激光重熔对Al2O3-40% TiO2等离子喷涂层耐冲蚀性能的影响

利用等离子喷涂方法制备Al₂O₃-40% TiO₂涂层,对涂层进行激光重熔处理.分别对等离子喷涂层和激光重熔涂层进行耐冲蚀磨损性能试验,研究了激光重熔对Al₂O₃-40% TiO₂等离子喷涂层耐冲蚀性能的影响.结果表明,激光重熔消除了Al₂O₃-40% TiO₂等离子喷涂层的层状结构,使得等离子喷涂层中γ-Al₂O₃转变为α-Al₂O₃,形成了α-Al₂O₃+TiAl₂O₅稳定结构.激光重熔后的涂层组织致密均匀、硬度高,具有冶金结合特征,使得耐冲蚀性能得到极大提高,其磨损特征为冲蚀粒子冲击作用下产生的裂纹、破碎与块状剥落.     

常压和低压环境下反应等离子喷涂Al/Fe2O3复合材料的合成机理(英文)

反应等离子喷涂(RPS)技术被广泛用于制备不同使用需求的高性能涂层材料。基于经典的铝热反应原理,采用反应等离子喷涂技术分别在近常压和低压环境下制备了Al-Fe₂O₃涂层,通过XRD、SEM和EDS等分析方法对所制备涂层的相组成和显微结构进行了表征。阐明了Al和Fe₂O₃在加热和反应等离子喷涂过程中的反应机理。DTA分析结果表明,氩气氛下长时间热处理产物主要为Fe、Al₂O₃和FeAl相。然而,在等离子喷涂过程中,低氧分压环境导致中间产物FeAl₂O₄铁尖晶石相的生成,由于近常压等离子喷涂过程的冷却速度极快,该相可以保留在最终涂层结构中。而低压反应等离子喷涂等离子体射流飞行距离长,还原性气氛和较长的反应时间将其进一步还原为FeAl相。     

激光熔化沉积TiB2增强TiAl基合金涂层的组织及力学性能

采用激光熔化沉积在TC4合金表面制备出不同TiB₂含量(0、10%、20%、30%，质量分数)的TiAl基合金涂层，利用XRD、OM、SEM、显微硬度计、压痕法(断裂韧性)、磨损试验机以及激光共聚焦显微镜等，系统研究了TiB₂含量对涂层微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明，涂层组织由底部沿厚度方向依次为平面晶、柱状晶和等轴晶，随着TiB₂含量增加，柱状晶高度逐渐降低。TiB₂/TiAl复合涂层由Ti Al合金基体相(γ+α2)以及TiB₂增强相组成，直接添加的TiB₂颗粒大多没有熔化，但直接添加的TiB₂颗粒外层与Ti Al合金熔体发生溶解反应后原位析出初生TiB₂和次生TiB₂，初生TiB₂呈块状，次生TiB₂呈短棒状和条带状。随着TiB₂含量由0增加至10%，涂层基体组织明显细化，但继续增加TiB₂含量...     

镍基单晶高温合金N5及其纳米晶涂层在900℃下O2和O2+20%H2O气氛中的氧化行为

以镍基单晶高温合金N5为基体,采用磁控溅射技术在基体表面沉积与其成分相同的纳米晶涂层,并对比研究合金及其纳米晶涂层在900℃下O₂和O₂+20%(体积分数) H₂O气氛中的氧化行为。结果表明,水蒸气加快了合金和涂层的氧化速率,促进合金表面氧化膜的剥落,并且影响了氧化膜的组成和结构。在O₂和O₂+H₂O环境中,合金表面氧化膜都由外层NiO、中间层NiAl₂O₄和内层Al₂O₃组成;但在O₂+H₂O环境中,合金氧化速率较大,外层氧化膜发生剥落。纳米晶涂层显著提高了合金的抗高温氧化性能,在O₂气氛中表面形成Al₂O₃,而在O₂+H₂O气氛中表面氧化膜主要为NiAl₂O₄。同时,纳米...     

喷涂工艺对Ta2O5原位复合钽基纳米晶涂层微观结构及摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用大气等离子喷涂制备了Ta₂O₅原位复合钽基纳米晶涂层,利用SEM、微束XRD、微动摩擦磨损实验机及非接触三维表面轮廓仪等技术手段并结合计算分析,考察了喷涂功率、主气(Ar)流量等对钽基涂层表面Ta₂O₅含量、晶粒尺寸、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能等的影响规律及原因。在考察范围内,随喷涂功率增大,钽基涂层表面Ta₂O₅含量呈先减小后增大的变化,而涂层表面α-Ta的晶粒尺寸及点阵畸变则均呈先增大后减小的变化;随Ar气流量增大,涂层表面Ta₂O₅含量总体呈减小趋势,在流量为2.17×10^-3~2.33×10^-3m³/s时达到最低,α-Ta的晶粒尺寸与点阵畸变的变化呈负相关性;采用间断喷涂方法时涂层表面Ta₂O₅含量降低,α-Ta晶粒尺寸及点阵畸变均略有减小。通过对喷涂相关微观过程特点的分析,对这些规律作了阐释。涂层的显微硬度与其表面Ta₂O₅含量相关,高硬度涂层的表面Ta₂O₅含量相对较低;干摩擦条件下晶粒较大、Ta₂O₅含量较少的涂层抵御硬质陶瓷低速刻划的能力较差;边界润滑状态下硬度较高的涂层表现出更优的抗磨减摩性能;采取间断喷涂可获得摩擦学性能最佳的涂层。钽基涂层的机械性能与其微观结构特征显著相关;除显微硬度外,涂层晶粒尺寸、点阵畸变及表面Ta₂O₅含量的相对值可用作质量控制的重要指标。     

AISI1045钢表面激光熔覆FeCoCrNiAl0.5Ti0.5涂层的界面特性及摩擦性能

激光熔覆高熵合金涂层摩擦磨损行为的研究主要聚焦在涂层表面,鲜有对熔覆层/基体界面区域的摩擦学行为进行研究。为了提高AISI 1045钢的耐磨性,采用激光熔覆技术在AISI 1045钢基体表面制备宏观形貌良好、组织均匀的FeCoCrNiAl_0.5Ti_0.5高熵合金涂层。利用OM、XRD、SEM、EDS和摩擦磨损测试仪对激光熔覆FeCoCrNiAl_0.5Ti_0.5涂层的微观结构、物相组成、界面特性和摩擦磨损性能进行研究。通过对FeCoCrNiAl_0.5Ti_0.5涂层XRD图谱和元素分布分析发现,涂层主要由面心立方(Fe,Ni)相和体心立方相(BCC)形成的共晶组织及其中弥散分布着的Ni Al金属间化合物构成。硬度测试表明,从涂层顶部到基体,涂层、稀释区、热影响区和基体的平均显微硬度分别为518±20、561±63、473±81和217±12 HV0.2。涂层/基体界面区域生成了Cr₂₃C₆,在摩擦过程中会形成一层摩擦...     

Ti3SiC2含量对Q235B钢表面激光熔覆Fe基耐磨涂层性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235B钢表面制备了不同Ti₃SiC₂含量的Fe55/Ti₃SiC₂复合涂层,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、硬度仪、摩擦磨损机和电化学工作站等研究了涂层的显微组织、物相及综合性能。结果表明:由于Ti₃SiC₂的加入及其在高温下分解降低了熔池的换热特性等综合因素,导致Fe55/Ti₃SiC₂复合涂层的晶粒粗化;随着Ti₃SiC₂的添加,Fe55/Ti₃SiC₂复合涂层中形成了Cr₇C₃、SiC、CrC和TiSi等硬质相,组织变得粗大,并且α-Fe相的尺寸粗大及含量增加,而复合涂层中产生的硬质相不足以抵消晶粒粗化以及α-Fe硬度较小而发生软化所降低的硬度,综合导致了复合涂层的硬度下降。Fe55/Ti₃SiC₂复合涂层中形成的金属硅化物TiSi具有良好的抗氧化性能,减小了氧化磨损中因氧化膜脆性和疏松产生的加剧磨损,因此,足以抵消因硬度降低以及摩擦系数增大的影响,使得Ti₃SiC₂添加量为2%的涂层具有最高的耐磨性。     

不同形态和热历史条件下Zr55Al10Ni5Cu30非晶合金的晶化行为

研究了不同形态Zr₅₅Al₁₀Ni₅Cu₃₀非晶合金（块体和粉末）在不同升温和冷却条件下的晶化行为.发现Zr₅₅Al₁₀-Ni₅Cu₃₀在不同热历史下的晶化行为有较大差别.对于块体非晶合金,在常规热处理条件下,合金的升温和冷却速率较低,Zr₅₅Al₁₀Ni₅Cu₃₀块体非晶合金在初始晶化温度Tx以上开始晶化,形成CuZr₂纳米晶.随着热处理温度的升高,晶粒尺寸增大,当热处理最终温度超过熔点后,合金在随炉冷却过程中形成了粗大的CuZr₂板条+板条间（CuZr₂）+（Zr,Cu,Al,Ni）共晶组织;在激光熔凝条件下,合金的升温和冷却速率较高,Zr₅₅Al₁₀Ni₅Cu₃₀块体非晶合金随单点熔凝次数的增加,晶化效应逐渐累加,热影响区中逐渐出现微米级球晶的弥散析出,并长大,随后失稳形成沿熔池边界带状分布,尺寸可达几百微米的等轴晶.对于粉末非晶合金,由于Zr₅₅Al₁₀Ni₅Cu₃₀非晶粉末的冷却强度不如块体非晶,冷却速率较块体低,造成粉末颗粒在激光熔凝过程中晶化为微米级的等轴枝晶,并随着激光能量的升高,等轴枝晶尺寸增大.     

AZ91D镁合金激光熔覆Al-Si涂层微观组织及热力学分析

以Al-Si共晶成分合金粉末为熔覆材料在AZ91D镁合金表面进行了激光熔覆试验.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪分析了涂层的微观组织,并利用Thermo-Calc软件分析了涂层的相组成、相成分及结晶转变过程.结果表明,涂层微观组织分为两层,上半层为Al₁₂Mg₁₇基体上均匀分布着Mg₂Si树枝晶和细小的Al₃Mg₂针状相,其结晶过程为液相→液相+Mg₂Si→Mg₂Si+Al₁₂Mg₁₇→Mg₂Si+Al₁₂Mg₁₇+Al₃Mg₂;下半层由Mg₂Si颗粒、α-Mg树枝晶和(α-Mg+Al₁₂Mg₁₇)共晶组织组成,其结晶过程为液相→液相+Mg₂Si→液相+Mg₂Si+α-Mg→Mg₂Si+α-Mg+(α-Mg+ Al₁₂Mg₁₇)共晶组织.研究结果对AZ91D合金表面激光熔覆Al-Si合金涂层微观组织及其转变过程分析具有指导意义.     

TiO2活性剂对不锈钢激光焊接等离子体声发射效应的影响

针对不锈钢采用添加TiO₂活性剂进行活性脉冲激光焊接研究,通过实时检测焊接过程的结构负载声发射信号,研究了激光焊接过程等离子体信息的表征方法及其活性焊接机理.结果表明,添加TiO₂活性剂增强了材料对激光能量的吸收,增强了等离子体的能量及其对材料的传热,从而影响焊接过程传热效应,这是添加TiO₂活性剂的脉冲激光焊接熔深增加的主要机理.利用实时检测焊接过程中的等离子体声发射信号可以对活性脉冲激光焊接过程的等离子体变化行为进行检测和评估.由焊接过程中采集得到的等离子体声发射信号统计而来的振铃计数特征值,以及计算而来的RMS波形和相应信号的功率谱分布,均反映了活性剂的添加增强了激光焊接过程等离子在时频域上的活动.     

Solidification and solidification structure control of weld metals

Summary

The influence of the shielding gas and laser irradiation conditions on porosity formation in CO₂ laser welding of aluminium alloy were investigated. Bead-on-plate welding tests were performed on 7 mm thick Al-Mg alloy (A5182) plates. The weld beads were inspected by X-ray and the number of pores was counted as a function of the pore diameter. We found that the number of pores was minimised when the dew point of the shielding gas was kept at as low as ?50°C at the welding nozzle tip. At a dew point of ?50°C the number of pores decreased when the flow rate of the shielding gas (Ar) was reduced and the nozzle diameter was increased, presumably because of less air mixing in the welding region. We also found that porosity formation was reduced when He/Ar mixtures were used as the shielding gas instead of pure Ar or He shielding gas. But porosity also depended on the defocused distance of the laser beam at a given laser power. With Ar shielding gas, the number of pores increased when the beam was focused above the specimen surface/while with He shielding gas it increased when the beam was focused in the weld pool. These dependencies may be attributed to the unstable keyhole formation due to laser absorption through the intense plasma formed on the specimen surface and due to the strong boiling of the molten metal respectively. The results indicate that both the hydrogen and the unstable keyhole behaviour cause porosity formation in laser welding of aluminium alloys. Under the optimised conditions, however, the number of pores was significantly reduced.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy/WC reinforcing particles composite coatings prepared by laser cladding and plasma cladding

FeCoCrNi HEA coatings with 20% mass fraction of WC reinforcing particles were prepared by two different cladding methods, laser cladding (LC) and plasma cladding (PC). The microstructure of HEA matrix and WC particles of LC and PC coatings were discussed respectively. For HEA matrix, dendritic morphology was observed in both coatings. For WC particles, a few granular (Cr,W)₂C carbides around WC particles in LC coatings, and a large number of crystal and fishbone Fe₃W₃C carbides around WC particles in PC coatings. Mechanical properties as hardness and wear resistance of the two kinds of coatings were also investigated. The interstitial solution strengthening effect of C element is stronger in PC coating, and the hardness of HEA matrix in LC coatings is twice that of in PC coating, which shows a strong retention force on WC particles. The friction coefficient of LC coating is lower and stable, with the volume wear rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m, showing high wear resistance. PC coatings have poor wear resistance due to decarbonization and oxidation of WC particles and reduction of retention force of HEA matrix, with the volume wear rate of 8.29 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m. The wear mechanism of both coatings were also discussed.     

Comparative evaluation of tungsten inert gas and laser welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract

Welding of AZ31 Mg alloy was conducted using various welding techniques, namely, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding with Ar shielding gas, TIG welding with He shielding gas, CO₂ laser welding, and YAG laser welding. The results were comparatively evaluated in terms of weld bead formation and microstructural characterisation. It was found that TIG welding with both Ar and He gas shielding produced good welds without major defects. The penetration capacity can be improved using He gas shielding. Owing to their high energy density, CO₂ and YAG lasers can produce weld beads having high aspect ratio. Among the four techniques used, the YAG laser produced the finest weld microstructure, whereas TIG with Ar gas shielding produced the coarsest microstructure. Shielding is a key factor controlling the O contents in the welds. The more effective the shielding provided the lower the O content in the weld. Hardness reduction in the weld metals and heat affected zones was observed for all the techniques owing to the elimination of strengthening effects by the welding operation. In summary, the present study demonstrated advantages and limitations of the various welding techniques and provided an in depth understanding of the weldability of AZ31 Mg alloy.     

Surface alloying of AISI 1045 steel in a nitrogen environment using a gas tungsten arc process

The effects of varying the addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas during GTA (gas tungsten arc) surface alloying of an AISI 1045 steel substrate with a preplaced layer of ferrotitanium (FeTi) powder were investigated. The penetration and cross-sectional area of the alloyed layers increased with the nitrogen content in the shielding gas. Different nitrogen contents in the shielding gas also caused the formation of two main microstructures: (1) TiN dendrites distributed in a ferrite(α)–Fe₃C matrix at a high nitrogen content and (2) Ti(C_xN_y) in a matrix of ferrite(α) and eutectic structure of ferrite(α) and Fe₂Ti at a low nitrogen content. Specimen melted under pure argon (0 vol% N₂) was comprised of TiC in a matrix of ferrite(α) and eutectic structure of ferrite(α) and Fe₂Ti. The latter also showed the highest hardness, which could be attributed to the presence of the fine eutectic structure and low dilution of the layer.     

成形气氛中氧含量对激光沉积TA15钛合金组织及力学性能的影响

采用激光沉积制造技术制备了TA15钛合金厚壁件,通过光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及拉伸试验对其显微组织、断口及力学性能进行分析,研究成形气氛中氧含量对激光沉积TA15钛合金组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着气氛中氧含量增加,沉积态和退火态试样的显微组织均为典型网篮组织无明显变化。沉积态试样的室温抗拉强度提高而塑性下降,氧含量保持在5×10~(-5)以下能获得较好的综合力学性能。退火态试样的显微硬度低于沉积态且两者均随氧含量增加逐渐提高。室温拉伸断口的断裂机制随着氧含量增加由韧性断裂变为半解理半韧性断裂。     

Photorefractive and nonlinear optical properties of indium(III) tetra(15-crown-5)phthalocyaninate-based composites

Photoelectric, nonlinear optical, and photorefractive properties of hybrid composite materials based on polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) and indium(III) 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-tetra(15-crown-5)phthalocyaninate [(15C5)₄Pc]In(OH) are studied in detail. Field dependence of the quantum efficiency in a 7.8 μm-thick layer containing 5 at % [(15C5)₄Pc]In(OH) is measured. The best approximation of the quantum efficiency with Onsager’s equation corresponds to a quantum yield of thermalized electron-hole pairs φ₀ = 0.01 at initial separation r ₀ = 9.8 Å. Z-scan measurements in a nanosecond range showed that the electric susceptibility of [(15C5)₄Pc]In(OH) solution in tetrachloroethane (TCE) with a concentration of 7 × 10^?4 mol/L is χ⁽³⁾ = 1.34 × 10^?9 esu. The maximum coupling gain coefficient found for the material composed of PVK and 5 wt % [(15C5)₄Pc]In(OH) at an electric-field intensity of 200 V/μm is Γ = 80 cm^?1, and the difference between the coupling gain and absorption coefficients is Γ ? α = 70 cm^?1. The dependence of the coupling gain coefficient on the intensity ratio of interfering beams 1 and 2 (β = I ₁(0)/I ₂(0)) in a composite containing 3 wt % [(15C5)₄Pc]In(OH) is measured. An increase in β was attained by decreasing intensity of the signal beam I ₂(0) at constant intensity of the pump beam I ₁(0) = 0.15 W/cm² and E ₀ = 214 V/μm. Within the initial segment of the curve, the coupling gain coefficient increases from 30 to 60 cm^?1; then, the coefficient drops almost to the initial value. The data obtained show that the composite materials studied can be used in practice for correcting faded images. The combined analysis of the results obtained and similar data for gallium and ruthenium tetra-15-crown-5-phthalocyaninate complexes revealed the regularities in the change of the quantum yield of thermalized electron-hole pairs and the photorefractive coupling gain coefficient in a series of complexing metals: gallium(III), ruthenium(II), and indium(III). An increase in the molecular weight of the central metal atom is found to result in a substantial decrease in Γ and φ₀ due to the increase in the spin-orbit coupling constant.     

Alloying Behavior and Properties of FeSiBAlNiCo<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> High Entropy Alloys Fabricated by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering

In this paper, FeSiBAlNiCo_x (x = 0.2, 0.8) high-entropy alloy (HEA) powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying process, and the powders milled for 140 h were sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The microstructures and properties of as-milled powders and as-sintered samples were investigated. The results reveal that the final milling products (140 h) of both sample powders present the fully amorphous structure. The increased Co contents obviously enhance the glass forming ability and thermal stability of amorphous HEA powders, which are reflected by the shorter formation time of fully amorphous phase and the higher onset crystallization temperature, respectively. According to coercivity, the as-milled FeSiBAlNiCo_x (x = 0.2, 0.8) powders (140 h) are the semi-hard magnetic materials. FeSiBAlNiCo_0.8 HEA powders possess the highest saturation magnetization and largest remanence ratio. The SPS-ed products of both bulk HEAs are composed of body-centered cubic solid solution, and FeSi and FeB intermetallic phases. They possess the high relative density above 97% and excellent microhardness exceeding 1150 HV. The as-sintered bulks undergo the remarkable increase in saturation magnetization compared with the as-milled state. The SPS-ed FeSiBAlNiCo_0.8 HEA exhibits the soft magnetic properties. The electrochemical corrosion test is carried out in 3.5% NaCl solution. The SPS-ed FeSiBAlNiCo_0.2 HEA reveals the better passivity with low passive current density, and the higher pitting resistance with wide passive region.     

Effect of nitrogen on microstructure and mechanical properties of CrMnFeVTi6 high entropy alloy

In order to evaluate interstitial strengthening effect on the properties of high entropy alloy (HEA), a nitrogen-doped CrMnFeVTi6 HEA was fabricated by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). XRD, SEM, TEM and FIB were used to characterize the phase composition and microstructure of this material. The sintered bulk HEA exhibits a microstructure comprising TiN_x, BCC, Laves and B2 phases. The HEA exhibits high yield strength (>2729 MPa) and hardness in lower temperature range of <380 °C. Quantitative calculations of the contributions from each strengthening mechanism in the BCC phase indicate that the interstitial strengthening by nitrogen is the dominant mechanism. Nitrogen additions in the BCC phase can produce a yield strength increase of ∼634 MPa/at.%, which is much higher than the strengthening effects of carbon or boron additions in other alloys. This demonstrates that adding nitrogen is a viable approach for enhancing the strength of HEAs.     

Structure and thermal behavior of multicomponent Fe68−xNixZr15Nb5B12 (x = 5, 10, 15, 20) alloys

Multicomponent Fe_68−xNi_xZr₁₅Nb₅B₁₂ (x = 5, 10, 15, 20) alloy powders milled for 60 h were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA). The structure and crystallization behavior were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Ni enhances the amorphisation of alloy powders. Particle size increases with increasing Ni content. Both onset crystallization temperature T_x and the first crystallization peak temperature T_p of the four alloys shift to a higher temperature with increasing heating rate while melting temperature (T_m) is just the opposite. Fe_68−xNi_xZr₁₅Nb₅B₁₂ (x = 5, 10, 15, 20) alloys all have a large supercooled liquid region ΔT_x. The supercooled liquid region ΔT_x increases and the crystallization activation energy E decreases with increasing Ni content.     

Microstructure and thermal stability of a Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V-Al high-entropy alloy coating by laser surface alloying

A Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V-Al high-entropy alloy (HEA) coating with a BCC phase and (Ni, Co)Ti₂ compounds was synthesized successfully by laser surface alloying on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate. The microstructure of as-synthesized coatings is typical, namely, the microstructure from the coating to the substrate changes from equiaxed grains to columnar grains. After remaining at 900 °C for 8 h, the constituent phases remain unchanged. However, owing to the unceasing dissolution of the Ti element, the lattice parameter of the BCC HEA phase changes from 3.06 Å to 3.16 Å. The thermoanalysis results show that the oxidation film on the Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V-Al HEA coating is mainly composed of TiO₂, V₂O₅, and NiO. The oxidation resistance of this HEA coating may be due to the existence of NiO and the alloying elements Al, Cr, and Co; the oxidation phenomenon should be responsible for the mass increase in the thermogravimetry process. The differential scanning calorimetry and the dynamic differential scanning calorimetry curves show that the synthesized HEA coating is stable below 1005 °C.