不同组元活性剂对不锈钢脉冲TIG焊熔池表面张力的影响

准确获取焊接条件下熔池金属表面张力的基础数据对深入理解焊接过程中熔池金属流动及传热机制、焊缝缺陷形成等具有重要意义，但实时测量十分困难. 采用激光视觉法测量了单一组元(TiO₂，CaF₂)及二组元(30%TiO₂ + 70%CaF₂，70%TiO₂ + 30%CaF₂)活性剂下304不锈钢脉冲钨极氩弧焊熔池振荡频率，并根据特定模式下熔池特征频率与表面张力的解析模型计算了熔池金属表面张力，分析了不同组元活性剂对熔池金属平均表面张力的影响规律，在此基础上研究了不同组元活性剂对焊缝熔深的影响和增加熔深的机理. 结果表明，TiO₂能够改变熔池金属表面张力温度梯度，使熔池金属流动方向发生变化，CaF₂能够降低熔池金属表面张力绝对值，使熔池金属流速增加；二组元活性剂增加熔深是熔池金属流速增加和表面张力温度梯度改变共同作用的结果.     

激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号表征

采用脉冲YAG激光焊、微束等离子弧焊和激光-微束等离子弧复合焊对304不锈钢进行焊接试验,实时采集焊接过程中的结构负载声发射信号,研究声发射信号对焊接过程的表征. 结果表明,激光离焦量为-2 mm的激光-微束等离子弧复合焊接,热源复合效果更好,焊缝表现出更显著的复合热源焊接特征. 焊缝获得了更好的表面成形和熔深、熔宽. 热源复合效果更好的焊接过程,其声发射信号波形表现出更大振幅,且更为均匀,并与激光热源的周期性相符,呈现出明显的复合热源焊接周期性. 因此可以利用焊接过程检测到的结构负载声发射信号表征激光和微束等离子弧两种热源复合效果特征.     

激光焊接中的等离子体与小孔行为分析

试验采用光、声信号检测设备,对1.8 mm镀锌钢板的CO₂激光焊接过程中的蓝紫光信号、红外辐射信号、可听声信号进行了高速采集,对比激光深熔焊与热传导焊过程中三路信号的联系与区别,分析研究了激光深熔焊过程的小孔与等离子体产生过程的瞬态行为.结果表明,等离子体与小孔并不总是同时产生,等离子体要先于小孔产生,热传导焊过程中也可能存在等离子体,在试验条件下,等离子体在激光作用于工件后3~4 ms产生,稳定的小孔在焊接后约14 ms后形成,并且激光焊接中产生等离子体的激光功率密度阈值要小于产生小孔的阈值.     

活性剂对TC4薄板背反射增效激光焊接成形的影响

为探索降低钛合金薄板激光X形焊接成形所需能量阈值的途径，较为系统地分析了活性剂的种类、涂覆厚度和涂覆位置对钛合金薄板背反射增效激光焊接成形的影响. 结果表明，不同种类的活性剂的影响不同，其中涂覆NaCl和NaF有利于背反射羽辉效应的形成，而涂覆TiO₂时则对其有一定的弱化. 同时，随着活性剂涂覆厚度的增大背反射羽辉效应进一步增强，且NaF相对于NaCl而言对涂覆厚度更加敏感. 此外，在施焊背面涂覆活性剂几乎没有影响. 分析认为，活性剂对钛合金薄板背反射增效激光焊接成形的影响，主要归因于其对激光能量吸收的增益.     

通过氢还原热处理提升TiO2薄膜的抗菌性能

提升在可见光区间的抗菌效率一直是二氧化钛(TiO₂)抗菌性能研究的重要方向。采用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)制备TiO₂薄膜,并通过氢还原热处理的方法提升TiO₂表面的氧空位浓度从而增强其抗菌性能。结果发现,在以单晶氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)为衬底时,生长的TiO₂薄膜为高度择优取向的锐钛矿相。生长温度越高,锐钛矿相的XRD衍射峰越强,薄膜越致密。将在600℃下生长的350 nm厚的TiO₂薄膜进行抗菌性能测试,发现其抗菌率约为86%。对样品进一步在4%H2氛围下进行还原处理,发现其抗菌率提升到约为97%。通过XPS、UV-Visible和PL测试,发现TiO₂经过还原热处理后在其表面形成更多的氧空位,在TiO₂带隙中形成氧空位缺陷能级,导致在可见光区域吸光性能增强,使其具有更高的抗菌性能。通过氢还原过程调控材料的缺陷组成,并研究TiO₂薄膜的光催化抗菌性能及抗菌机理。这种简易的调控TiO₂光吸...     

AZ31B镁合金A-TIG焊活性剂成分的均匀设计与优化

根据A-TIG焊对AZ31B镁合金活性剂在焊缝熔深、焊缝表面成形质量、焊缝力学性能、焊缝强化机理、工艺可行性和环保无毒等方面的要求,选取4种组元(TiO₂,SrCl₂,ZrO₂和Y₂O₃)活性剂.采用均匀设计法的拟水平法设计复合活性剂配方.根据焊缝熔深和焊缝表面成形质量的试验结果建立数学模型,通过对不同数学模型对比分析,确定活性剂各组元的最佳配比,并验证配方的正确性.结果表明,采用均匀设计法设计活性剂配方,焊缝可获得最大熔深和较好的表面成形质量,并且焊接接头具有良好的力学性能.     

铝合金脉冲MIG焊接熔滴过渡行为的声发射信号时频域表征

通过在线检测铝合金脉冲MIG焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号,研究熔滴过渡模式和行为的时频域表征.结果表明,熔滴过渡声发射信号波形以及熔滴过渡声发射事件的有序性和周期性可以反映脉冲MIG焊接过程熔滴过渡的稳定性和周期性.随着脉冲频率和焊接热输入的增大,熔滴过渡模式由短路过渡转变为射滴过渡,过渡熔滴体积得到逐步细化,表现出递减的声发射能量释放特征.当熔滴过渡为短路过渡模式时,熔滴过渡声发射信号的频域范围较宽,且较为集中在高频部分;当熔滴过渡为射滴过渡模式时,熔滴过渡声发射信号的频率分布范围更窄,且集中在低频部分.随着熔滴过渡模式由短路过渡模式逐渐转变为射滴过渡模式,由熔滴过渡引入的能量变化呈现出先减小再增大的趋势.     

Na2SiF6活性激光焊接TC4钛合金焊缝成形和组织

采用Na₂SiF₆作为表面活性剂激光焊接TC4钛合金,通过观察焊缝表面,确定了Na₂SiF₆对TC4钛合金激光焊焊缝表面成形的影响;采用高速摄像技术,观察分析了焊件上方高温光致等离子体形态特征变化;借助光学显微镜观察分析了焊缝熔深和熔宽的变化及微观组织. 结果表明,涂覆Na₂SiF₆活性剂后TC4钛合金激光焊焊缝表面成形良好,可使焊缝熔深增加约0.8% ~ 12%,焊缝表面熔宽降低约10% ~ 29%,能够有效提高焊缝的深宽比;Na₂SiF₆活性剂改善了焊缝微观组织的不均匀性,改变了焊缝上部β柱状晶的结晶方向,细化了焊缝的晶粒尺寸和微观组织.     

YAG激光焊接脉冲能量作用效应的声发射特征参数表征

对304不锈钢进行脉冲激光焊接试验,基于激光热源与工件相互作用所释放的声发射信号,研究利用声发射事件的平均峰值-振铃计数特征分布图评估焊接稳定性的方法.结果表明,脉冲激光对材料的作用越稳定,平均峰值-振铃计数特征分布图的散点分布聚集性越好;脉冲激光对材料的作用稳定性越差,平均峰值-振铃计数特征分布图的散点分布越发散.激光脉冲峰值功率增加时,对应声发射事件平均峰值和振铃计数均随之增加,反映出振铃计数对峰值功率变化而引发的焊接稳定性变化更为敏感.因此平均峰值-振铃计数特征分布图能够较为准确地表征激光焊接过程稳定性.     

等离子体控制优化激光烧结Ni30Cr25Al15Co15Mo5Ti5Y5高熵合金涂层的显微组织与性能(英文)

提出一种激光诱导等离子体的主动抑制方法,以优化Ni₃₀Cr₂₅Al₁₅Co₁₅Mo₅Ti₅Y₅高熵合金(HEA)涂层表面激光烧结(SLS)的晶体结构和摩擦学性能,该过程采用脉冲激光和不同保护气体。结果表明,无保护气体或He气氛下的电子温度(T_e)和等离子体射流体积均高于Ar-He气氛下的。SLS过程中发生明显的相变和金属原子扩散,α-AlFe₃、α-AlNi和γ-AlFe₂Ni化合物沉淀形成冶金结合。等离子体通过逆韧致辐射(IB)吸收较低能量加强激光与HEA之间的相互作用,使涂层显微硬度增加,动态摩擦因数降低,这说明等离子体控制对激光增材制造存在重要影响。     

Effect of active flux addition on laser welding of austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

The use of active flux in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is known to increase its weld depth. The present paper involves study of active flux laser beam welding (ALBW) of austenitic stainless steel sheets with respect to its effect on plasma plume, microstructure and mechanical properties of the resultant weldments. ALBW performed with SiO₂ as the flux significantly modified shape of the fusion zone (FZ) to produce narrower and deeper welds. Plasma plume associated with the process was considerably smaller and of lower intensity than that produced during bead on plate laser beam welding (LBW). Flux addition during LBW produced thin and rough weld bead associated with humping. The development of such a weld bead is cause by reversal in the direction of Marangoni flow by oxygen induced inversion of surface tension gradient, widely fluctuating plasma plume and presence of oxides on the weld pool surface preventing free flow of the melt. Active flux laser weldments exhibited lower ductility than that of bead on plate laser weldments.     

Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals During Laser Spot Welding of SS304 Stainless Steel

In this article, an in-process monitoring scheme for a pulsed Nd:YAG laser spot welding (LSW) is presented. Acoustic emission (AE) was selected for the feedback signal, and the AE data during LSW were sampled and analyzed for varying process conditions such as laser power and pulse duration. In the analysis, possible AE generation sources such as melting and solidification mechanism during welding were investigated using both the time- and frequency-domain signal processings. The results, which show close relationships between LSW and AE signals, were adopted in the feature (input) selection of a back-propagation artificial neural network, to predict the weldability of stainless steel sheets. Processed outputs agree well with LSW experimental data, which confirms the usefulness of the proposed scheme.     

活性剂对6013铝合金薄板CO_2激光焊接工艺的影响(英文)

为了提高铝合金对激光的吸收率,改善焊缝表面成形,对1.8mm厚的6013铝合金板进行活性剂CO2激光焊接。活性剂主要采用的是对激光具有较高吸收率的氧化物和氟化物,将其焊前预涂覆于铝合金板上,然后施焊。结果表明:活性剂在提高CO2激光吸收率,增加母材金属熔化量方面具有明显的效果;氧化物活性剂对促进激光能量吸收的效果要强于氟化物,但氧化物形成熔渣的脱渣性较氟化物熔渣的差;在氧化物活性焊接过程中,气孔敏感性比较大,而氟化物活性剂在焊接过程中很少出现气孔。     

Hydrodynamical phenomena in the process of laser welding and cutting

Abstract

The main objective of the paper is to outline the 'bridges' existing between the outcomes of fundamental researches and the results of investigations in the field of industrial laser materials processing (LMP). An analysis is presented on the models based on non-stationary hydrodynamic phenomena caused by deeply penetrating high power CW laser beam into materials. This is typical of laser welding (LW) and laser cutting (LC). A physical analysis pertaining to melt removal and melt layer instability mechanisms of gas jet assisted CW–CO₂ laser fusion cutting is presented. The models deliberated here are melt squeezing out by gas pressure gradient, melt dragging by the friction force between melt surface and gas flow, formation of moving shelves at the cutting front. In case of high laser intensity, radiative flux interacts with material causing dynamical thermal transport onto the surface and phase transition at solid–liquid–gas interfaces. The solution is based on the non-stationary variables. Under these conditions the Mach number varies significantly due to laser intensity associated with laser flux energy instabilities. The connection among material surface temperature, laser intensity, laser flux and pressure in the plasma cloud is brought out. In addition, novel mechanisms based on hydrodynamics are proposed.     

Relation between welding parameter and acoustic emission information during laser deep penetration welding

In laser non-penetration deep penetration welding process, welding material will vaporize, metal vapor and ambient gas will produce a higher degree ionization, which forms plasma of high concentration. In the case of forming a small hole, plasma will eject .from the hole, and form acoustic emission ( AE ) signals. Because AE information has many advantages such as non-contact measuring, fast response, and high ratio of signal to noise, it can be used as a monitor variable for in-process control. By studying AE information, information of welding pool and small hole can be obtained. According to characteristic of AE information, this paper reveals the correlation between welding parameters and AE signals, and provides a good base for further quality control.     

YAG激光与脉冲MIG复合焊接

研究了YAG(掺钕钇铝石榴石 ,Nd 3:Y3Al5O1 2 )激光与脉冲MIG电弧复合焊接铝合金的新工艺 ,设计制造了复合焊接机头 ,探讨了各种规范参数对焊缝成形的影响规律及激光与电弧的复合作用。结果表明 ,在比较宽的参数范围内YAG激光 -脉冲MIG复合焊接铝合金焊缝成形美观 ,无气孔等缺陷 ,熔深与激光单独焊比增加 4倍 ,与脉冲MIG焊接比增加 1倍以上 ,焊速显著提高 ,是一种理想的焊接工艺。     

Analysis on characteristics of laser induced plasma during laser welding of A304 stainless steel sheet

A group of the stainless steel laser welding was performed using continuous wave (CW) laser and pulsed laser. During the welding process the laser induced plasma behavior was recorded by high-speed video camera, while the plasma spectrum was acquired by the spectrometer. The plasma temperature was calculated based on the spectroscopic analysis of the optical emission and the results show that different output mode of laser source led to big difference of plasma temperature. The high-speed video images showed that the plasma was very steady and kept certain strength in CW laser welding, while the plasma erupted a little later after the laser peak arising during the pulsed laser welding. During a period of time about 2ms just after the laser peak arising during the pulsed laser welding, much more laser energy reached the workpiece. This made the workpiece fully penetrated with a lower average power.     

激光对脉冲MAG电弧辐射的影响

搭建了激光一脉冲MAG复合焊接系统和采集系统,分别在加激光和不加激光的条件下进行试验,得到了电信号和电弧光谱数据．运用线性拟合的方法,分析了FeII274．648,FeI382．043,FeI492．050,ArI801．479谱线的电弧能量输入和光谱辐射强度之间的关系．结果表明,四条特征谱线的光谱辐射与电弧的能量输入...