深空光通信中恒星信标的捕获跟踪技术研究

提出一种深空光通信系统的信标捕获、跟踪方案,该方案是以恒星作为信标,根据恒星在惯性坐标系中的绝对位置信息,基于航天器和地球星历表、航天器的姿态信息来进行下行光束瞄准方向的精确控制。理论分析和计算机仿真都表明,星敏感器的测量精度和焦距,下行信号光的束散角将影响激光链路成功建立概率。下行信号光束散角为30μrad,星敏感器视场为8°×8°,焦距为143mm,恒星的中心位置测量精度达到0.10个像素时,链路成功建立的概率达到96.4%,表明该方案是可行的。     

提高星图识别正确率的方法研究

在CCD星敏感器中，快速而可靠的星图识别算法成为星敏感器确定姿态的最关键部分．针对星图识别误匹配的存在，通过实验数据探讨了采用不同的星图识别特征、增加参与星图识别的恒星数目、提高恒星位置测量精度和星等测量精度、使用不同的星图匹配门限、选取合适导航星等方法，提高星图识别正确率。实验结果表明，采用这些方法后，星图正确匹配概率大大提高．     

基于恒星敏感器的仪器星等修正方法

基于恒星敏感器的仪器星等修正方法主要包括星际消光计算（大气层外）与大气消光计算（大气层内）两部分。通过对SKY2000原始星表的恒星星等进行转换计算,修正后星等差一般为0.5星等左右,且与观测仪器的光谱响应有关。     

带有恒星自行校正的星敏感器定姿

为了提供高精度星敏感器姿态测量精度,对三轴定姿受恒星自行影响产生误差的机理进行研究,将恒星自行量分成Ⅰ-Ⅸ级存储在导航星库中,并深入分析不同恒星自行量级在20年间对三轴姿态角输出的逐年变化情况。仿真实验结果表明:利用QUEST方法在20年内对三轴姿态角进行校正后精度可提高75″以上,在星等相近时优先选取自行量级较小的恒星进行姿态解算,使新条件数达到最小,大大提高工程上星敏感器姿态测量的精度和稳定性的要求。     

凸多边形星图识别算法

为解决星敏感器中较大视场快速、可靠的星图识别,提出了以凸多边形为基元、完全不依赖于星等的星图识别算法。对给定的视场,挑选其中较亮的恒星,依其坐标排序,然后采用由平面上的点生成凸多边形的算法,就能得到唯一的、以恒星为顶点的凸多边形。为验证星图识别算法的有效性,建立了导航星数据库,其储存单元为凸多边形的边和相邻边的夹角,共有3832个边数不等的凸多边形。在CPU为33MHz 的PC104上仿真结果表明:在任意视场中,生成凸多边形的时间小于5ms,基于凸多边形的星图识别成功率高于99%,并具有较强的鲁棒性。     

适用于星敏感器的星图识别方法

采用星敏感器测卫星姿态是现行方法中精度最高的 ,其关键是星图识别。阐述了只采用观测星的位置信息 ,利用观测星图与导航星表的星对角距进行聚类匹配 ,根据观测星图的连通性进行匹配识别的方法 ;用图论理论解释了星识别过程 ;介绍了导航星的选取规则、导航星库的存储内容及采用球矩阵存储和读取导航星库的方法 ;用 1 2 0 MHz主频的微机模拟分析了门限和位置噪声对识别及识别时间的影响。在门限取 0 .0 5°,位置噪声 (单轴 )δ=0 .0 2°以下时 ,在任一区域的识别率达 1 0 0 % ,识别时间平均少于 0 .2 s。     

一种基于遗传算法的全天自主星图识别算法

ＣＣＤ星跟踪器作为飞行器的姿态测量仪器有许多优点,它必须有一种全天自主星图识别算法来支持其工作。现有的星图识别算法都可以认为是一种模式识别。本文将星图识别视为一种组合优化问题,并用遗传算法来求解它。仿真结果表明与现有星图识别算法相比,本文算法具有良好的鲁棒性和实时性,且所需导航星数据库的容量小。     

APS星跟踪器探测灵敏度研究

APS星跟踪器探测灵敏度同APS噪声源、填充因子、量化效应、频谱响应和恒星的光辐射特性有关,其中,APS噪声和APS对恒星辐射的响应特性是主要影响因素。提出了一种计算APS探测极限星等的简单方法。该方法根据最佳检测原则,由信噪比阈值和APS噪声值得到APS探测信号值,再通过典型APS对0星等恒星的辐射响应求出APS相应的探测极限星等。在信噪比阈值为5的情况下,得到某类APS的探测极限为6.31星等。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的天文定位算法

针对如何提高舰船的导航精度的问题,提出了一种Kalman滤波天文定位算法。该算法根据天文三角形理论,在确定的时间内,利用恒星的赤经、赤纬以及利用光电经纬仪(或其他测量设备)输出的高度角、方位角等信息实现天文定位,并建立了舰船动力学模型。采用稳健估计对Kalman滤波模型进行处理,解决了滤波模型中非零均值系统白噪声的处理问题。采用该Kalman滤波对恒星的高度角数据进行滤波,实验结果表明,噪声为1′时定位误差由0.041253°降低为0.010394°,该算法提高了测量精度,抑制了测量噪声,有效增强了天文定位的可信度。     

图像配准在缓动弱小空间目标检测中的应用

在固定大视场光电探测系统图像中,远距离空间目标运动角速度慢、星像小,难以从众多恒星星像中有效检测到.针对上述问题,提出了一种基于恒星配准后差分相乘的缓动弱小空间目标检测算法,首先在空域上利用形态学Top-hat滤波抑制背景增强目标,然后在时域上将恒星配准后差分相乘增强缓动弱小空间目标,最后经自适应门限分割与航迹关联进行目标确认.实测结果表明,算法全面考虑了缓动弱小空间目标在时域及空域方面的特性,能有效地从复杂背景中检测到低信噪比缓动弱小目标,并满足实时性的要求.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.