聚酰胺复合膜的改性及其选择渗透性

非对称性的反渗透(RO)聚酰胺(PA)复合膜可以通过溶剂处理方法改性成为渗透汽化(PV)分离有机物水溶液的均相膜．实验选用了PA良溶剂(甲酸、乙酸、磷酸、盐酸、苯酚)作为PA膜的改性剂．溶剂改性条件(改性剂类型、浓度和处理时问)对改性膜的吸着性有明显影响．用质量分数8％的乙酸处理1h的PA膜，较之未改性膜，优先吸水性增强，对水的溶胀率SW增大，对异丙醇的溶胀率SIPA减小．乙酸处理的PA膜的SW与SIPA差值在所有溶剂处理的膜中最大，相应地PV分离IPA水溶液时，膜的分离因子和渗透通量也最大，处理过程溶剂分子与PA高分子链的接触和PA膜中微囊内高分子链段向外运行，是PA膜结构改变的主要因素．溶剂处理改变了膜的结构的机理能很好地解释非对称性RO膜的改性．     

中草药对中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体育成III期仔蟹成活率和生长影响的初步研究

本文初步研究了不同中草药对中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体育成III期仔蟹成活率和生长的影响。结果表明：在试验条件下,中草药对III期仔蟹的成活率均有影响。中草药试验组均高于对照组,其中20rag／1的木槿皮对中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体育成III期仔蟹的总成活率最高可达52％,而对照组仅为36％。在试验浓度下,二种中草药对III期仔蟹的生长有抑制作用。     

诱导麝香中胆固醇的分析研究

本文报道了诱导麝香和自然麝香中胆固醇的含量测定，并进行了比较研究。采用乙醚抽提、凝胶薄层层析、醋酐－硫酸显色、分光光度法检测。测得诱导麝香中游离胆固醇和酯态胆固醇含量平均值分别为１．０９％和１．３５％，自然麝香中分别为１．０１％和１．２９％，说明诱导麝香与自然麝香中胆固醇的存在状态和含量的一致性。     

MgO／EPDM新型吸油材料的制备及其吸油性

以三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）作为基体，以MgO和偶联剂处理过的改性MgO两种粉末分别作为填料，利用熔融共混的方法，制备出一种新型吸油复合材料，这种材料可直接漂浮于含油废水表面使用。研究了填料和交联剂的用量对材料吸油率的影响，选择两组样品中吸油率最高的样品，对比它们对机油的吸油速率。结果表明，交联EPDM的吸油率比EPDM的吸油率要高出51％；MgO／EPDM的吸油率高出交联EPDM的吸油率886．54％；同时MgO／EPDM的吸油率最大可高出改性MgO／EPDM吸油率的198．22％。MgO／EPDM的吸油特性要优于改性MgO／EPDM．     

栉孔扇贝四倍体幼虫的诱导研究

以栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri为材料，采用浓度为0．5mg／L的细胞松弛素B(CB)处理、抑制受精卵第一极体排放的方法，进行四倍体诱导研究。5次重复实验结果表明，诱导组和对照组的平均受精率分别为45．0％和56．6％，D形幼虫的平均孵化率分别为5．3％和51．1％。经胚胎和幼虫发育观察发现，在诱导组中异常原肠胚的比例高于对照组；受精后48h，诱导组的滞育担轮幼虫的比例显著高于对照组。在受精后48h采用流式细胞术检测孵化的D形幼虫，诱导组中四倍体幼虫的比例为36％-70％，平均为49％，同时发现了平均比例为31％的三倍体幼虫。本研究表明，该项技术能有效地诱发栉孔扇贝四倍体幼虫，但面临四倍体幼虫孵化率低的问题，今后应设法提高四倍体胚胎和幼虫的发育水平。     

牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗诱导抗病性的研究

利用浓度为1．0mg／ml、3．0mg／ml、5．0mg／ml、8．0mg／ml和10．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗离体诱导3d，并用5．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗离体诱导1～6d后，测定与抗病相关的防御酶活性；利用5．0mg／ml的牛蒡寡糖诱导黄瓜幼苗第1真叶3d后接种白粉病菌，调查黄瓜植株的病情指数。结果表明，与对照组相比，不同浓度的牛蒡寡糖对黄瓜幼苗均有诱导作用，能显著提高被处理叶片PAL、POD、PPO、SOD、CAT和壳多糖酶的活性，不同的酶活性达到最高水平时的诱导浓度略有差异。几种酶活性随诱导的时间进程呈现不同水平的动态变化趋势，其中POD活性的提高幅度最大，且一直呈上升趋势。第1真叶的处理组较对照组病情指数降低11．91％，同株未诱导的第2真叶处理组较对照组降低27．42％，说明牛蒡寡糖诱导了黄瓜幼苗对白粉病的系统抗性。     

点带石斑鱼仔鱼营养转换期的摄食与生长

利用人工繁殖受精卵孵化出的点带石斑鱼仔鱼，在盐度3％、pHl7．9、水温26℃的情况下，对其营养转换期的摄食与生长情况进行了观察研究。结果表明：(1)点带石斑鱼卵为少黄卵。仔鱼刚孵出时水面漂浮、偶尔旋转，逐渐转向水中上层倒挂悬浮，至卵黄囊消失时，能水面平游、集群、趋弱光、避强光。仔鱼这种运动生活习性的转变是卵黄囊和油球营养向混合型营养和外源性型营养过渡的生理变化相适应的。(2)仔鱼孵出后第1d，卵黄囊容积由0．0339mm^3缩小到0．0054mm^3，消耗量达84．07％。油球直径也由0．21mm减缩到0．11mm，缩小程度为47．6％。这与第1d器官发育旺盛有关。(3)卵黄囊和油球营养持续72h，混合营养期仅24h。仔鱼转入外源性营养后，随着口径的增大，饵料由牡蛎受精卵和担轮幼虫、超微轮虫，逐渐向褶皱臂尾轮虫过渡，而且可摄食微囊饲料，摄食比率和摄食强度逐渐增加。充分摄取富含DHA、EPA的适口饵料是后期仔鱼生存的物质基础。(4)饥饿仔鱼初次摄食发生在孵出后72h，摄食率仅为18．1％，而且是“滤食”，96h后逐渐转为主动摄食，120h记录到最高的初次摄食率为70％，此后逐步下降。仔鱼如果在孵出后第8d仍不能建立外源性营养关系，即进入PNR期，第10-lld初次摄食率下降为0，第13天全部死亡。(5)仔鱼在初孵时的平均生长速率为0．25mm/d，进入摄食期后饥饿仔鱼出现微弱的负生长。在自然生命过程的13天中，摄食仔鱼的平均生长速率为0．228mm/d，而饥饿仔鱼仅0．018mm/d。     

用鸡蛋清中的卵清蛋白测定常用超滤膜的切割分子量

提出了一种测定超滤膜切割分子量的简便方法,该法以鸡蛋清代替生化试剂作为标准分子量蛋白质,以卵清蛋白的截留率而不是截留率一分子量曲线作为判据来确定膜的切割分子量,切割分子量的确定范围为1万～6万．讨论了配制卵清蛋白溶液的适宜pH范围为10～11,实际使用质量分数为0．03％NaOH溶液即可;证明了用生化试剂和鸡蛋清配制的卵清蛋白溶液具有相同的分光光度性质,共享同一条浓度-吸光度工作曲线;阐明了比尔定律的适用范围,只需控制超滤前溶液的起始吸光度E。＝0．200左右就可用吸光度代替浓度计算膜对蛋白质的截留率;测定了不同鸡蛋中的卵清蛋白含量在10％～15％之间,同一只鸡蛋的蛋清中卵清蛋白的含量分布是相当均匀的;用已知切割分子量的膜测定了对卵清蛋白的截留率,并据此提出了确定切割分子量的判据;用细胞色素C的截留率证明了本法的适用性;还证明了用0．03％NaOH溶液配制的卵清蛋白溶液可在4～5℃下存放2～3周．     

绿色木霉AS3．3711的葡聚糖内切酶V基因的克隆与表达

采用RT-PCR方法克隆到绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)AS3．3711的葡聚糖内切酶V(EGV)的cDNA基因。测序后构建到酿酒酵母诱导型表达载体pYES2上，转化酿酒酵母，同时研究了超声波处理对酵母完整细胞转化的影响。转化子用2％的β-D-半乳糖进行诱导，用Northem杂交和CMC糖化力法分别对目的基因的转录和表达产物的葡聚糖内切酶活性进行检测。结果表明，EGV的cDNA基因开放阅读框长度为741bp，编码247个氨基酸，推测的蛋白质分子量为24．99kDa。超声波处理60s的酿酒酵母的转化率最高，在相同条件下是未处理组的2倍。酶活检测显示该基因能在酿酒酵母中表达并分泌到胞外。发酵液中的酶活在培养60小时达到最高0．046U／ml。最适酶解温度为60℃，最适pH值为5．4。     

液晶聚合物对PA1010/滑石粉杂化材料增容作用的研究

用液晶聚合物（LCP）作增容剂，采用熔融插层法制备了PA1010／滑石粉（FCP）杂化材料，用广角X射线衍射，小角X射线散射，DSC和TGA研究了液晶聚合物对杂化材料的结构，结晶行为和热稳定性的影响，结果表明，LCP的增容使用使PA1010／FCP杂化材料挤出时的粘度显著下降，从而降低加工温度5℃左右，当LCP质量分数为3％，9％时对应杂化材料H3，H9中滑石粉的层间距扩展为40．1nm和25．2nm，LCP的增容作用使PA1010能插层于滑石粉片层间，而其结晶行为基本未受影响，杂化材料的热稳定性良好。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.