2219铝合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头应力腐蚀敏感性

利用慢应变速率拉伸试验,研究2219铝合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头在不同腐蚀介质环境中的应力腐蚀行为.运用性能损失率指标和应力腐蚀指数评价材料的应力腐蚀敏感性.结果表明,应变速率为10-6 s-1时,2219铝合金母材和FSW接头在3.5%Na Cl介质环境中SCC敏感性小,断口由韧窝塑性区和腐蚀区组成;在剥蚀介质环境中,母材和FSW接头SCC敏感性大,断口呈冰糖状,有较深的腐蚀坑和二次裂纹,为沿晶脆性断裂.FSW接头SCC敏感性较母材大.     

外加电位对X90钢及其焊缝在近中性土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)实验、动电位极化技术和SEM观察等方法,研究了X90钢基体和焊缝在近中性土壤模拟溶液中不同阴极保护电位下的应力腐蚀行为。结果表明,X90管线钢及其焊缝组织在近中性土壤模拟溶液中均具有一定的应力腐蚀敏感性,裂纹扩展为穿晶腐蚀裂纹;应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的裂纹萌生与扩展与外加保护电位有关。在开路电位(OCP)~-1000 m V的电位范围内,X90钢的SCC机制均为阳极溶解(AD)+氢脆(HE)的混合机制;在OCP下,由于AD作用较强,SCC敏感性较明显;在-800 m V下,由于AD和HE作用均较弱,导致SCC敏感性最低;而在-900 m V时,由于HE作用明显增强,具有最高的SCC敏感性;在相同电位条件下,焊缝的SCC敏感性高于母材。     

碱性环境下应变速率对建筑用管线钢腐蚀行为的影响

研究了碱性环境下应变速率对建筑用管线钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,该钢的断裂强度随着应变速率的增加,呈现先升高后降低的趋势。断面收缩率越大,SCC(应力腐蚀裂纹)敏感性越差。在库尔勒模拟溶液中,钢SCC敏感性极强的应变速率范围是5.0×10-7⁵.0×10-6s-1。     

TIG氩弧辅助焊接对2519铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用常规搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding,FSW)工艺和惰性气体钨极(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)氩弧辅助FSW工艺对2.5 mm厚2519-T87铝合金板材进行焊接,通过慢应变速率拉伸试验和电化学测试研究对比了两种接头的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明:引入TIG氩弧可降低焊接接头SCC敏感性,在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中,SCC敏感指数由1.47%降低至0.46%;当焊核区的腐蚀电流密度由2.177×10^(-6)A/cm^(2)降低至1.536×10^(-6)A/cm^(2)时,自腐蚀电位由-0.636 V提高至-0.616 V,焊核区的耐腐蚀性能也随之提高。结合金相显微镜、扫描电镜和扫描透射电镜对接头微观组织的方法,认为TIG氩弧辅助FSW工艺通过改善焊核区表层第二相粒子的大小和分布抑制了接头慢应变速率拉伸过程中腐蚀裂纹的萌生和扩展,从而降低了接头的SCC敏感性。     

304不锈钢焊缝在室温酸性氯化物溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

本文用慢应变速率实验(SSRT)方法研究了奥氏体304不锈钢焊接接头在室温HCl+NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性H+浓度和Cl-浓度是影响该体系发生SCC的两个重要因素,H+浓度的改变可使材料的腐蚀形态发生变化,对SCC敏感的酸度范围为:5.0x10-4～30MH+,并给出体系“304不锈钢焊缝/HCl+NaCl”的应力腐蚀状态图([Cl-]-[H+]-SCC图)焊缝区是焊接接头的SCC敏感区,应力腐蚀裂纹是沿着被选择性溶解的奥氏体枝晶间的δ-铁素体扩展的,断口具有奥氏体枝晶骨架的形貌.该体系     

超厚板TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头应力腐蚀敏感性

针对100 mm超厚板TC4钛合金电子束焊接接头，采用慢应变速率拉伸方法评价接头在人造海水中的应力腐蚀敏感性，分析接头的显微组织和断口形貌，对接头的腐蚀机制进行研究. 结果表明，室温条件下应变速率为ε=1×10-6 s-1时，母材在海水中未表现出应力腐蚀敏感性；焊缝上部、中部和下部具有轻微应力腐蚀敏感性. 焊缝在海水中发生阳极溶解，产生氢吸附，导致裂纹的萌生. 同时氢扩散诱导α'相界及α'相内发生位错塞积，进而使裂纹在更低的应力水平下发生扩展.     

划痕诱发的镍基合金应力腐蚀裂尖扩展驱动力分析

为了解表面划伤导致的不同氧化物形貌对镍基合金应力腐蚀(SCC)行为的影响,模拟了膜致应力下镍基合金划伤裂纹尖端的局部应力应变场。结果表明,楔形力是引发SCC裂纹扩展的主要驱动力。划痕裂纹前端的氧化物越厚,楔形力越大,并会增大SCC裂纹扩展速率。裂尖氧化物的形成导致了压应力、压应变和负的应变速率,并会阻碍半椭圆裂纹尖端上部和下部的SCC裂纹扩展。     

应变速率及环境介质对Zn-Cu-Ti合金应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法研究了挤压态Zn-1.0Cu-0.2Ti(wt%)合金在空气、自来水及3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为及应变速率对合金SCC行为的影响。结果表明,应变速率为1×10-6s-1时,合金的SCC敏感性最大;在1×10-6s-1的应变速率下,合金在自来水与3.5%NaCl溶液中的SCC敏感性比空气中弱。     

电极电位和应变速率对16MND5/309L/308L异材焊接件高温水中应力腐蚀破裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)方法,研究了电极电位和应变速率对低合金钢-不锈钢异材焊接件16MND5/309L/308L在模拟压水堆一回路高温水环境中应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)的影响。结果表明:在5×10-7 s-1应变速率条件下,在-720~+100mV(相对于标准氢电极SHE,下同)的低电位区,所有SSRT试样均在远离界面的308L焊缝金属区发生纯力学韧性断裂,与在氮气中的试验结果类似;当外加电位提高到+200mV后,试样在16MND5/309L界面发生SCC脆断,界面附近的16MND5侧发生穿晶SCC,309L侧发生沿晶SCC。该异材焊接件在该高温水环境中存在一个临界破裂电位,高于此电位发生SCC,在5×10-7s-1的应变速率下,该临界破裂电位处于+100~+200mV;降低速应变率至1×10-7s-1,临界破裂电位仍处于+100~+200mV;提高应变速率至1×10-6s-1后,在+200~+300mV电位区也没有显示出SCC。     

盐水酸碱度对6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝应力腐蚀开裂的影响

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜、光学显微镜和能谱分析等手段,研究并比较了6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊缝在空气和pH分别为6,7,8的3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)性能,讨论了该合金焊缝在不同盐水介质中产生应力腐蚀开裂差异的原因。结果表明:FSW焊缝在偏酸、偏碱及中性NaCl溶液中的SCC敏感性指数ISSRT依次为0.13,0.074,0.055;在中性盐水和弱碱性盐水中,焊缝主要是韧性断裂,SCC特征不明显,在弱酸性盐水中的断口呈混合型断裂的某些SCC特征。     

Pitting and stress corrosion cracking resistance of friction stir welded AA 5083

The corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of AA 5083 has been compared to that of MIG welded joints. Pitting and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance in 3.5% NaCl + 0.3 g/l H₂O₂ and in EXCO (4 M KCl + 0.5 M KNO₃ + 0.1 M HNO₃) solutions has been determined at 25°C. SCC susceptibility was evaluated by slow strain rate tests (SSRT), at a strain rate of 1 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹.Welds obtained by FSW technique showed a higher corrosion resistance in EXCO solution and a lower pitting tendency than the base alloy. Electrochemical measurements (corrosion potential measurements, polarization curves recording) evidenced that FSW weld was cathodic to base alloy. FSW joints were not susceptible to SCC in both test solutions, whereas MIG joints cracked in both solutions.     

Passivation behaviors of 6082 aluminium alloy under stress corrosion process

We systematically studied the passivation process of 6082 aluminium alloy under the bending stress situation by combining electrochemical measurement techniques with three-point bending stress fixture designed by our lab, and then examined the microstructures of corroded specimens to analyze electrochemical corrosion mechanism in 1.5% NaCl solution. The results show that secondary Mg₂Si phase acts as the anodic electrode, leading to the self-corrosion of Mg₂Si phase. As a result, the spots of self-corroded Mg₂Si phase within grains act as initial pitting corrosion site, combined with tiny, massive precipitated Mg₂Si particles at the grain boundaries and bending stress, leading to the failure of surface of the 6082 aluminium alloy. The corrosion current density increases from 3.422 × 10⁻⁷ to 13.77 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm² when bending stress level was increased from 0% up to 100% of yield stress. Passive film formation process occurred between polarization potential area of −1.05 and −0.65 V. Sectional microstructural investigations show that the corrosion starts penetrating vertically into the material before it develops corrosion paths extending parallel to the surface, leading to massive stress-induced corrosion cracks. The maximum corrosion depth increases from ∼24 μm on specimen without any stress applied to 85 μm when bending stress of 100% yield strength is applied.     

Influence of local stress on initiation behavior of stress corrosion cracking for sensitized 304 stainless steel

To investigate the influence of local stress on initiation behavior of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for sensitized Type 304 stainless steel, cracking process during constant load SCC test was monitored and recorded with an in situ crack observation system. The changes in number of cracks, sum of crack length and cracked area on the specimen surface with test time were identified from the cracking images analyzed by image processing. In the SCC tests, many cracks were initiated and coalesced on the surface, and the coalescence of cracks played an important role to primary crack growth. The influence of applied stress on crack initiation was different from that on crack growth. In addition, there was a difference between influences of stress on incubation period to crack initiation and crack initiation rate. Due to these differences, a stress of 0.8S_y was thought to cause relatively many cracks compared with 0.5S_y and 1.3S_y (S_y = 200 MPa). Through quantitative estimation of distribution in local stress around a crack by finite element analysis method, it was deduced that the crack initiation is influenced not only by bulk stress applied at the end of the body, but also by local stress formed around pre-existing cracks. According to pre-existing cracks, stress enhancement accelerates the crack growth, while the stress relaxation causes the suppression of new crack initiation. Based on the experiment and analysis results, three types of growth process were suggested, which are caused by propagation itself, by new crack initiation at vicinity of the crack tip, and by coalescence of approaching cracks. Then, it was concluded that, in order to predict/simulate the cracking behavior of this SCC system, the influence of local stress on the crack initiation should be taken into account.     

Stress corrosion behavior of 6082 aluminum alloy

Stress corrosion tests of 6082 aluminum alloy were carried out by using a three-point bending fixture while holding at 50% of yield strength state through different immersion times in 1.5% NaCl electrolyte solution. The electrochemical impedance spectra and dynamic electric potential polarization curves were measured to indicate the stress corrosion behavior of the alloy. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy spectrum analysis were applied for microstructural investigations. The results show that all of the Nyquist electrochemical impedance spectra consisted of high- and low-frequency double capacitive arcs. However, an increase in immersion time while holding at 50% of yield stress resulted in a corresponding increase in the corrosion current density, leading to gradual corrosion depth growth, and a decrease in the corrosion resistance of the alloy. 6082 Aluminum alloy included AlMnFeSi, Mg₂Si, and Si secondary phases. The different secondary phases presented different stress corrosion behaviors. Stress corrosion cracks were generated at the boundaries of AlMnFeSi and matrix or within the AlMnFeSi phase. Crack direction is always perpendicular to the tensile stress applied. Mg₂Si secondary phase was self-corroded as its corrosion potential is lower than that of the matrix. As the electric potential of Si is higher than that of the matrix, corrosion occurred at the matrix side of the boundary between Si and matrix.     

AZ31B镁合金表面火焰喷涂Al-Mg_2Si涂层的耐腐蚀性能

为提高AZ31B镁合金表面的耐腐蚀性能,用火焰喷涂方法在镁合金表面制备Al-Mg_2Si复合涂层。采用XRD、SEM和EDS分析涂层的物相组成、微观组织及元素分布;通过电化学试验测试样品在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度;通过3.5%NaCl溶液浸泡试验测试样品的腐蚀速率;并测试涂层的显微硬度。结果表明:涂层中的主要物相有Mg_2Si、Al,组织比较致密,元素分布均匀。Tafel极化曲线测试表明,Al-Mg_2Si涂层样品与AZ31B镁合金样品相比腐蚀电位从-1.489 V正移到-1.366 V,腐蚀电流密度从2.817×10~(-3) A/cm~2降低到1.198×10~(-3) A/cm~2。浸泡试验结果表明,喷涂Al-Mg_2Si的镁合金的腐蚀速率明显低于没有喷涂的镁合金。显微硬度测试表明,涂层的显微硬度集中分布在259~308 HV0.05之间,镁合金为50~60 HV0.05。因此在AZ31B镁合金表面火焰喷涂Al-Mg_2Si涂层可以提高其耐腐蚀性能,表面硬度显著提高。     

On the Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of aluminium alloy sheet in an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H2O2

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of aluminium alloy sheet was investigated in the long transverse direction using the slow strain rate testing technique. The synthetic environment used was an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H₂O₂. No indications of SCC sensitivity are observed for the alloys 2024-T351, 8090-T81, and 2091 CPHK-T8X. The alloys 2091 T8X and 6061-T4 are found to be susceptible to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. At strain rates below 4 · 10^?7 s^?1, the slow strain rate testing technique indicates a slight SCC sensitivity with alloy 6013-T6. Fractography reveals transgranular stress corrosion cracking. Transgranular stress corrosion cracking is also observed with 6061-T4 specimens which are dynamically strained at strain rates below 5 · 10^?7 s^?1. Aqueous 3% NaCl solution with hydrogen peroxide addition promotes pitting and intergranular corrosion. The loss of ductility caused by these corrosion processes interferes with the evaluation of the results of the slow strain rate testing technique.     

The assessment of stress corrosion damage in austenitic stainless steel by measurements of cracks formed during constant strain rate and constant load tests in 1M HCl

The penetration of transgranular stress corrosion cracks occurs at a constant rate during uniaxial tensile-type tests, on 304S 12 stainless steel, in 1M HCl, at ambient temperature. Over a range of loads in constant load, and for constant strain rates of 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ and below, measurements from interrupted tests show a common mode of growth and penetration rate. These results, together with the values of crack initiation periods, may be correlated to quantify and predict stress corrosion damage.     

About the Authors

Abstract

Anisotropy in stress corrosion cracking of lean grade UNS S32101 and standard grade UNS S32205 hot rolled duplex stainless steels was evaluated in this study. Microstructures were characterised with stereology methods in three orthogonal orientations to quantify anisotropy in phase distribution. Constant extension rate tests were conducted in an autoclave at 2×10^?6 s^?1 in chloride containing alkaline sulphide solution at 170°C. The maximum crack lengths and average crack densities were measured for the rolling longitudinal and transverse longitudinal orientations after stress corrosion cracking tests. Results indicate that stress corrosion crack initiation and growth are a strong function of the microstructure in each orientation. Maximum crack length and average crack density were maximum for the rolling longitudinal orientation. Crack initiation and growth were favoured along the transverse direction. Chlorides enhanced anisotropy in crack growth behaviour by facilitating crack initiation and crack coalescence along phase boundaries, which lead to more severe stress corrosion cracking in the alkaline sulphide environments that were studied.     

力学与电化学作用下X80钢焊接接头SCC行为分析

采用动电位扫描技术及慢应变速率拉伸试验(slow strain rate test, SSRT)研究了X80钢焊接接头在库尔勒模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂(stress corrosion cracking, SCC)行为,并利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)对不同应变速率下试样断口形貌进行表征.结果表明,随着应变速率的增加,X80钢焊接接头的腐蚀速率则呈现持续增大的趋势.当应变速率为1×10-5/s时,试样的腐蚀情况最为严重. X80钢焊接接头在不同应变速率下的腐蚀机制是由电化学-力学交互作用共同决定的.试样发生应力腐蚀后断裂于焊缝处,这是由于焊接过程导致焊缝晶格存在大量的缺陷,使得晶格活性较高所致.