基于自然冷却技术应用的数据中心空调节能分析

本文基于数据中心空调系统的选型和节能设计,以风冷直膨式机组、风冷双冷源冷水机组和热管复合式制冷机组为研究对象,建立了三种类型空调系统的能效计算模型;基于DEST提供的广州、上海、北京和哈尔滨四个城市的气象数据,以相同的空调负荷和回风参数为条件,对三类空调的年均能效(AEER)进行计算和对比分析。结果表明:三类机组的年均能效自南向北随着平均气温的降低而逐渐提高,分别为4.07~4.45、4.00~6.84、4.27~8.20;相比前二类机组,热管复合式制冷机组的节能幅度分别为4.8%~46%和6.4%~16.6%;双冷源制冷机组由于能够应用自然冷却替代或部分替代高能耗的压缩制冷,相比风冷直膨式机组节能优势明显;与风冷双冷源冷水机组相比,热管复合式制冷机组的制冷剂输送功小、换热端工作效率高、没有防冻问题等优点,是年均气温较低地区数据中心空调的首选。     

蒸发冷却式热管与蒸气压缩复合数据中心空调系统性能实验研究

为解决传统数据中心空调系统能耗高和冷却效率低等问题,本文提出了带有蒸发式冷凝器的制冷剂泵驱动热管与蒸气压缩复合数据中心空调系统,实验分析了不同室外温度与冷凝器风速下系统的运行性能.结果表明:在热管模式下,当室外温度低于0℃时,降低冷凝器风速能够提升系统COP;当室外温度高于0℃时,增大室外机风速能够提高系统节能性.降低...     

自然冷却/蒸气压缩复合制冷系统研究

本文研发了一种由蒸气压缩制冷和分离式热管集成的自然冷却/蒸气压缩复合制冷空调系统,分别采用第一工质和由液泵驱动的第二工质进行循环。该系统具有蒸汽压缩制冷、复合制冷和自然冷却3种运行模式,高温季节压缩制冷提供全部冷量,过渡季节压缩制冷补充自然冷却不足的制冷量,低温季节自然冷却提供全部冷量。同时,研制了复合制冷系统样机HKF-200FH,其压缩制冷回路由3个独立的制冷单元并联,并与热管环路通过壳管式蒸发冷凝器相连。蒸发冷凝器的管程作为压缩制冷回路的蒸发器,在压缩制冷模式和复合制冷模式下为通过壳程的第二工质提供冷量。对样机性能进行了实验测试,结果显示：随着室外温度降低,复合系统的制冷量变化较小,能效比EER逐渐升高;压缩制冷模式（环境温度35 ℃）和自然冷却模式（环境温度10 ℃）下机组的制冷量分别为197.38 kW和196.89 kW,EER分别为3.5和15.3。2台系统样机自2014年5月在北京某“EB级云存储实验室”空调示范工程安全可靠的运行至今,监测结果显示,相比传统压缩制冷系统年节能率约为45%,节能优势显著。     

热管-蓄冷空调系统在数据中心的节能应用方案研究

本文以某数据中心机房为例,通过改造原有空调系统以充分利用全年室外空气冷源,利用单向二极管式热管构建热管/蒸汽压缩复合空调系统,以固化十二醇硬脂酸为蓄冷材料增设蓄冷系统,结果显示:改造后能源使用效率PUE从2.1降低为1.51,自然冷却全年使用时间占75%,年节能率达28%。并提出了自然冷却能效FCE,探讨了北方地区数据机房利用自然冷源的途径,对数据中心的节能设计具有参考价值。     

某数据中心空调系统设计

结合夏热冬冷地区某城市的逐时气象参数,以2幢废旧厂房改造为数据中心为案例,介绍该数据中心空调系统的设计要点,分别计算常规冷源系统和蓄冷调峰冷源系统在完全自然冷却和非完全自然冷却模式下的能耗。在经济性分析的基础上,重点阐述蓄冷设施在满足市电中断后数据中心连续制冷的同时,利用峰谷电价政策实现数据中心运行节能的理念,大容量调峰蓄冷罐可满足冷却水的长时间应急补水,无须单独建造蓄水池。     

数据中心自然冷却技术研究进展

数据中心的能耗增长日益受到关注,其能耗的很大部分是用于机房冷却。采用节能冷却方法是节能减排的迫切要求,自然冷却技术是其中的有效方法之一。自然冷却技术的实施有三种主要方式:空气侧自然冷却、水侧自然冷却和热管自然冷却。空气侧自然冷却简便易行且节能效果好,但会影响室内空气质量和湿度。水侧自然冷却可以在原有的空调机组上改造实现,但由于增加了中间传热过程其节能效果有限。热管自然冷却避免了对室内环境的影响,且同时利用相变传热节能效果较好。本文总结了近年来这三种自然冷却技术的最新进展,为这一领域的研究提供参考。     

应用于数据中心的氟泵自然冷却机组的模拟计算

数据中心的能耗主要来自IT配置、空调体系、电源配置和照明这四个方面。IT设备是数据中心的主要工作设备,其他三个是辅助设备,其中空调系统的能耗占到整个数据中心能耗的近40%。本文主要研究设计一套氟泵自然冷却空调模块,对氟泵系统的模型进行模拟计算,研究得出在数据中心冷却应用氟泵自然冷却机组节能效果明显。     

蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合空调系统实验台设计

针对我国中湿度及高湿度地区室外气象条件,设计搭建了蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合空调系统实验台。通过不同季节功能段的切换使用,充分利用蒸发冷却“免费供冷”完全或部分代替机械制冷来降低空调系统能耗。复合空调系统可极大提高常规集中式空调系统能效比,降低空调运行能耗,达到节能与减排目的。     

数据中心专用内循环式露点蒸发冷却空调机组的研发与应用

为了降低干燥地区数据中心的运行能耗,研发一种内循环式露点蒸发冷却空调机组。通过建立室内外双工况试验平台,对样机性能进行测试,结果表明,内循环式露点蒸发冷却空调机组主要受室外空气湿球温度的影响,湿球温度越低其制冷量越大。根据该机组在兰州地区的应用分析发现:当室外空气湿球温度低于14℃时,可以采用内循环式露点蒸发冷却空调机组代替机械压缩制冷机组满足数据中心的降温需求;当室外空气湿球温度在14~18℃时,内循环式露点蒸发冷却空调机组基本能够满足数据中心降温需求,部分时间需要传统机械压缩制冷设备辅助制冷;当室外空气湿球温度高于18℃时,内循环式露点蒸发冷却空调机组的能效偏低,此时宜停用。综合分析表明,在干燥地区引入内循环式露点蒸发冷却空调机组,年节能率可达64%。     

蒸发冷却/凝与热管复合型空调技术在数据中心的应用

调研蒸发冷却技术在数据中心应用情况,并分析几种蒸发冷却与蒸气压缩制冷系统复合型空调系统,结果表明:直接蒸发冷却无法保证空气品质,在数据中心应用受限,间接蒸发冷却可以很好地与蒸气压缩制冷系统分别在蒸发侧及冷凝侧复合,现有空气侧复合型蒸发冷却系统可利用自然冷源的室外空气湿球温度达到21.8℃,自然冷源利用率高,但存在系统体积大、风阻大的缺陷;水侧复合型蒸发冷却系统可利用自然冷源的室外空气湿球温度达到15℃,但系统成本较高;采用冷冻水末端的带蒸发冷却/凝的热管复合型空调系统存在中间二次换热问题,可利用自然冷源的室外空气湿球温度达到13℃;采用制冷剂末端的带蒸发冷却/凝的热管复合型空调系统可利用自然冷源的室外空气湿球温度达到19℃,适用于数据中心全年制冷。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.