺度实验研究及简化模型

细水雾灭火技术是可以替代哈龙灭火剂的绿色灭火技术。以此为工程背景,开展了细水雾与液体燃料火焰相互作用的小尺度实验研究,结果表明:预燃时间、喷雾气压、细水雾气源种类等参数对灭火过程有重要影响。细水雾抑制熄灭液体燃料火焰的主要机理是燃料表面冷却效应。建立的液体燃料平均温度零维简化模型与实验结果吻合较好。     

Experiment and prediction of fire extinguishment with water mist in an enclosed room

The correlation between oxygen concentration and fire temperature when fire was extinguished with water mist was theoretically studied. The Semenov theory was applied to analyze the critical condition when fire was extinguished with water mist, from which the correlation could be obtained. The water mist experiments were carried out by varying the fire size, atomizer number, ceiling height, system pressure, and pre-burn time in an enclosed room. The oxygen concentration near the edge of the liquid pool and the fire temperature above the center of the liquid pool were measured. A comparison of the experimental data with the correlation was made under different conditions. The results showed that fire extinguishment was a stochastic process which could be affected by many factors. This theoretical model could predict the correlation between fire temperature and oxygen concentration when fire was extinguished with water mist in an enclosed room and it can also be treated as a critical condition for fire extinguishment.     

受限空间内细水雾抑制熄灭火焰过程中一氧化碳的生成率

细水雾抑制熄灭火焰过程中一氧化碳的浓度是评价细水雾灭火系统安全可靠性的一个重要参数.本文通过受限空间内细水雾抑制熄灭障碍火的模拟实验研究,发现细水雾抑制熄灭火焰过程中一氧化碳生成率存在两种控制模式,即燃料控制模式和细水雾流量控制模式.实验结果表明,在燃料控制模式下,一氧化碳生成率随着燃料流量的增大而增大;在细水雾控制模式下,一氧化碳生成率随着细水雾流量的增大而增大.为了获得两种控制模式的临界转变条件,对燃料控制模式和细水雾控制模式的临界工况进行水蒸气含量分析.通过理论分析,得到一氧化碳生成率控制模式转变的水蒸气含量临界范围与 Suh and Atryeya 理论基本一致,即空气中水蒸气质量分数达到25%~65.5%时,水蒸气对火焰的作用从化学作用转为物理作用,一氧化碳生成率控制模式开始转变     

细水雾扑灭油池火的临界条件

通过模拟灭火实验发现细水雾灭火过程中由于雾特性参数的变化而形成两种相异的灭火过程,进而通过理论分析与计算得到了细水雾通过火焰冷却扑灭油池火所需的临界条件,并通过实验室尺度实验与全尺度实验对计算结果进行了验证．在实验中还发现对于下喷式系统而言,细水雾能否穿透烟气羽流层对于细水雾系统能否灭火具有至关重要的影响,为此引入了烟气羽流与细水雾的推力比这一概念,并通过实验确定了采用下喷方式时,细水雾灭火的临界推力比大致为10．     

高压细水雾系统抑制货架障碍火的实验研究

货架火是商场超市火灾中的主要燃烧形式,对其行为规律的研究有助于该类建筑防灭火工作的开展。分析了利用高压细水雾系统灭货架火的可行性;搭建了高压细水雾灭火的实验平台,通过实验研究了高压细水雾系统控制与扑灭商场超市货架火灾的可能性;测试了细水雾的施加对该类火灾现场温度、辐射热通量强度及烟气浓度变化的影响情况;比较了货架的不同摆放形式对火灾参数的影响。实验结果表明,利用高压细水雾系统灭货架火是有效可行的。     

细水雾对油池火热释放速率影响的初步研究

热释放速率是反映火场规模与发展的最重要的基础参数，利用ISO9705实验台进行细水雾灭火有效性的影响因素及相关机理研究，不仅能营造出一个真实的室内火灾环境，而且能够得到火场的热释放速率。对汽油池火的初步实验表明：热释放速率曲线能直接反映出细水雾对火源的作用；细水雾作用下燃烧总的热释放量减少很大；开启水雾的时间不同，细水雾对热释放速率峰值的削减程度不同。     

Calculation of fire extinguishment time with water mist in an enclosed room

The fire extinguishment time is a major factor to evaluate the efficiency of fire extinguishment with water mist. In this paper the fire extinguishment time with water mist in an enclosed room is calculated. Before adding water mist, the chemical kinetics plays the role in combustion, where a dimensionless math model is established by us- ing the Semenov theory. After adding water mist, the diffusion plays the role instead. Then another math model containing water mist and dominated by oxygen concentration is established. The fire temperature is integrated from Tm to extinguishment temperature TB and the extinguishment time can be obtained. The calculated values are compared with the experimental data under different conditions. The results show that this model can predict the fire extinguishment time accurately. Besides, this model also can be used to determine the critical water mist flux and evaluate which fire extinguishment mechanisms dominate the extinguishment.     

A numerical simulation of the suppression of hydrogen jet fires on hydrogen fuel cell ships using a fine water mist

In this paper, in order to evaluate the reliability of a fine water mist for the suppression of fires on hydrogen fuel cell ships, the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) software was used to simulate the jet fire process and the action of a fine water mist on a fire caused by a hydrogen leakage in the hydrogen storage tank areas of hydrogen fuel cell ships. The fire scenario was classified into vertical or horizontal jet fires according to the location of the leakage in the hydrogen storage tank area, and the suppression effects of a fine water mist on hydrogen jet fires under a different droplet size, spray velocity, and ambient wind speed were compared and analyzed. The results indicate that a fine water mist is not effective in extinguishing hydrogen jet fires; however, by selecting suitable parameters (a spray velocity of 30 m/s and average droplet size of 30 μm), it can effectively reduce the fire field temperature of hydrogen jet fires and prevent the fire from developing further. Increasing the average droplet size of the fine water mist results in a gradual degradation of the suppression effect, while a higher spray velocity of the mist enhances the suppression effect to a certain extent. The ambient wind speed is an important factor that influences the suppression effect of a fine water mist on hydrogen jet fires, and when this speed is less than 4 m/s, a fine water mist with a higher spray velocity and smaller average droplet size is still a superior way of suppressing fires.     

Fire extinct experiments with water mist by adding additives

The effects of fire extinguishment with water mist by adding different additives were studied.Tens of chemical substances (including alkali metal salt,dilution agent and surface active agent) were selected as additives due to their different extinct mechanisms.At first the performance of fire extinguishment with single additive was studied,then the effects of the same kinds of chemical substances under the same mass fraction were compared to study their influences on the fire extinguishment factors,including extinct time,fire temperature and oxygen concentration from which the fire extinct mechanism with additives could be concluded.Based on this the experiments were conducted to study the cooperate effect of the complexity of different additives.It indicated the relations between different firefighting mechanisms and different additives were competitive.From a large number of experiments the extinct mechanism with water mist by adding additives was concluded and an optimal compounding additive was selected.     

细水雾作用下气体射流火焰熄灭的临界条件

设计了开放空间条件下细水雾扑灭气体射流火的模拟实验,发现可燃气体流率大小和火焰上升力大小都直接影响了灭火成功与否,进而通过理论分析和计算分别得出了细水雾灭射流火的临界条件,细水雾的吸热功率大于11%～15%射流火的火源功率时可实现灭火,射流上升力与细水雾下压力的比值小于1.0～2.8时细水雾也能够通过克服火焰上升力进而实现灭火,实验结果也显示,相同气体流率情况下气体射流上升力与细水雾下压力的比值越大则灭火时间越长.     

海上变电站高压细水雾灭火系统分析及应用

[目的]文章旨在降低海上变电站平台失火导致区域油田群停产或重大损失的风险.[方法]以某海上变电站为例,分析了高压细水雾灭火系统适应性和适用范围;通过国内外规范和设备参数特性的对标分析与计算,提出了海上变电站电气设备不同灭火型式的参数选取和应用方法.[结果]研究表明:含油电气一次设备且房间高大时,采用高压细水雾局部应用系...     

Experimental evaluation of water mist with metal chloride additives for suppressing CH4/air cup-burner flames

In order to investigate the fire suppression effectiveness of water mist with metal chloride additives, ultrafine water mists of these salts with diameters about 10μm were introduced into CH4 /air non-premixed flame in the cup burner. Results showed that these droplets hard to make itself to the flame front under the cup burner flow conditions functioned as a carrier of the vaporized solid particles or its decomposed materials. The metal chloride improved fire suppression efficacy of water mist which were affected by the type and concentration of metal chloride. On a mass basis, there is a fire suppression effectiveness relationship of MgCl2 相似文献   

Simulation and electricity savings estimation of air-cooled centrifugal chiller system with mist pre-cooling

This paper analyses how to apply mist pre-cooling coupled with condensing temperature control to enhance the coefficient of performance (COP) of an air-cooled chiller system and hence achieve electricity savings. A modified DOE-2.1E chiller model was developed to predict the change of chiller COP due to various set points of condensing temperature and pre-cooling of air stream entering the condenser. The model was calibrated by using manufacturer’s data and used to estimate the annual electricity consumption of a chiller system serving an office building under four operating schemes: traditional head pressure control (HPC); HPC with a fixed mist generation rate; condensing temperature control (CTC) with a fixed mist generation rate; CTC with an optimal mist generation rate. It was estimated that using optimal mist control with CTC could achieve a 19.84% reduction in the annual electricity consumption of the system. Considerations when using mist pre-cooling to maximize electricity savings have been discussed.     

Suppression of hydrogen–oxygen–nitrogen explosions by fine water mist: Part 1. Burning velocity

A work programme has been undertaken to investigate the practical viability of using fine water mists to mitigate or suppress hydrogen explosions during nuclear decommissioning operations. In the first part of this study measurements of burning velocity, required primarily for the development of explosion models, are presented. Burning velocity measurements were made with the introduction of ultrasonically generated fine water mists. With water mist, the burning velocity was reduced over a wide range of equivalence ratios for fuel-free oxygen fractions of 0.1–0.21. Flame instability increased substantially with increasing water mist density especially with lean hydrogen mixtures. The experimental results obtained for the reduction of burning velocity with entrained water mist in hydrogen–air systems are compared to computer simulated values reported earlier in the literature. An important overall objective of the work programme was to provide information to plant engineers to assess the effectiveness of using water mists for the suppression or mitigation of explosion.     

Modelling of improved energy performance of air-cooled chillers with mist pre-cooling

Air-cooled chillers are widely used to provide cooling energy and yet pragmatic and simple energy efficient measures for them are still lacking. This paper considers how their coefficient of performance (COP) can be improved by using mist to pre-cool ambient air entering the condensers. The benefit of this application rests on the decrease of compressor power resulting from the reduced condenser air temperature with insignificant consumption of water and pump power associated with the mist generation. Based on a simulation analysis of an air-cooled screw chiller operating under head pressure control, applying such mist pre-cooling enables the COP to increase by up to 7.7%. Precise control of mist generation rate and integration with floating condensing temperature control are the major challenges of using a mist system to maximize electricity savings. The results of this study will prompt low-energy operation of existing air-cooled chillers working for various climatic conditions.     

Experimental study on the effect of fan-shaped water mist on horizontal under-expanded hydrogen jet flames

A series of experiments were performed on the fan-shaped water mist interaction with the horizontal under-expanded hydrogen jet flames. The effects of various water mist pressures and horizontal release positions were focused on flame length, temperature, and radiant heat flux. The results show that, water mist causes the flame to be tilted and the tilt angle of the flame increases with the water mist pressure, and the horizontal length of the flame is shortened. It is also found that water mist may lead to the radiation and temperature enhancement on the axis and downstream of the action position of water mist and flame, which is closely related to the configuration of water mist. However, this situation disappears and the temperature and radiation decrease with the increase of water mist pressure.     

单室火灾水喷淋灭火的数值研究

建立了单室火灾区域模型，模型中考虑了火焰与喷淋水之间的相互作用．定义了一个称为有效喷淋系数的参数，其物理意义为喷淋面积与着火面积的有效比．对有效喷淋系数和喷淋水流率对灭火效果的影响进行了研究.通过数值模拟得到了以下结果：对一定条件下的火灾进行喷淋灭火时，分别存在一个临界流量和最大流量．为了火，喷淋水流率必须大于临界流量．但用太大的喷淋水量，并不提高灭火效果，由于喷淋水过量，增加了灭火的运行成本．在给出条件下，临界流量和最大流量分别为0．0524kg/s和0．2kg/s．     

封闭空间内细水雾去除微细粉尘的影响因素实验研究

为研究细水雾去除悬浮在空气中的微细粉尘的影响因素,自行设计了小型封闭腔体并进行了不同工况条件下的细水雾降尘实验。首先采用阴影法对5种工作压力下的细水雾特性进行了测量表征,在此基础上开展了不同雾化特性细水雾对不同质量浓度PM5粉尘的降尘实验,实验中考虑了喷雾时长为5和10s两种情况,所测试粉尘为面粉;此外,还测试研究了不同粉尘粒径分布对细水雾降尘效果的影响研究。研究结果表明:细水雾对PM5粉尘的降尘效率随粉尘初始质量浓度的增加而提高,但当初始质量浓度增加到一定值后,降尘效率的提高不再明显;细水雾雾滴越细越密,其对PM5粉尘的降尘效率越高;延长细水雾喷雾时长,在一定程度上能够提高细水雾对PM5的降尘效率,且低质量浓度PM5比高质量浓度PM5受喷雾时长影响更大;针对平均粒径相差无几的粉尘,细水雾对粒径分布范围小的粉尘的降尘效率比对粒径分布范围大的粉尘的降尘效率高,预测细水雾降尘效率使用粉尘粒径分布范围比使用平均粒径更准确。     

Analysis of evaporating mist flow for enhanced convective heat transfer

Enhancement of forced convective heat transport through the use of evaporating mist flow is investigated analytically and by numerical simulation. A two-phase mist, consisting of finely dispersed water droplets in an airstream, is introduced at the inlet of a longitudinally-finned heat sink. The latent heat absorbed by the evaporating droplets significantly reduces the sensible heating of the air inside the heat sink which translates into higher heat-dissipation capacities. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of mist flows are studied through a detailed numerical analysis of the mass, momentum and energy transport equations for the mist droplets and the airstream, which are treated as two separate phases. The coupling between the two phases is modeled through interaction terms in the transport equations. The effects of inlet mist droplet size and concentration on the thermal performance of the heat sink are analyzed parametrically. The results provide insight into the complex transport processes associated with mist flows. The simulations indicate that significantly higher heat transfer coefficients are obtained with mist flows as compared to air flows, highlighting the potential for the use of mist flows for enhanced thermal management applications.