行波型杆式超声电机定子的参数化有限元法优化设计

摘要：利用参数化有限元优化方法,对行波型杆式超声电机定子进行优化设计。首先,在确定电机定子初始结构的基础上,建立其参数化有限元模型。其次,对定子有限元模型进行模态分析,求解工作模态频率对各结构参数的灵敏度,选取灵敏度高的结构参数为设计变量,并以反映电机输出性能的重要参数作为目标函数。同时,设计了定子结构的优化方案,采用了零阶优化方法,对其结构进行优化设计。最后,根据优化结果,制作了定子样机。试验表明：定子工作模态和端面质点的振幅都满足了预期的设计要求,试验结果与优化设计结果相符。研究表明,利用该优化设计方法能有效地缩短超声电机设计周期。     

基于BP网络和遗传算法的枪架结构优化

为提高机枪的射击精度,需要对机枪枪架的结构参数进行优化设计。基于CAE软件的结构优化有其自身的局限性,所以提出了一种新的优化方法,即联合应用BP网络和遗传算法。本文以此为基础,根据机枪有限元模型,对枪架结构参数进行了优化设计,结果表明：BP网络和遗传算法相结合的方式可适用于多设计变量的枪架参数优化设计,为其它复杂结构的参数优化提供了新的思路。     

离合器波形片轴向非线性特性分析与优化

建立了用于计算波形片轴向非线性特性的有限元模型,并对模型精细化以提高仿真曲线与试验曲线的吻合程度。分析了波形片各结构参数对其轴向非线性特性的灵敏度,选取了除厚度外的三个主要结构参数作为波形片轴向非线性特性优化的参数。基于正交试验获得主要结构参数的设计空间,采用响应面法构建系统的代理模型,利用遗传算法求解代理模型,获得主要结构参数取值的最优组合。通过实例验证了波形片结构参数优化设计方法的正确性。     

护栏碰撞中车体加速度敏感性分析

碰撞参数在试验组织中会产生误差,为了解车体冲击加速度指标对碰撞参数的敏感程度,建立车辆碰撞某组合式护栏有限元仿真模型,运用碰撞试验对有限元模型的可靠性进行验证后,进行敏感性分析。结果表明,仿真与碰撞试验结果相符,验证了仿真方法的可靠性;车体冲击加速度指标对车辆质量、碰撞角度与碰撞速度参数的敏感度系数分别为-0.58、1.63、4.18,碰撞速度是影响车体冲击加速度的最敏感因素。研究成果为制定碰撞试验误差范围有指导意义。     

有限元仿真方法评价护栏安全性能的可行性

建立多种车辆和护栏有限元仿真模型,运用多次碰撞试验数据对仿真模型计算结果进行比对,对采用有限元仿真方法评价护栏安全性能的可行性进行分析。研究结果表明,仿真计算可以得到车辆行驶轨迹、结构防护导向、乘员风险和动态变形等护栏安全评价的各项指标,仿真结果与试验结果一致,误差在10%以内,验证了建模方法的正确性,运用有限元仿真方法评价护栏安全性能具有较高可行性。强调运用评价护栏安全性能的仿真模型须通过碰撞试验校核,同时建议通过法规和准则对从事护栏评价CAE工程师进行职业管理。     

基于复合优化方法立式数控加工中心的多目标优化设计

为实现加工中心动静态性能不低于优化前性能,达到整机重量最轻的要求,本文提出了一种复合优化方法来研究多变量、多约束和多目标的数控加工中心优化设计。采用有限元分析和实验模态测试方法分析各大件动态性能,并验证了有限元模型的精确性。然后以该有限元模型为基础进行静态分析,得出各大件的最大变形及应力等。以柔度为目标,采用变密度法拓扑优化设计立柱结构的外形框架;以固有频率为目标,基于元结构的可适应性动态优化方法设计加工中心的筋板结构;以固有频率和质量为目标,基于响应面法的尺寸优化确定各结构的最优尺寸。最后将优化后的各大件进行整机装配,分析校核整机动静态性能。分析结果表明,优化后的整机在保证加工中心动静态性能的条件下,整机质量从12749kg减少到12127kg,减重达到4.9%,达到了整机的优化设计要求,说明该方法具有较高的精度和较强的工程实用性。     

基于模型修正的钢管焊接结构焊缝损伤识别

摘要：本文提出了一种基于模型修正的钢管焊接结构焊缝损伤识别方法。利用从发射台骨架试验模型获取的模态参数,选择识别结果中精度较好的模态频率作为模型修正的基准频率。通过对待修正参数的灵敏度分析,运用ANSYS和MATLAB软件对有限元模型进行了修正。以实测模态和计算模态之间的误差建立一个带约束边界非线性最小二乘目标函数,将损伤识别问题转化为优化问题,并采用信赖域方法求解该优化问题。以有限元模型焊接结点单元组弹性模量的降低模拟焊缝损伤,并假定了两种损伤工况,通过对发射台骨架模型的数值仿真及试验研究,结果表明本文提出的损伤识别方法识别效果较为理想,为解决这种复杂焊接结构焊缝损伤识别问题提供了新的思路。     

随机振动响应下空间相机支撑结构设计与试验

针对某高分辨率空间相机结构随机振动加速度响应大的问题,对空间相机支撑结构进行了优化设计。(1)建立了基于随机振动响应分析的数学模型,推导了随机振动均方根响应表达式;(2)基于三点定位原理和双脚架柔性结构原理设计了相机支撑结构,以相机安装点RMS值最小为目标,基频作为约束,建立了相机支撑结构随机响应优化模型,对支撑结构柔性环节位置进行了尺寸优化设计,采用MSC.PatranNastran有限元分析软件对优化处理后的支撑结构进行了工程分析,相机安装点随机响应RMS值最大19.6 grms;(3)对相机支撑结构进行了随机振动试试验。结果显示:有限元分析结果与试验测量数据符合的较好,最大相对误差为8.2%,所设计的空间相机支撑结构满足空间相机使用要求,验证了所采用优化方法的可行性。     

防撞柱实车碰撞性能的研究

作为防止汽车炸弹恐怖袭击的有效手段,防撞柱被越来越多地用于重要建筑设施的防护。针对目前防撞柱的研究一般多只停留在软件分析,本文详细介绍了作者们研发的结构防撞实验设施以及利用该设施完成的一种钢管混凝土防撞柱系统的实车碰撞试验。该试验中的撞击卡车加配重总重6.8t,发生撞击时速度约12m/s,卡车货厢前沿未穿过碰撞前的防撞柱内侧边缘,而被完全阻止,符合美国防恐SD-STD-02.01标准规定的防撞柱K4等级要求。对防撞柱进行了静力推覆对比试验,得到了防撞柱的荷载-挠度曲线,并据此对碰撞试验中的能量转换进行了分析。通过对碰撞试验进行简化分析,得到了卡车与柱状物撞击时的卡车前部变形刚度系数以及最大撞击力计算公式,并提出了防撞柱的简化设计方法。     

冲击荷载下单层凯威特型球面网壳的防护方法及建议

避免结构在冲击荷载下出现整体倒塌为防护目标,对单层凯威特型球面网壳的抗冲击防护方法进行研究。应用有限元软件ANSYS LS/DYNA建立凯威特型单层球面网壳与圆柱形冲击物的模型,并展开大量参数分析工作。在此基础上,依据网壳结构的冲击失效规律及连续倒塌的特点,提出可供实际应用的冲击荷载下网壳结构的3种防护方法（轻屋面,整体加强法,临界位置加强法）;并分别对防护效果进行验证。然后综合考虑防护效果与结构成本,提出冲击荷载下网壳结构的防护建议。     

Defective equipment and tractor-trailer crash involvement

The role of defective equipment in large truck crashes on interstate highways in Washington State was investigated using a case-control study design. For each large truck involved in a crash, three trucks were randomly selected from the traffic stream at the same time and place as the crash, but one week later both crash and comparison trucks were inspected by Commercial Vehicle Enforcement officers of the Washington State Patrol. The effects of truck equipment condition, truck operating characteristics (carrier type, carrier operation, and truck load), and driver characteristics (driver age, hours of driving) on crash involvement were analyzed by comparing their relative frequency among crash-involved and comparison sample tractor-trailers. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for each factor. Overall, 77% of tractor-trailers in crashes and 66% of those not involved in crashes had defective equipment warranting a citation. Forty-one percent in crashes had defective equipment warranting taking the truck out of service, and 31% not in crashes had these defects. Brake defects were the most common type and were found in 56% of tractor-trailers in crashes; steering equipment defects were found in 21%. The relative risk of crash involvement for trucks with brake defects was about one and one-half times that for trucks without brake defects. For trucks with steering defects, the relative risk of crash involvement was at least twice that for trucks with steering defects, the relative risk of crash involvement was at least twice that for trucks without defects, and the risk increased substantially for trucks with out-of-service steering defects.     

基于Campbell模型的卡车与防撞柱最大碰撞力修正计算方法

为探究卡车冲击防撞柱过程中的最大碰撞力,开展了63组碰撞数值试验。根据碰撞后卡车变形特征分析,采用卡车等效变形对Campbell模型进行参数修正,提出了卡车与防撞柱最大碰撞力的修正计算方法,并对国内外相关规范建议的最大碰撞力计算方法的适用性进行了评估。研究表明,碰撞后卡车变形沿宽度呈中间大、两端小的不均匀分布。卡车等效变形不仅受卡车碰撞速度影响,还与防撞柱高度和直径、钢管屈服强度和厚度以及基础深度有关。与实车碰撞试验和数值模拟试验得到的最大碰撞力对比表明,《欧规1》附录B建议方法计算结果严重偏小,《欧规1》附录C和《公路规范》建议方法计算结果离散性较大,该文建议方法计算结果更加准确保守,适用于防撞柱结构设计。     

Analysis of work zone rear-end crash risk for different vehicle-following patterns

This study evaluates rear-end crash risk associated with work zone operations for four different vehicle-following patterns: car–car, car–truck, truck–car and truck–truck. The deceleration rate to avoid the crash (DRAC) is adopted to measure work zone rear-end crash risk. Results show that the car–truck following pattern has the largest rear-end crash risk, followed by truck–truck, truck–car and car–car patterns. This implies that it is more likely for a car which is following a truck to be involved in a rear-end crash accident. The statistical test results further confirm that rear-end crash risk is statistically different between any two of the four patterns. We therefore develop a rear-end crash risk model for each vehicle-following pattern in order to examine the relationship between rear-end crash risk and its influencing factors, including lane position, the heavy vehicle percentage, lane traffic flow and work intensity which can be characterized by the number of lane reductions, the number of workers and the amount of equipment at the work zone site. The model results show that, for each pattern, there will be a greater rear-end crash risk in the following situations: (i) heavy work intensity; (ii) the lane adjacent to work zone; (iii) a higher proportion of heavy vehicles and (iv) greater traffic flow. However, the effects of these factors on rear-end crash risk are found to vary according to the vehicle-following patterns. Compared with the car–car pattern, lane position has less effect on rear-end crash risk in the car–truck pattern. The effect of work intensity on rear-end crash risk is also reduced in the truck–car pattern.     

Estimating the relationship between measured wind speed and overturning truck crashes using a binary logit model

This paper develops a quantitative model that correlates overturning freight vehicle crash records in Wyoming to measured wind speeds at nearby weather stations. The database consists of 14,700 truck crashes from 1994 to 2003 and wind speed and gust information from 21 weather stations. A binary logit model was estimated from the data to determine if there was significant correlation between weather station wind data and the likelihood that the crash was of the overturning type. While it is reasonably known that local wind speeds at the crash location are critical in predicting overturning truck crash likelihood, it was not known if distant weather station data were an adequate predictor of these crash types. The results from this work indicate that weather station data can be used as a predictor of overturning crashes. This work provides the necessary first step for the development of operational rules for roadway sections that run high risk of overturning truck crashes in high wind conditions.     

Differences in passenger car and large truck involved crash frequencies at urban signalized intersections: An exploratory analysis

The influence of intersection features on safety has been examined extensively because intersections experience a relatively large proportion of motor vehicle conflicts and crashes. Although there are distinct differences between passenger cars and large trucks-size, operating characteristics, dimensions, and weight-modeling crash counts across vehicle types is rarely addressed. This paper develops and presents a multivariate regression model of crash frequencies by collision vehicle type using crash data for urban signalized intersections in Tennessee. In addition, the performance of univariate Poisson-lognormal (UVPLN), multivariate Poisson (MVP), and multivariate Poisson-lognormal (MVPLN) regression models in establishing the relationship between crashes, traffic factors, and geometric design of roadway intersections is investigated. Bayesian methods are used to estimate the unknown parameters of these models. The evaluation results suggest that the MVPLN model possesses most of the desirable statistical properties in developing the relationships. Compared to the UVPLN and MVP models, the MVPLN model better identifies significant factors and predicts crash frequencies. The findings suggest that traffic volume, truck percentage, lighting condition, and intersection angle significantly affect intersection safety. Important differences in car, car–truck, and truck crash frequencies with respect to various risk factors were found to exist between models. The paper provides some new or more comprehensive observations that have not been covered in previous studies.     

Understanding commercial truck drivers’ decision-makin process concerning distracted driving

A concurrent mixed methods design was used to explore personal and workplace factors, informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, that affect truck drivers’ decision-making about distracted driving on the job. Qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews with experts in truck safety and distracted driving, and quantitative data were collected via online survey of truck drivers in the United States. Findings from the interviews illustrated how drivers perceived distractions and the importance of supervisors enforcing organizational distracted driving policies. Survey results found that behavioral intentions were most important in regards to texting and crash and near-crash outcomes, while perceived norms from management best described the correlation between dispatch device use and negative crash-related outcomes. By using a mixed methods design, rather than two separate studies, these findings revealed nuanced differences into the influence of supervisors on distracted driving.     

Computational and experimental crash analysis of the road safety barrier

The paper describes the computational analysis and experimental crash tests of a new road safety barrier. The purpose of this research was to develop and evaluate a full-scale computational model of the road safety barrier for use in crash simulations and to further compare the computational results with real crash test data. The impact severity and stiffness of the new design have been evaluated with the dynamic nonlinear elasto-plastic analysis of the three-dimensional road safety barrier within the framework of the finite element method with LS-DYNA code. Comparison of computational and experimental results proved the correctness of the computational model. The tests have also shown that the new safety barrier assures controllable crash energy absorption which in turn increases the safety of vehicle occupants.     

Identifying repeat DUI crash factors using state crash records

The objective of this study is to identify high risk factors that are closely related to repeat DUI crashes using readily available information from the state crash records. Survival analysis was used and a Cox proportional hazards model was developed using the police-reported crash records in the state of Louisiana. A variety of variables were found to be significant in predicting repeat DUI crashes. The factors included the characteristics of the drivers (gender, race, and age), the types of the vehicle (light truck/pick up truck or other), the characteristics of the crash (hit-and-run, driver violations, and whether the driver is arrested), the type of location (residential area or other), and the characteristics of the roadway (highway type and roadway type). This study provides a comprehensive picture of the repeat DUI crashes. The model can quantitatively predict the relative hazards of repeat DUI crashes. It can be used to identify the characteristics of the crash-involved DUI drivers who are at greatest risk of being involved in a subsequent DUI crash, allowing to apply appropriate remedial measures to reduce the risk.     

Injury prediction in a side impact crash using human body model simulation

Background

Improved understanding of the occupant loading conditions in real world crashes is critical for injury prevention and new vehicle design. The purpose of this study was to develop a robust methodology to reconstruct injuries sustained in real world crashes using vehicle and human body finite element models.

Methods

A real world near-side impact crash was selected from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database. An average sedan was struck at approximately the B-pillar with a 290 degree principal direction of force by a lightweight pickup truck, resulting in a maximum crush of 45 cm and a crash reconstruction derived Delta-V of 28 kph. The belted 73-year-old midsized female driver sustained severe thoracic injuries, serious brain injuries, moderate abdominal injuries, and no pelvic injury. Vehicle finite element models were selected to reconstruct the crash. The bullet vehicle parameters were heuristically optimized to match the crush profile of the simulated struck vehicle and the case vehicle. The Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) midsized male finite element model of the human body was used to represent the case occupant and reconstruct her injuries using the head injury criterion (HIC), half deflection, thoracic trauma index (TTI), and pelvic force to predict injury risk. A variation study was conducted to evaluate the robustness of the injury predictions by varying the bullet vehicle parameters.

Results

The THUMS thoracic injury metrics resulted in a calculated risk exceeding 90% for AIS3+ injuries and 70% risk of AIS4+ injuries, consistent with her thoracic injury outcome. The THUMS model predicted seven rib fractures compared to the case occupant's 11 rib fractures, which are both AIS3 injuries. The pelvic injury risk for AIS2+ and AIS3+ injuries were 37% and 2.6%, respectively, consistent with the absence of pelvic injury. The THUMS injury prediction metrics were most sensitive to bullet vehicle location. The maximum 95% confidence interval width for the mean injury metrics was only 5% demonstrating high confidence in the THUMS injury prediction.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a variation study methodology in which human body models can be reliably used to robustly predict injury probability consistent with real world crash injury outcome.     

排气消声器对加速行驶车外噪声的影响分析

排气消声器是影响重型汽车加速行驶时车外噪声的重要因素之一。为研究排气消声器对加速行驶车外噪声的影响,对某款重型汽车及一辆标杆车进行多工况排气系统插入损失实验。实验结果表明,对于该重型汽车,如满足车辆加速行驶车外噪声限值80 d B(A)要求,整车状态下排气消声器插入损失需大于20 d B(A),该款重型汽车排气系统插入损失不满足要求;另外,对该款重型汽车匹配的消声器进行声学性能改进,通过有限元方法分析改进前后传递损失,然后试制改进后的消声器并进行装车验证,试验结果表明,改进后的消声器使该车通过噪声降低3.3 d B(A)。