CO_3~(2-)-HCO_3~-溶液中X80管线钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂分析

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察研究了国产X80管线钢焊接接头在0.5mol/LNa2CO3 1mol/LNaHCO3溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区。在所研究的电位区间,拉伸试样随着外加电位正向增加,断面收缩率、断裂时间和断后伸长率增加,而断口部位的裂纹平均扩展速率减小,SCC敏感性降低。试样断口形貌在阴极电位条件下呈准解理断裂,在自腐蚀电位和阳极电位条件下,焊缝试样断口主要是韧性断裂。应力腐蚀机理可以用阳极溶解理论和氢致破裂来解释。     

X70管线钢焊缝应力腐蚀破裂的研究

采用慢应变速率试验、扫描电镜试验研究了X70管线钢焊缝拉伸试样在通5％CO2 95％N2的NS4溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明断口和柱面SCC裂纹均发生在热影响区(HAZ)。施加阴极电位时，在试样断口观察到明显的准解理断裂特征，断口和柱面有穿晶SCC裂纹。在自腐蚀电位和阳极电位条件下，SCC敏感性很低。在所研究的电位区间，总体趋势是随电位正向增加，断面收缩率、断裂时间和延伸率增加，而断口部位SCC裂纹平均扩展速率减少、即SCC敏感性降低。并利用显微组织变化和电化学理论分析了焊缝试样HAZ的SCC机理。     

库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中X80钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂行为

利用动电位扫描技术和慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中不同外加阴极电位下X80管线钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明:阴极电位对X80钢焊接接头处的SCC敏感性影响较为明显。拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区。在Ecorr下,金属表面裂纹萌生于点蚀坑,试样开裂为阳极溶解机制。当外加电位为-800 m V至-900 m V时,金属处于阴极保护电位区,此时金属的SCC敏感性较低,其开裂机制为阳极溶解和氢致开裂混合机制。当外加电位小于等于-950 m V时,外加电位越低,材料的SCC敏感性越大,此时金属SCC行为表现为氢脆机制。     

外加电位对X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉仲试验(SSRT)研究了不同外加电位下X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为,并用扫描电镜分析了不同电位下的断面形貌.结果表明,X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中具有SCC敏感性;在Ecorr附近施加弱极化时,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增加;施加强阳极电位时,发生强烈阳极溶解,导致阳极溶解断裂;施加强阴极电位时,析氢过程加强,导致氢致应力腐蚀断裂.     

X70钢焊接接头在近中性溶液中应力腐蚀行为研究

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜以及电化学测量技术研究了X70管线钢焊接接头在近中性模拟土壤溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明,断口和柱面SCC裂纹均发生在热影响区(HAZ)。在试验溶液中,随着外加极化电位降低管线钢SCC敏感性增强,电位负移到一定电位值后,SCC敏感性减弱;随着溶液pH值降低,腐蚀速率增大,敏感电位区间负移。施加阴极电位时,在试样断口观察到明显的准解理脆断特征,断口和柱面有穿晶SCC裂纹。分析了焊接接头试样HAZ的SCC机理,在试验介质中,管线钢应力腐蚀开裂主要受阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种机理的联合作用,适当的电位可以使阳极溶解和氢致开裂的联合作用达到最大,从而造成较严重的应力腐蚀开裂。     

力学与电化学作用下X80钢焊接接头SCC行为分析

采用动电位扫描技术及慢应变速率拉伸试验(slow strain rate test, SSRT)研究了X80钢焊接接头在库尔勒模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂(stress corrosion cracking, SCC)行为,并利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)对不同应变速率下试样断口形貌进行表征.结果表明,随着应变速率的增加,X80钢焊接接头的腐蚀速率则呈现持续增大的趋势.当应变速率为1×10-5/s时,试样的腐蚀情况最为严重. X80钢焊接接头在不同应变速率下的腐蚀机制是由电化学-力学交互作用共同决定的.试样发生应力腐蚀后断裂于焊缝处,这是由于焊接过程导致焊缝晶格存在大量的缺陷,使得晶格活性较高所致.     

外加电位对316L不锈钢在硼酸溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸 (SSRT) 实验,结合不同扫描速率下的动电位极化曲线,对316L不锈钢在动电位极化曲线不同区下的应力腐蚀开裂 (SCC) 敏感性以及腐蚀机理进行了研究。通过断口的SEM形貌进一步分析了316L不锈钢在硼酸溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂机理。结果表明,在近中性硼酸溶液环境下,外加电位对应力腐蚀开裂敏感性具有一定影响;当外加电位处于钝化区和过钝化区时,其SCC机制是由阳极溶解控制,且随着电位的升高其SCC敏感性增大;外加电位为-600 mV时,开裂机制为氢致开裂,此时316L不锈钢有最大SCC敏感性。     

电极电位和温度对X70钢在高pH值模拟土壤环境中应力腐蚀破裂的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)方法研究了温度(30~65℃范围)和电极电位(-1500~-200 mV(SCE)范围)对X70管线钢在0.5 mol/L Na2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3的高pH模拟土壤溶液中应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为的影响。结果表明:在阳极极化区,温度对该钢的SCC敏感性影响不大,在阴极极化区,SCC敏感性随温度升高而下降;在所研究的电位区间,SCC敏感性随着电极电位的降低而增大;SCC机理分析表明,当电位E>EH(溶液中H /H2的平衡电位)时,应该是阳极溶解占主导,而当E≤EH时,氢致破裂占主导。     

外加电位对X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位扫描方法和慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)研究了X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,并用扫描电镜观察分析了不同外加电位下的断口形貌。结果表明,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的极化曲线具有典型的活性溶解特征。随外加电位的负移,X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性明显增加。阴极极化条件下,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的SCC的开裂机制为氢致破裂(HIC)。     

波动频率对X70钢焊接接头应力腐蚀行为的影响

研究了波动频率对X70管线钢焊接接头在阴极电位下的近中性介质中慢应变速率应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在波动:拉伸载荷和阴极电位(-850 mVSCE)条件下,存在着一定的SCC敏感性.在波动拉伸载荷试验(F-SSRT)情况下,SCC裂纹的扩展机理与匀速慢拉伸试验(SSRT)时的裂纹扩展机理明显不同,SCC裂纹可以从材料表面产生的微孔处萌生并沿主应力面扩展,当载荷波动频率增大到一定程度时,SCC裂纹转变为沿45°最大剪应力面扩展.X70管线钢焊接接头阴极电位下近中性介质中SCC敏感部位为过热区.同时分析了氢在F.SSRT试样SCC过程中的作用和机理.     

Stress corrosion cracking study of microalloyed pipeline steels in dilute NaHCO3 solutions

Studies were carried out to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of a X-70 microalloyed pipeline steel, with different microstructures by using the slow strain rate testing (SSRT) technique at 50 °C, in NaHCO₃ solutions. Both anodic and cathodic potentials were applied. Additionally, experiments using the SSRT technique but with pre-charged hydrogen samples and potentiodynamic polarization curves at different sweep rates were also carried out to elucidate hydrogen effects. The results showed that the different microstructures in conjunction with the anodic applied potentials shift the cracking susceptibility of the steel. In diluted NaHCO₃ solutions cathodic potentials close to their rest potential values decreased the SCC susceptibility regardless the microstructure, whereas higher cathodic potentials promote SCC in all steel conditions. Certain microstructures are more susceptible to present anodic dissolution corrosion mechanism. Meanwhile concentrated solution did not promotes brittle fracture.     

The stress corrosion cracking of welded austenitic stainless steels in MgCl2 solutions in the presence of NaI additions

The influence of Nal additions on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Type 304L and 316L welded stainless steels in 42 wt% aqueous MgCl₂ solution at 154°C has been investigated. The results indicate clearly that addition of 1 N NaI to the boiling MgCl₂ solution prevents SCC of the welded steels. The I⁻ can act as an effective cathodic inhibitor. The correlation between mechanical properties, fracture morphology and the mechanism of the inhibition behaviour of I⁻ on SCC is discussed.     

X70管线钢在近中性及高pH值溶液中的电化学行为和SCC敏感性

采用动电位极化曲线测试法研究了温度、通气条件和pH值对X70管线钢在NS4溶液和0.5 mol/LNa2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3溶液中的电化学极化行为的影响,并用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了X70管线钢在这些溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,X70管线钢在NS4溶液中不出现活化—钝化转变区,随外加电位负移,SCC敏感性增加,表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征;在0.5 mol/L Na2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3高pH值溶液中出现活化—钝化转变区,在阴极极化区,也表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征,但在阳极极化区,发生的是阳极溶解型应力腐蚀破裂(ADSCC)。     

Spannungsrißkorrosion Mo-freier und Mo-haltiger Stähle in Calciumnitrat-Lösung und Natronlauge unter zeitlich konstanter Kraft und unter CERT-Bedingungen

Stress corrosion cracking of Mo-free and Mo-bearing steels in solutions of calcium nitrate and sodium hydroxide under constant load and under CERT conditions The threshold stress a which was obtained for a low-alloy steel (0.08% C, 0.01% Mo) under free corrosion conditions and chemi- cal conditions corresponding to DIN 50915 in boiling 60% Ca(NO₃)₂ solution in constant load SCC experiments was con- firmed by electrochemically controlled experiments (potential range 0 to 0.90 V). The susceptibility to SCC is increased with the potential becoming more anodic. However, the result of the corrosion test according to DIN 50 915 is valid also at more anodic potentials, i.e. under more severe corrosion stresses. For the determination of threshold stresses by constant load SCC experiments, the criterion “life time > 1000 hrs” is reliable and should be generally preferred to the criterion “crack length 1 = 0”. In boiling 60Y0 Ca(NO₃)₂ solution, also such steels are suscep- tible to SCC under CERTconditions which, under constant load conditions (σ = const.) are resistant. The mode of mechanical loading highly influences the SCC response. Critical potential ranges of SCC were evaluated by CERT experiments. The steel composition (Mo content) has no effect on the cathodic limiting potentials (EH=0 V), but on the extension of these ranges to the anodic side. Under CERT conditions, the favourable influence of molybde- num on the resistance against SCC is not noticed in boiling 60% Ca(NO₃)₂ solution but under less severe corrosion stresses (55% Ca(NO₃)₂ solution, 75 °C). With the given stress-induced SCC system “teel/Ca(NO₃)₂ solution”, threshold stresses could not be evaluated by interrupted CERT experiments, a method which otherwise was successfully used with strain-induced SCC systems. The critical potential ranges of SCC are in the transpassive ranges of the corrosion rate vs. potential curves obtained with unloaded specimens. Critical potential ranges of susceptibility to SCC were evaluated by CERTexperiments also in boiling 35% NaOH. The potential of highest susceptibility to SCC is always found between Ea = -0.80 and -0.70 V and is not affected by influencing factors of the medium (concentration, temperature), and by the steel composi- tion (Mo content).The unfavourable effect of Mo on the resistance to SCC in NaOH is reflected by the extensionof the potential range of increased susceptibility to SCC to more anodic potentials. The critical potential ranges of SCC are in the transition range from the active to the passive state of the corrosion rate vs. potential curves. The potentials of the highest susceptibility to SCC are identical with the minima of the corrosion rate vs. potential curves which occur after passing the potential range of active corrosion. The anodic metal dissolution at the crack tip which is obviously essential for the SCC system “steel/Ca(NO₃)₂ solution” is of minor importance for the system “steeVNaOH solution”. The results of metallographic investigations of the tested SCC specimens are presented. In distinct potential ranges, the Bainite phase (calcium nitrate solution), and the Bainite or Perlite phase (sodium hydroxide solution) are preferentially dissolved. These corrosion phenomena are stress induced, and are not observed with specimens free from external stresses.     

Effect of stabilization annealing on SCC susceptibility of β-annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy in 0.6 M NaCl solution

The effect of stabilization annealing on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of β-annealed Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy was examined in an aqueous 0.6 M NaCl solution under various applied potentials of +0.1, -0.05 and -0.1 V vs E_corr, respectively, at a strain rate of 10 ^-6 s ^-1. The stabilization annealing substantially improved the resistance to SCC of β-annealed Ti64 alloy in 0.6 M NaCl solution under cathodic applied potentials, while the effect was marginal under an anodic applied potential. It was also noted that the areal fraction between ductile and brittle fracture of β-annealed Ti64 specimens, which were slow strain rate tested in 0.6 M NaCl solution, varied with stabilization annealing and applied potentials. The effect of stabilization annealing on the SCC behavior of β-annealed Ti64 alloy in SCC-causing environment was discussed based on the micrographic and fractographic observation.     

Effect of Travel Speed on the Stress Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 2024-T4 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of travel speed on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of friction stir welded 2024-T4 aluminum alloy was investigated by slow strain rate tensile test. Microstructure and microhardness of the welded joint were studied. The results showed that the size of second phase particles increased with increasing travel speed, and the distribution of second phase particles was much more homogeneous at lower travel speed. The minimum microhardness was located at the boundary of nugget zone and thermomechanically affected zone. In addition, the SCC susceptibility of the friction stir welded joint increased with the increase of travel speed, owing to the size and distribution of second phase particles in the welds. The anodic applied potentials of ?700, ?650, ?600 mV, and cathodic applied potential of ?1200 mV facilitated SCC while the cathodic applied potential of ?1000 mV improved the SCC resistance. The SCC behavior was mainly controlled by the metal anodic dissolution at the open circuit potential, and hydrogen accelerated metal embrittlement.     

H2S 分压对 13Cr 不锈钢在 CO2注气井环空环境中应力腐蚀行为的影响简

利用高压下的电化学实验及U型弯浸泡实验结合微观分析手段,研究了13Cr不锈钢在不同H2S分压下CO2注气井环空环境模拟液中的电化学特征及应力腐蚀规律。结果表明:油套管钢的刺漏现象以及环境中硫酸盐还原菌的存在使得环空环境成为复杂的高压H2S-CO2-Cl-环境,13Cr不锈钢在该种环境下具有明显的应力腐蚀敏感性。随着H2S分压的升高,13Cr不锈钢击破电位下降,应力腐蚀敏感性增强,这主要因为H2S分压的增大对不锈钢表面膜(钝化膜及腐蚀产物膜)的破坏作用加强。当H2S分压达到0.20 MPa时,13Cr不锈钢发生明显的应力腐蚀,断口表现为由沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹(IGSCC)和穿晶应力腐蚀裂纹(TGSCC)组成的混合断口,应力腐蚀受阳极溶解和氢致开裂共同控制。     

Spannungsrißkorrosion an austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stählen bei aktiver Korrosion in chloridhaltigen Elektrolyten

Stress corrosion cracking on austenitic chromium nickel steels during active corrosion in chloride containing electrolytes Austenitic stainless steels may suffer from stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in chloride containing environments not only in the passive state of the materials and at elevated temperatures, but also under the conditions of active corrosion at ambient temperatures. This type of active SCC was investigated for 18/8 CrNi-steel in sulphuric acid-sodium chloride solutions by potentiostatically controlled experiments with stressed specimens. Critical potential ranges of susceptibility to SCC were evaluated. Comparison with potentiodynamically measured current-potential-curves shows that these critical potential ranges of SCC are identical with the potential ranges of active dissolution of unstressed specimens. Also in boiling 42% MgCl₂, active SCC is observed in a narrow potential range more negative than the critical limiting potential of passive SCC. This range becomes more narrow by addition of Mo, but is extended by Ni. Incoloy 800 with about 32 wt.-% Ni shows exclusively active behaviour in the potential range interesting for testing the material in 42% MgCl₂. Active SCC is at last caused by the formation of an incomplete protecting layer of adsorbed chloride ions which allows local differences of anodic dissolution, hereby in the presence of mechanical stresses making SCC failures possible. At potentials sufficiently negative, the thickness of the adsorption layer can increase and a macroscopic salt-layer is formed. The chemical composition of such a layer, formed in magnesium chloride, was investigated. The layer consists nearly exclusively of nickel chloride.