柴油机使用EGR后供油提前角对排放特性影响的研究

研究了增压直喷柴油机供油提前角对排放特性的影响规律,分析了在柴油机采用废气再循环（EGR）技术降低NOX排放的同时,不同供油提前角对柴油机排放及油耗的影响情况。依据柴油机EGR控制系统的工作特点和功能,确定了柴油机的最佳供油提前角,并通过负荷特性试验对比分析,证实了在保证此最佳供油提前角的情况下,EGR综合降低排放效果可达到最佳。     

降低非道路用增压柴油机NOx和PM排放的试验研究

为了改善非道路用涡轮增压直喷395E柴油机的排放性能,试验研究了供油提前角、喷油器喷孔直径和启喷压力、喷油器安装倾角等喷油系统参数及燃烧室几何形状对发动机Nox和PM排放的影响.试验结果表明:采用较小喷孔直径(0.23mm)、较小供油提前角(8°CA)、径深比(2.857)和口径比(1.06)适中的缩口哑铃型燃烧室时,Nox、Nox+HC、CO和PM排放分别降低到6.30、7.05、0.90和0.233g/(kW·h),达到了美国EPA第四阶段非道路用柴油机排放标准的要求.     

扭矩储备系数对非道路直喷式柴油机排放性能的影响

以一台非道路直喷式柴油机为样机,研究了扭矩储备系数φtq和供油提前角对其排放和经济性能的影响。排放试验参照欧盟非道路柴油机八工况法,测取了该机PM、NOx、HC、CO排放量和油耗等参数。根据该机的工作需求,对φtq为18％和20％时不同供油提前角下的性能进行了研究。结果表明。该机在φtq为18％,供油提前角为12℃A时的排放完全满足欧-II排放标准;φtq为20％时,PM和NOx排放不能同时满足欧-II排放标准。φtq由18％增加到20％后,PM排放量有较大幅度的上升,并且对供油提前角的变化变得敏感,CO有所上升, NOx有所下降,对HC排放影响最小。随着供油提前角的增加,该机PM和CO排放量显著下降,NOx排放上升明显,HC排放变化幅度不大,油耗下降,φtq为18％、供油提前角为12．5℃A时的油耗最低为218．1 g／(kW·h)。     

内外部EGR控制二甲醚发动机的燃烧与排放

在一台改造过的2-135柴油机上通过气道引入二甲醚和CO2,模拟实现了内外部EGR控制二甲醚发动机燃烧与排放的试验研究.结果表明,燃烧过程包括二甲醚HCCI燃烧和缸内喷雾的预混及扩散燃烧;燃烧方式主要受内外部EGR率的影响而呈现不同的放热特征.缸内直喷燃烧采用较大供油提前角时,在较小内外部EGR率下可使NOx排放控制在50 x 10-6以下;在较小供油提前角和微量内外部EGR率下可实现二甲醚发动机两级预混合低温燃烧模式,NOx排放接近于零.采用适当的内外部EGR率,二甲醚发动机经济性与NOx排放可获得较好的折中.     

非道路中小功率增压柴油机排放控制试验研究

为了改善非道路用中小功率直喷增压柴油机3100E的排放性能,使之达到2008年开始实施的美国环境保护局(EPA)第4阶段非道路用柴油机排放标准的要求,通过试验优化了高压油管内径、减压阀容积、供油提前角等喷油系统参数及燃烧室几何形状,系统研究了这些参数对发动机NOx和颗粒物(PM)排放的影响。试验结果表明,在保持发动机动力性及经济性的情况下,合理优化匹配喷油系统参数和燃烧室设计,可以改善该机的燃烧过程,有效降低发动机的有害物排放量,使之达到美国环境保护局第4阶段排放标准。     

军用装备发动机最佳供油提前角的试验研究

讨论了供油提前角对发动机动力性、经济性和排放性能的重要性,利用外特性试验、负荷特性试验和转速稳定性试验,考察了供油提前角对发动机工况的影响。研究结果表明,对于12150ZLD发动机来讲,供油提前角对动力性影响较大,功率和扭矩的最大差距分别为7.6%和7.5%,油耗率最大相差6.6%。其中供油提前角为26°时,发动机运转正常,功率、扭矩最高,油耗率最低,气缸的最大爆发压力符合要求,为该型发动机的最佳供油提前角。为保证装备长期运行或更换燃料后仍发挥最优性能,应及时调整供油提前角。     

EGR对非标柴油/二甲醚混合燃料发动机性能与排放的影响

开展了增压柴油机燃用D50非标柴油/二甲醚混合燃料时采用EGR技术对发动机动力性、燃烧和排放性能影响的试验研究。试验结果表明:EGR技术可以有效降低混合燃料发动机的NOx排放。随着EGR率的增加,NOx排放改善明显;对动力性的影响相对复杂:中低负荷下,燃烧室内氧浓度较大,对燃烧和排放性能影响较小;高负荷时,废气引入导致燃烧室局部缺氧严重,烟度、HC和CO排放恶化。     

非道路柴油机用燃油系统开发及试验

分析了非道路用柴油机对燃油系统的要求,提出了高喷射压力喷油泵的设计思想,对开发的燃油系统进行试验,结果显示其供油能力满足非道路用柴油机要求,通过柴油机匹配试验,研究了喷油嘴伸出高度、喷孔锥角、喷孔孔径及数量等对柴油机性能的影响,确定了各参数的最优方案,最终柴油机排放试验结果满足欧洲非道路用柴油机ⅢA阶段排放指标。     

轻型柴油机EGR与喷油正时的协同性能研究

以一台高压共轨轻型柴油机为样机,研究废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和喷油正时协同作用对发动机燃烧特性、燃油消耗率、氮氧化物(NOx)和HC排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着EGR率增大,缸内最大压力有所下降,瞬时放热率峰值有所减小。随着喷油提前角增加,缸内最大压力增大,瞬时放热率峰值先增大后减小。EGR率与缸内最大压力降幅、瞬时放热率峰值降幅均具有较好的线性关系。随着EGR率的增大和喷油提前角的减小,NOx排放降低,燃油耗增加,而且存在一个最佳的EGR率和喷油提前角的组合区域使HC排放达到最低。为了实现降低NOx排放的同时有效控制燃油消耗率和避免HC排放升高,低负荷时选择高EGR率并结合大喷油提前角的控制策略;中等负荷时选择适中EGR率结合适中喷油提前角的控制策略。     

满足欧Ⅲ排放标准柴油机压缩比和供油提前角优化计算

采用AVL BOOST性能预测软件对4100直喷式柴油机建立起工作过程计算模型,并进行了总功率试验,通过发动机的速度特性验证了模型的准确性.还具体分析了压缩比和供油提前角等主要参数对整机性能的影响,确定了合理的压缩比和供油提前角.根据优化后的压缩比和供油提前角对原机进行调整和试验,并对改进前后柴油机的性能进行比较,结果表明:改进后的柴油机油耗率比原机稍高一些,但动力性有所提高,排放大大降低,达到了开发低排放柴油机的目的,大大减少开发过程中的人力、物力和财力.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.