应变速率条件下第二相对7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验,结合扫描电镜、能谱分析仪研究了第二相对7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊缝应力腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,FSW焊缝在3.5%NaCl溶液中,应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)均发生在后退侧的热影响区,断裂位置与显微硬度曲线中硬度最低区域相对应.焊缝的SCC敏感性在1×10-6s-1条件下最高,在1×10-5s-1条件下最低,不同第二相对FSW焊缝应力腐蚀裂纹形核和扩展的影响是不同的:Al9Fe0.84Mn2.16Si容易引发裂纹的萌生和扩展,Mg2Si被腐蚀留下的点蚀坑引发的裂纹相对较小.     

CO32--HCO3-溶液中X80管线钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂分析

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察研究了国产X80管线钢焊接接头在 0.5 mol/L Na2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3 溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性.结果表明,拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区.在所研究的电位区间,拉伸试样随着外加电位正向增加,断面收缩率、断裂时间和断后伸长率增加,而断口部位的裂纹平均扩展速率减小,SCC敏感性降低.试样断口形貌在阴极电位条件下呈准解理断裂,在自腐蚀电位和阳极电位条件下,焊缝试样断口主要是韧性断裂.应力腐蚀机理可以用阳极溶解理论和氢致破裂来解释.     

CO_3~(2-)-HCO_3~-溶液中X80管线钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂分析

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察研究了国产X80管线钢焊接接头在0.5mol/LNa2CO3 1mol/LNaHCO3溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区。在所研究的电位区间,拉伸试样随着外加电位正向增加,断面收缩率、断裂时间和断后伸长率增加,而断口部位的裂纹平均扩展速率减小,SCC敏感性降低。试样断口形貌在阴极电位条件下呈准解理断裂,在自腐蚀电位和阳极电位条件下,焊缝试样断口主要是韧性断裂。应力腐蚀机理可以用阳极溶解理论和氢致破裂来解释。     

亚共析U-Nb合金激光焊接接头的微观结构及力学性能

采用OM,XRD,TEM等分析手段,并结合静、动态力学测试方法,研究了亚共析U-Nb合金激光焊接接头的微观结构和力学性能.结果表明,等温热处理下的亚共析U-Nb合金焊接基材为α-U+γ-U珠光体结构,激光焊缝在预热条件下为单相正交结构α'板条马氏体,非预热条件下为单相正交结构α'孪晶马氏体.两类焊接接头的抗拉强度皆约为400 MPa,远小于基材和焊缝组织强度,焊接接头未熔透和焊缝微观结构的断裂韧度较低是主要原因.比较基材和焊接接头的动态冲击压缩性能,相同冲击速率下,焊接接头应变率低于基材,而屈服强度高于基材.应变速率在2000~4000 s-1间,接头的流变应力均随应变速率的增加而增加,表现出明显的应变率强化效应,在2000 s-1应变速率下,接头发生了选择性塑性变形,绝热剪切带仅形成于基材和热影响区.     

2219铝合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头应力腐蚀敏感性

利用慢应变速率拉伸试验,研究2219铝合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头在不同腐蚀介质环境中的应力腐蚀行为.运用性能损失率指标和应力腐蚀指数评价材料的应力腐蚀敏感性.结果表明,应变速率为10-6 s-1时,2219铝合金母材和FSW接头在3.5%Na Cl介质环境中SCC敏感性小,断口由韧窝塑性区和腐蚀区组成;在剥蚀介质环境中,母材和FSW接头SCC敏感性大,断口呈冰糖状,有较深的腐蚀坑和二次裂纹,为沿晶脆性断裂.FSW接头SCC敏感性较母材大.     

疲劳损伤对核电汽轮机焊接转子接头应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)研究了不同程度疲劳损伤对核电汽轮机焊接转子接头应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响，利用扫描电子显微镜等观察手段讨论了疲劳损伤对汽轮机焊接接头应力腐蚀开裂敏感性和二次裂纹的作用机理. 结果表明，疲劳损伤增强了核电汽轮机焊接转子接头应力腐蚀开裂敏感性. 此外，疲劳损伤的作用使空气中试样的塑性提高而在腐蚀溶液中塑性降低，也影响了试样内部二次裂纹的产生和扩展.     

力学与电化学作用下X80钢焊接接头SCC行为分析

采用动电位扫描技术及慢应变速率拉伸试验(slow strain rate test, SSRT)研究了X80钢焊接接头在库尔勒模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂(stress corrosion cracking, SCC)行为,并利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)对不同应变速率下试样断口形貌进行表征.结果表明,随着应变速率的增加,X80钢焊接接头的腐蚀速率则呈现持续增大的趋势.当应变速率为1×10-5/s时,试样的腐蚀情况最为严重. X80钢焊接接头在不同应变速率下的腐蚀机制是由电化学-力学交互作用共同决定的.试样发生应力腐蚀后断裂于焊缝处,这是由于焊接过程导致焊缝晶格存在大量的缺陷,使得晶格活性较高所致.     

应变强化对304不锈钢焊接接头应力腐蚀的影响

采用室温应变强化技术对304不锈钢焊接接头进行了5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%的应变强化。通过磁性测试、金相检验、硬度测试和w(NaCl) 5%溶液应力腐蚀试验,研究了应变强化量大小对304不锈钢焊接接头应力腐蚀敏感性的影响。结果表明:304不锈钢焊接接头在应变强化过程中显微组织变化不明显,金相组织均为柱状奥氏体和δ铁素体双相组织,焊缝结晶模式为铁素体—奥氏体结晶模式;焊缝显微硬度都有明显增加,应力腐蚀敏感性总体呈增加趋势,但敏感性指数处于低应力腐蚀敏感性区域。这是由于焊接接头试样内部组织变化较小,但焊缝内部位错和缺陷的增加使得应力腐蚀敏感性指数有所上升,连续分布的网状δ铁素体阻断了应力腐蚀裂纹快速扩展的通道。     

电化学充氢条件下TWIP钢应力腐蚀敏感性的研究

通过慢应变速率拉伸和观察断口形貌等方法,研究了TWIP钢在电化学充氢条件下的应力腐蚀敏感性.结果表明,在电化学充氢条件下,TWIP钢具有应力腐蚀敏感性.恒定应变速率6.67×10-6 s-1时,具有单向奥氏体结构的TWIP钢有较小的应力腐蚀敏感性,具有形变孪晶的TWIP钢有较高的应力腐蚀敏感性.这是因为孪晶的形成导致氢在局部浓度更高,因而促进了局部塑性变形,降低了内氢压,导致TWIP钢的应力腐蚀敏感性上升.     

焊后热处理对S30408/Q345R不锈钢复合板耐蚀性能的影响

研究了焊后热处理对S30408/Q345R不锈钢复合板焊接接头的显微组织、耐晶间腐蚀性能、抗应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,经580℃×2 h焊后热处理后,焊接接头过渡层焊缝与基层焊缝熔合线附近出现了合金元素扩散,脱碳层范围减小;焊后热处理后,焊接接头的耐晶间腐蚀性能下降,腐蚀裂纹位于焊缝熔合线附近;焊接接头的抗应力腐蚀性能受焊后热处理影响不大,慢应变速率拉伸断裂接头未发现二次断裂,S30408不锈钢覆层应力腐蚀破裂敏感性比值低,应力腐蚀敏感性小。     

Effects of loading mode and water chemistry on stress corrosion crack growth behavior of 316L HAZ and weld metal materials in high temperature pure water

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rates of 316L weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal materials in high temperature pure water at 288 °C were measured using contoured double cantilever beam (CDCB) specimens and an alternating current potential drop (ACPD) in situ crack-length monitoring system. The effects of loading mode and dissolved oxygen and hydrogen on crack growth rate (CGR) were experimentally quantified. Typical intergranular SCC was found in the HAZ specimen and interdendritic SCC was identified in the weld metal specimen. The HAZ specimen and the weld metal specimen showed quite a similar response to the applied loading modes and the water chemistry, even though their absolute CGR values were different. The crack growth rates under trapezoidal loading were moderately higher than those under constant loading by several tenths percent. Switching the water chemistry from the oxygen-bearing water to the hydrogen-bearing water drastically decreased the electrochemical potential and the crack growth rate, and vice versa. A time-lag period for crack growth was observed after switching the water chemistry back to the oxygen-bearing water, where the crack growth rate was low even the dissolved oxygen concentration and the electrochemical potential had become high. Strain hardening and the resultant uneven distribution of deformation contribute to the enhanced intergranular SCC growth behavior in the HAZ area. The crack growth kinetics is analyzed based on the deformation/oxidation interaction at the crack tip, considering the importance of the electric-charge transfer, mass transport kinetics and the crack tip strain rate.     

In situ TEM study of stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel

A constant deflection device designed for use within a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to investigate the change in dislocation configuration ahead of a crack tip during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of type 310 austenitic stainless steel in a boiling MgCl₂ solution, and the initiation of stress corrosion microcracking. Results showed that crack tip corrosion processes during SCC-enhanced dislocation emission, multiplication and motion. SCC microcracks initiated when the corrosion-enhanced dislocation emission and motion had fully develop.A passive film formed during corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in the boiling MgCl₂ solution generated a tensile stress. During SCC, the additive tensile stress generated at the metal/passive film interface assists the applied stress to enhance dislocation emission and motion.     

镍基合金应力腐蚀裂尖氧化膜力学特性分析

裂纹尖端氧化膜形成与破裂是核电站压力容器高温水环境中镍基合金材料应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的主要过程之一。由于应力腐蚀裂纹尖端形貌和扩展方式的特殊性,本研究利用ABAQUS有限元软件的子模型技术,在微观尺度下对由裂尖氧化膜和基体金属共同构成的应力腐蚀裂尖应力应变场进行了分析。结果表明,SCC裂尖氧化膜前端沟形裂纹的存在,会造成氧化膜中应力和应变的很大变化,且随着沟形裂纹的长度增加,这种变化越加明显;另一方面,与氧化膜中应力相比,塑性应变对裂尖形貌变化更加敏感,从一个侧面说明,裂尖塑性应变是研究SCC裂尖氧化膜形成与破裂比较理想的力学参量。     

钝化膜应力导致不锈钢应力腐蚀

用恒位移载台，在透射电镜（TEM）中原位观察应力前后裂前方位错组态的变化以及微裂纹的形核和扩展，结果有明，310不锈钢在沸腾的25％MgCl2水溶液中应力腐蚀时腐蚀过程能促进位错发射，增殖和运动，当腐蚀促进的位错发射和运动达到临界状态时，应力腐蚀裂纹形核和扩展，测量表明，304不锈钢在沸腾MgCl2中自然腐蚀时表面钝化膜会产生一个附加拉应力，它可能是腐蚀促进位错发射和运动的原因。     

Mechanismus des Rißwachstums bei der Spannungsrißkorrosion des austenitischen Stahls X6 CrNiTi 18 10 in wäßriger Chloridlösung bei erhöhten Temperaturen

SCC crack growth mechanism of austenitic stainless steel X6 CrNiTi 18 10 in aqueous chloride solution at elevated temperatures The SCC crack growth mechanism of steam generator heat transfer tubes from stainless steel X6 CrNiTi 18 10 under internal stress conditions at elevated temperatures is discussed. Based on crack tip characterization by means of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy and the evidence of hydrogen originated throughout the corrosion process a crack propagation model is presented. The results refer to a microcrack induced gradual crack growth caused by local hydrogen embrittlement. Microcrack growth has been observed due to slip-band decohesion. The crack growth rate is mainly influenced by the stress state near the crack tip and the hydrogen evolution throughout the corrosion process.     

Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Activated Tungsten Inert Gas-Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Joints

The stress corrosion cracking behavior of duplex stainless steel (DSS) weld joint largely depends on the ferrite-austenite phase microstructure balance. This phase balance is decided by the welding process used, heat input, welding conditions and the weld metal chemistry. In this investigation, the influence of activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding processes on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of DSS joints was evaluated and compared. Boiling magnesium chloride (45 wt.%) environment maintained at 155 °C was used. The microstructure and ferrite content of different weld zones are correlated with the outcome of sustained load, SCC test. Irrespective of the welding processes used, SCC resistance of weld joints was inferior to that of the base metal. However, ATIG weld joint exhibited superior resistance to SCC than the TIG weld joint. The crack initiation and final failure were in the weld metal for the ATIG weld joint; they were in the heat-affected zone for the TIG weld joint.     

膜致应力对应力腐蚀裂尖力学特性的影响

氧化膜破裂理论是目前定量预测核电高温水环境中镍基合金应力腐蚀开裂速率应用最为广泛的理论模型之一,其中应力强度因子是衡量应力腐蚀开裂速率的重要参量。为进一步了解氧化膜破裂机理及裂纹扩展驱动力特性,提出了膜致应力强度因子。为了深入了解膜致应力强度因子在 EAC 裂纹扩展过程中裂尖的力学状况,在不考虑外载的情况下,从理论和数值模拟两方面分析研究了EAC 裂尖基体金属区域的应力应变分布状态,得出了膜致应力强度因子对裂尖Mises应力、等效塑性应变、拉伸应力、拉伸应变及拉伸应变梯度的影响规律,为提高定量预测高温高压水环境中镍基合金及不锈钢 EAC 扩展速率精度奠定基础,进而完善了氧化膜破裂机理。     

划痕诱发的镍基合金应力腐蚀裂尖扩展驱动力分析

为了解表面划伤导致的不同氧化物形貌对镍基合金应力腐蚀(SCC)行为的影响,模拟了膜致应力下镍基合金划伤裂纹尖端的局部应力应变场。结果表明,楔形力是引发SCC裂纹扩展的主要驱动力。划痕裂纹前端的氧化物越厚,楔形力越大,并会增大SCC裂纹扩展速率。裂尖氧化物的形成导致了压应力、压应变和负的应变速率,并会阻碍半椭圆裂纹尖端上部和下部的SCC裂纹扩展。     

Effect of inclusions on initiation of stress corrosion cracks in X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil environment

The effect of inclusions on the initiation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) X70 pipeline steel was investigated in an acidic soil solution using slow strain rate test, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. The results demonstrated that stress corrosion cracks are not initiated in X70 steel when it is under anodic polarization. At cathodic polarization, hydrogen evolution is enhanced, and hydrogen is actively involved in SCC processes. Two types of inclusions exist in the steel and play different role in crack initiation. The inclusions enriching in Al are brittle and incoherent to the metal matrix. Microcracks and interstices are quite easily to be resulted in at the boundary between inclusions and metal. There is no crack initiating at inclusions containing mainly Si.     

The effect of prior deformation on stress corrosion cracking growth rates of Alloy 600 materials in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary water

The effect of prior deformation on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rates of Alloy 600 materials in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary water environment is studied. The prior deformation was introduced by welding procedure or by cold working. Values of Vickers hardness in the Alloy 600 weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) and in the cold worked (CW) Alloy 600 materials are higher than that in the base metal. The significantly hardened area in the HAZ is within a distance of about 2-3 mm away from the fusion line. Electron backscatter diffraction (EPSD) results show significant amounts of plastic strain in the Alloy 600 HAZ and in the cold worked Alloy 600 materials. Stress corrosion cracking growth rate tests were performed in a simulated pressurized water reactor primary water environment. Extensive intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) was found in the Alloy 600 HAZ, 8% and 20% CW Alloy 600 specimens. The crack growth rate in the Alloy 600 HAZ is close to that in the 8% CW base metal, which is significantly lower than that in the 20% CW base metal, but much higher than that in the as-received base metal. Mixed intergranular and transgranular SCC was found in the 40% CW Alloy 600 specimen. The crack growth rate in the 40% CW Alloy 600 was lower than that in the 20% CW Alloy 600. The effect of hardening on crack growth rate can be related to the crack tip mechanics, the sub-microstructure (or subdivision of grain) after cross-rolling, and their interactions with the oxidation kinetics.