涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H的热腐蚀行为

应用增重分析法研究涂有Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H在650,750℃空气中的腐蚀动力学曲线,采用XRD,SEM(EDS)和EPMA对腐蚀产物、腐蚀截面形貌和元素分布进行分析。结果表明:涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的合金在650,750℃的腐蚀动力学曲线均呈"抛物线"趋势;合金表面形成了含CuFe_2O_4的富Fe氧化物(外层)与富Cr_2O_3(内层)组成的双层氧化膜以及含有孔隙的贫Cr、富Ni的腐蚀影响区;提高腐蚀温度或延长腐蚀时间均可以导致氧化膜与基体分离甚至剥落,腐蚀影响区孔隙密度增大,裂纹向基体延伸。分析认为:腐蚀初期合金发生选择性氧化,形成多层氧化膜;复合盐的熔融破坏氧化膜的完整性,加速氧化、氯化以及硫化的交互作用,导致内硫化和内氧化。     

一种新型钴基高温合金在900℃熔融NaCl中的热腐蚀行为

采用浸盐法研究一种新型钴基高温合金在900℃熔融NaCl中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:腐蚀初期合金发生选择性氧化,在表面生成Al_2O_3,Cr_2O_3和少量的TiO_2。随着腐蚀时间的延长,熔融NaCl开始侵蚀表面保护性Cr_2O_3和Al_2O_3,使腐蚀性介质与基体逐渐接触,加速合金腐蚀。随着腐蚀的进行,合金内腐蚀层生成棒状Al_2O_3。由于基体中Al的消耗,棒状Al_2O_3周围易生成Co3W。Co3W与棒状Al_2O_3的相界面形成氧扩散的快速通道,导致80h后合金热腐蚀加剧。     

9Cr-1Mo钢在含水蒸汽气氛中的氧化行为

研究了9Cr-1Mo(ASME T91)钢在(Ar 10%H_2O)气氛中600℃、650℃和700℃下的高温氧化行为.在恒温氧化10 h过程中,在600℃氧化遵从抛物线规律;而在650℃和700℃氧化则遵从分阶段抛物线规律,且后一阶段的速度常数高于前一阶段的;随着温度的升高,氧化速度明显增大;氧化激活能为157.2 kJ/mol.T91钢氧化时表面形成了多层结构的氧化膜,从外到内依次为Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4和(Fe,Cr)_3O_4;钢基体也发生了内氧化,内氧化物为FeO和Cr_2O_3.只有在700℃氧化时没有外层Fe_2O_3形成和内氧化发生.9Cr-1Mo钢氧化后冷却至室温后,氧化膜发生开裂或局部剥落.最外层Fe_2O_3与次外层Fe_3O_4间出现很大的裂隙,Fe_2O_3层容易剥落.同时探讨了9Cr-1Mo钢在含水蒸汽气氛中的氧化机制.     

Ni-Cr-Co-Mo-W-Ta-Al合金在900℃和1000℃的高温氧化行为

采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDAX)等方法,研究了Ni-4.66Cr-5.87Co-7.54Mo-2.90W-4.97Ta-6.32Al合金在900℃和1000℃的高温氧化行为。结果表明,合金氧化动力学曲线遵循氧化初期氧化增重速率较快,氧化期间氧化动力学曲线呈波浪式变化,且呈现氧化温度越高波浪式越明显的特征;氧化300h后合金表面氧化物膜分为2层,外层氧化物为NiO、Ni_2Cr_2O_4、Ni_2CoO_4和CoTa_2O_6,分布在外层的CoTa_2O_6抑制基体中元素Al向外扩散,形成内层氧化物Al_2O_3。在氧化期间,合金内部生成了内氮化物AlN,且在合金内部AlN与Al_2O_3成规律性分布,与外氧化膜相邻的为元素Al的内氧化物Al_2O_3区域,远离外氧化膜的基体内部为元素Al的内氮化物AlN区域,随氧化温度升高,内氧化区和内氮化区的深度增加,内氧化物和内氮化物的尺寸增大。     

SIMP钢和T91钢在800℃的高温氧化行为

研究了ADS嬗变系统候选结构材料新型低活化马氏体耐热钢SIMP钢和T91钢在800℃空气中的高温氧化行为。结果表明,SIMP钢和T91钢在空气中氧化500 h后在表面形成了不同结构的氧化膜:在SIMP钢表面形成了连续致密的Cr_2O_3层,在Cr_2O_3层分布一层颗粒状的铬锰尖晶石,在基体和氧化膜之间出现硅的富集;而在T91钢表面形成了外层为Fe_2O_3和内层为铁铬尖晶石的双层结构氧化膜。新型SIMP钢的高温氧化速率远比T91钢的低,表现出优异的抗高温氧化性能。SIMP钢中较高的铬和硅元素含量,是其抗高温氧化性能优于T91钢的主要原因。     

PS45/CuAl8伪合金复合涂层高温循环氧化行为

采用超音速活性电弧喷涂技术在Q235钢基体表面制备PS45/CuAl8伪合金复合涂层,将该涂层在600℃和800℃进行循环氧化,采用XRD、SEM和精密天不等手段对涂层的显微结构进行表征,研究了涂层的循环氧化性能。结果表明:PS45/CuAl8伪合金复合涂层主要由Al_2O_3、Cr_2O_3、α-Cu和γ-Ni固溶体组成,组织致密,颗粒成扁平状且扁平化程度高、分布均匀。经高温循环氧化后在涂层表面形成了一层致密的Al_2O_3+Cr_2O_3+Ni(Al,Cr)_2O_4薄膜,避免了Al_2O_3薄膜的剥落,从而降低了涂层氧化速率,提高了基体的抗高温循环氧化性能。     

水蒸气温度对700℃先进超超临界锅炉候选合金GH2984氧化行为的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对比研究GH2984合金在750℃和850℃纯水蒸气中的氧化行为。结果表明:GH2984合金的氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律;温度升高,Cr挥发加速,外氧化和内氧化的速率急剧增加,氧化膜的组成结构发生明显的变化。750℃时,合金表面形成单层致密的(Cr,Mn)_2O_3膜;温度升至850℃,氧化膜中空洞的数量大幅增加,氧化膜转变为由薄的外层Fe_2TiO_5和厚的次外层(Cr,Mn)_2O_3及薄的内层(Nb,Mo)_2O_5组成的三层结构。Ti,Al优先于晶界处发生内氧化,分别形成TiO_2和Al_2O_3;两种内氧化产物的尺寸和数量均随温度升高而增加。     

FeCrAl-ODS合金的高温水蒸气氧化行为

目前有关FeCrAl-ODS钢在高温水蒸汽下的氧化过程中氧化膜结构的演变少有分析研究.以FeCrAl-ODS合金为研究对象,采用XRD、SEM、EPMA、EDS等分析手段,在700～1100℃条件下开展了高温水蒸气氧化试验,从氧化动力学和氧化层结构形貌、物相、成分等方面研究了其高温水蒸气氧化行为.研究结果表明:在700～1100℃,FeCrAl-ODS合金高温水蒸气氧化动力学满足抛物线增重规律,抛物线速率常数Kp随温度增加而增大.高温水蒸气氧化96 h后,700℃时FeCrAl-ODS合金表面氧化层以Fe2O3为主;900℃时FeCrAl-ODS合金表面氧化层的外层以Fe2O3为主,内层以A12O3为主,氧化层比较疏松,不能很好地对基体起到保护作用;1100℃氧化过程中,在不同氧化时间段氧化层均为单层致密的Al2O3氧化层结构.     

Ti_3Al金属间化合物的熔盐热腐蚀

采用电化学方法并结合扫描电镜、X 射线衍射、电子探针和能谱等物相分析技术研究了 Ti_3Al 金属间化合物在800℃熔融 NaCl-(Na,K)_2SO_4体系中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,Ti_3Al 合金耐熔盐腐蚀性能远低于 Ni 基 IN738合金。腐蚀时在合金表面形成外层为 TiO_2;内层为富 Nb 的Nb_2O_5,Al_2O_3,TiO_2的混合层和中间层为富 Al 的 TiO_2,Al_2O_3混合层的多层腐蚀层结构。Ti 快速向外扩散和氧向内扩散使合金表面腐蚀产物层迅速增厚。腐蚀产物内层的富 Nb 氧化物破坏了膜层与合金基体的粘附性。     

锂-亚电池绝缘子高温氧化行为及酸洗工艺研究

目的针对锂亚硫酰氯电池绝缘子表面生成的灰黑色氧化皮结构致密、相组成复杂,与基体附着力极强,且与玻璃浸润紧密连接的特点,研究一种酸洗工艺以有效清洁绝缘子的高温氧化皮且不影响玻璃-封接气密性。方法利用SEM和X-ray等方法对其盖板和芯柱的高温氧化皮进行了测试和分析,采用"化学酸洗、钝化处理"与"超声清洗、机械抛光"相结合的方法进行实验。结果盖板(304不锈钢)表面生成了NiO_2, CrO_3,FeO·Cr_2O_3,FeO·Cr_2O·3Fe_2O_3等致密型氧化物;芯柱(4J28可伐合金)表面则生成了Fe-Cr固溶体、Cr_2N、FeCr_2O_4、Cr_(23)C_6等氧化产物。结论成功实现了利用同一种混合酸液将两种不同状态和成分的氧化皮同时快速清除。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.