满足欧Ⅲ排放标准柴油机压缩比和供油提前角优化计算

采用AVL BOOST性能预测软件对4100直喷式柴油机建立起工作过程计算模型,并进行了总功率试验,通过发动机的速度特性验证了模型的准确性.还具体分析了压缩比和供油提前角等主要参数对整机性能的影响,确定了合理的压缩比和供油提前角.根据优化后的压缩比和供油提前角对原机进行调整和试验,并对改进前后柴油机的性能进行比较,结果表明:改进后的柴油机油耗率比原机稍高一些,但动力性有所提高,排放大大降低,达到了开发低排放柴油机的目的,大大减少开发过程中的人力、物力和财力.     

LPG-汽油双燃料发动机试验研究

选用奥华液化石油气有限公司生产的汽车用石油气燃料供给装置配于EQ6100-I型发动机进行性能测试分析.试验表明,在不改变原机压缩比和点火提前角时,燃用LPG的动力性下降了,最大功率为原机90%;最大扭矩为原机的92%.燃用LPG比燃用汽油的当量比油耗低,节能率在5%左右.     

直喷式柴油机压缩比和供油提前角优化计算

采用AVL BOOST性能预测软件对4100型直喷式柴油机建立起工作过程计算模型,并进行了总功率试验,通过对计算与试验所得的发动机速度特性的比较,验证了模型的准确性.具体分析了压缩比和供油提前角等主要参数对整机性能的影响,确定了合理的压缩比和供油提前角.根据优化后的压缩比和供油提前角对原机进行调整和试验,并对改进前后柴油机的性能进行比较,结果表明:改进后的柴油机比油耗比原机稍高一些,但动力性有所提高,排放明显降低,达到了开发低排放柴油机的目的,减少了开发过程中的人力、物力和财力.     

供油提前角对天然气/柴油双燃料发动机排放的影响

天然气／柴油双燃料发动机的排放指标受多种因素的制约,其中作为引燃燃料－柴油的供油提前角变化对发动机排放特性影响较大。试验结果表明,在可调节的供油提前角范围内,双燃料发动机排放中的ＴＨＣ相差３倍以上,ＣＯ相差近１．５倍左右,ＮＯｘ相差１．５倍左右。而且,在保证原机标定功率和动力性的基础上,双燃料发动机的供油提前角需要适当调整,并存在最佳供油提前角,保证良好的排放性能。     

LPG-汽油双燃料发动机试验研究

选用澳华液化石油气（LPG）有限公司生产的汽车用石油气燃料供给管理配于EQ6100－I型发动机，改装成LPG－汽油双燃料发动机，进行性能测试分析。试验结果表明，在不改变原机压缩比和点火提前角时，燃用液化石油气的动力性下降，最大功率为原机的90％；最大扭矩为原机的92％。燃用LPG比燃用汽油的当量比油耗低，节能率在5％左右。怠速排放试验表明，燃用LPG的CO，HC排放浓度分别为燃用贩50％和36％。     

供油提前角对柴油/乙醇发动机经济性和排放特性的影响

在YTR3105试验机上,在最大扭矩转速1 500 r/min(扭矩192 N.m)和标定转速2 400 r/min(扭矩164N.m)两个工况下进行了不同供油提前角和不同配比柴油/乙醇混合燃料发动机的经济性与排放特性试验。结果表明:柴油/乙醇发动机的有效燃油消耗率较柴油机的有所升高,但能量消耗率有所下降;随着供油提前角增大,碳烟排放明显降低,但NOx排放明显升高,CO和THC排放均降低;随着乙醇含量的加大,在转速1 500 r/min时,CO排放增大,在转速2 400 r/min时,CO排放降低,而THC排放在两个工况下均有所增大。     

柴油/CNG双燃料发动机排放性能的试验研究

在设计开发的CA6113BN-01柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的基础上，通过改变燃烧系统参数，柴油供油系统参数和在天然气供气系统参数等，研究了这些参数变化时对柴油/CNG双燃料发动机排放特性的影响。试验结果表明：柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的燃烧室形状对双燃料发动机性能，排放的影响较小。NOx、HC排放量随提前角的变化趋势和柴油机相似，提前角增大，NOx排放量增加，HC排放量也增加，提前角对CO排放影响较小。喷油器的开启压力提高可以有效地改善双燃料发动机的排放。     

扭矩储备系数对非道路直喷式柴油机排放性能的影响

以一台非道路直喷式柴油机为样机,研究了扭矩储备系数φtq和供油提前角对其排放和经济性能的影响。排放试验参照欧盟非道路柴油机八工况法,测取了该机PM、NOx、HC、CO排放量和油耗等参数。根据该机的工作需求,对φtq为18％和20％时不同供油提前角下的性能进行了研究。结果表明。该机在φtq为18％,供油提前角为12℃A时的排放完全满足欧-II排放标准;φtq为20％时,PM和NOx排放不能同时满足欧-II排放标准。φtq由18％增加到20％后,PM排放量有较大幅度的上升,并且对供油提前角的变化变得敏感,CO有所上升, NOx有所下降,对HC排放影响最小。随着供油提前角的增加,该机PM和CO排放量显著下降,NOx排放上升明显,HC排放变化幅度不大,油耗下降,φtq为18％、供油提前角为12．5℃A时的油耗最低为218．1 g／(kW·h)。     

LPG-汽油双燃料发动机试验研究

选用奥华液化石油气有限公司生产的汽车用石油气燃料供给装置配于EQ6100-Ⅰ型发动机进行性能测试分析。试验表明，在不改变原机压缩比和点火提前角时，燃用LPG的动力性下降了，最大功率为原机90％；最大扭矩为原机的92％。燃用LPG比燃用汽油的当量比油耗低，节能率在5％左右。     

不同气压下燃用混合燃料对柴油机性能的影响

为了研究不同气压下B50混合燃料对柴油机性能的影响,对B50与B0燃料,在不同气压下做了台架试验,对燃烧特性、负荷特性、外特性等的试验进行对比分析。分析结果表明：相同气压下与燃用B0相比,燃用B50的输出扭矩、爆发压力、压升率和放热率等降低但峰值提前,其输出扭矩降低5%-7.06%,比油耗升高4.7%-6.9%;HC、CO和烟度分别下降31.4%、23.7%和27%,NOx排放升高8.7%。大气压力升高后燃用B0输出扭矩约升高19.5%,比油耗约降低7.5%;燃用B50输出扭矩约升高15.7%,比油耗约降低5.5%,在低速下尤为明显。结果表明B50的燃用性能不是太理想。     

大豆生物柴油制备及其在柴油机上的试验研究

介绍了通过酯交换反应来制取生物柴油的方法和制取流程,采用正交试验方法确定了最佳的反应条件。在增压柴油机上,进行了自制生物柴油和0#柴油的动力性、经济性以及排放的对比试验。结果表明,与0#柴油相比,燃用生物柴油时最大扭矩,最大功率以及外特性烟度均有所降低,有效燃油消耗率有所增加,NO_x、HC以及CO均有所降低。     

Study on rapeseed oil as alternative fuel for a single-cylinder diesel engine

This study was undertaken to provide knowledge necessary for raising the thermal efficiency of mixed oil composed of rapeseed oil and conventional diesel oil and for improving the performance of an engine fuelled by the mixture. The experimental results obtained showed that a mixing ratio of 30% rapeseed oil and 70% diesel oil was practically optimal in ensuring relatively high thermal efficiency of engine as well as homogeneity and stability of the oil mixture. Method of quadratic regressive orthogonal design test method was adopted in experiment designed to examine the dependence of specific fuel consumption on four adjustable working parameters when the above –mentioned oil mixture was used. These parameters were: intake-valve-closing angle (α), exhaust-valve-opening angle (β), fuel-delivering angle (θ) and injection pressure (P, in 10⁴ Pa). Relationship between these parameters and specific fuel consumption was analyzed under two typical operating conditions and mathematical equations characterizing the relationship were formulated. The equation of specific fuel consumption derived from the regressive test under each operating condition was set as the objective function and the ranges for the four adjustable working parameters were the given constraint condition. Models of non-linear programming were then constructed. Computer aided optimization of the working parameters for 30:70 rapeseed oil/diesel oil mixed fuel was achieved. It was concluded that the predominant factor affecting the specific fuel consumption was fuel-delivering angle θ, the approximate optimal value of which, in this specific case, was 2–3 degrees in advance of that for engine fuelled by pure diesel oil. The experimental results also provided useful reference material for selection of the most preferable combination of working parameters.     

Performance of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine

Results are presented on tests on a single-cylinder direct-injection engine operating on diesel fuel, jatropha oil, and blends of diesel and jatropha oil in proportions of 97.4%/2.6%; 80%/20%; and 50%/50% by volume. The results covered a range of operating loads on the engine. Values are given for the chemical and physical properties of the fuels, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, engine torque, and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in the exhaust gases. Carbon dioxide emissions were similar for all fuels, the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend was observed to be the lower net contributor to the atmospheric level. The trend of carbon monoxide emissions was similar for the fuels but diesel fuel showed slightly lower emissions to the atmosphere. The test showed that jatropha oil could be conveniently used as a diesel substitute in a diesel engine. The test further showed increases in brake thermal efficiency, brake power and reduction of specific fuel consumption for jatropha oil and its blends with diesel generally, but the most significant conclusion from the study is that the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend produced maximum values of the brake power and brake thermal efficiency as well as minimum values of the specific fuel consumption. The 97.4%/2.6% fuel blend yielded the highest cetane number and even better engine performance than the diesel fuel suggesting that jatropha oil can be used as an ignition-accelerator additive for diesel fuel.     

高压共轨柴油机高海拔全负荷标定

高原标定是高压共轨柴油机开发过程中的重要环节.利用高海拔(低气压)标定试验系统进行了高压共轨柴油机不同海拔下的全负荷标定试验,研究了最佳喷油参数随海拔的变化,并进行了高压共轨柴油机不同海拔下的功率试验.研究结果表明,最佳循环喷油量随海拔的增加而减小,海拔每升高1 000,m,循环喷油量下降2%～4%;中高转速下最佳喷油提前角和轨压随海拔的增加而增大.海拔每升高1 000,m,最大转矩降低2.8%,标定功率下降2.9%.不同海拔下柴油机速度系数保持不变.不同海拔中高转速燃油经济性基本保持不变,低转速下燃油经济性恶化,海拔每升高1 000,m,低转速下燃油消耗率增加3.9%.     

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion and emissions of direct injection diesel engine

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different fuel delivery advance angles were investigated. The experimental results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits shorter ignition delay, lower peak values of premixed burning rate, lower combustion pressure and pressure rise rate, and higher peak value of diffusion burning rate than conventional diesel fuel when the engine remains unmodified. In addition, the unmodified engine with F-T diesel fuel has lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher effective thermal efficiency, and presents lower HC, CO, NO_x and smoke emissions than conventional diesel fuel. When fuel delivery advance angle is retarded by 3 crank angle degrees, the combustion duration is obviously shortened; the peak values of premixed burning rate, the combustion pressure and pressure rise rate are further reduced; and the peak value of diffusion burning rate is further increased for F-T diesel fuel operation. Moreover, the retardation of fuel delivery advance angle results in a further significant reduction in NO_x emissions with no penalty on specific fuel consumption and with much less penalty on HC, CO and smoke emissions.     

天然气发动机在不同喷射和点火时刻下的性能优化研究

为解决改装的天然气发动机动力性比原柴油机低,燃料消耗率比原柴油机高的问题,对影响燃烧时刻的喷射提前角与点火提前角这两个重要参数进行模拟实验,研究其对发动机的缸内压力与功率、燃气消耗率的影响,并根据研究结果进行优化设计。结果表明,对于缸内直喷天然气发动机,适当增大喷气提前角和选择恰当的点火提前角能在较经济的情况下提高发动机的动力性;发动机转速增加,点火提前角和喷射提前角也应提前,保证燃料的充分混合和最大化做功能力;在所有转速下,天然气发动机的功率都能恢复到原柴油机的水平。     

F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在两种不同供油提前角下研究了燃用F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响,结果表明:发动机不做任何调整时,与0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油的滞燃期较短,预混燃烧放热峰值较低,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率较低,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到了改善,HC、CO、NOx和碳烟排放同时降低。当供油提前角推迟3℃A时,燃用F-T柴油燃烧持续期明显缩短,预混燃烧放热峰值、最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率进一步降低,扩散燃烧放热峰值略有升高,燃油消耗率变化不大,NOx排放进一步降低, HC、CO和碳烟略有增加,其中HC排放与原柴油机相当,而CO和碳烟仍远低于原柴油机。     

ZS195柴油机燃用二甲醚(DME)-柴油混合燃料的试验研究

二甲醚粘度低，会使高压供油系统产生泄漏及早期磨损。在二甲醚中添加低比例的柴油(简称二元燃料)，其柴油既参与燃烧，又相应提高了混合燃料的粘度。首先对二甲醚添加低比例的柴油进行优化并对柴油机供油量、供油提前角和针阀开启压力进行优化匹配，然后对ZS195柴油机燃用二元燃料进行试验研究。结果表明：在ZS195柴油机上燃用二元燃料，其功率和转矩略优于原柴油机，发动机在全负荷范围内接近无烟排放，NOχ大幅度下降。试验还表明，采用这种二元燃料可使供油系统长期稳定地工作。     

高速汽油机的新型燃烧室(Ⅱ)

为解决小型高速汽油机低速时紊流强度低、燃烧过程不充分的难题，开发了一种新型燃烧室，该燃烧室已获得专利，它利用在活塞顶面的火花塞的远端和近端处设计的与缸盖形状相吻合的特殊突起，可在发动机压缩和膨胀过程中产生强烈的挤气旋流，将它应用在高速汽油机中，可明显提高低速时混合气的燃烧速率和火焰传播速率，从而全面改善内燃机的低速性能．实验研究表明，在压缩比和空燃比及点火提前角相同的条件下使用该燃烧室，与原机相比，尽管发动机的最大输出功率和转矩稍有下降，但最大转矩时的转速明显降低；转矩和燃油消耗率随转速降低明显改善，低速转矩最大提高率为8．4％，低速时燃油消耗的最大降低率为9．8％。