苏丹遥感干旱指数及其适用性

针对苏丹地区利用遥感手段进行旱情监测的研究相对缺乏这一问题,该文利用MODIS归一化植被指数和地表温度计算植被条件指数、温度植被干旱指数和归一化植被供水指数,利用AMSR-E土壤湿度数据与3种干旱指数进行相关性分析,选取与土壤湿度相关性最好的干旱指数作为干旱监测的指标,对苏丹典型干湿年份的干旱进行监测。定量分析与实验结果表明:归一化植被供水指数与土壤湿度相关性最高,且与降水量存在滞后关系,3种典型植被覆盖类型下归一化植被供水指数的滞后期均为1个月;苏丹干旱主要发生在北部的撒哈拉沙漠及其边缘地区,且干旱分布受季节变化影响显著,其中春季和冬季是干旱发生的高峰期。     

利用高分辨率ETM+数据进行区域旱情监测的研究

在植被指数相同的条件下,地面肤面温度可用于对土壤旱情的监测。通过植被指数--地面肤面温度特征空间分析了利用遥感进行旱情监测的原理,将传感器温度作为地面肤面温度,对干旱指数的计算进行了详细论述。利用栾城县的Landsat7 ETM+卫星数据进行了旱情监测与分析。     

TVDI在冬小麦春季干旱监测中的应用

应用冬小麦春季生长期的NOAA/AVHRR资料,反演归一化植被指数（NDVI）、土壤调整植被指数（SAVI）和下垫面温度（T_s）,分析了植被指数和下垫面温度空间特征,采用温度植被旱情指数（TVDI）,研究了河北省2005年3~5月的冬小麦旱情状况。结果表明：基于SAVI的温度植被旱情指数与土壤表层相对湿度的相关性好于基于NDVI的温度植被旱情指数。通过与气象站土壤水分观测资料进行相关性分析,表明温度植被旱情指数与10 cm土壤相对湿度关系最好,20 cm次之,50 cm较差。因此,基于SAVI的温度植被旱情指数更适于监测冬小麦春季的旱情。     

MODIS-TVDI指数监测新疆干旱动态

针对近年频发的干旱情况不能准确及时监测评估的问题,该文以新疆为研究区域,基于温度植被干旱指数方法,利用2007年到2012年3月~8月MODIS合成产品数据获取归一化植被指数和陆地地表温度,构建LST-NDVI特征空间,得到全区的温度植被干旱指数和旱情等级空间分布图,分析了新疆干旱变化趋势,验证了温度植被干旱指数和降水因子的关系。结果表明:2007年~2012年新疆的干旱面积逐年趋于平稳,空间上表现为南疆旱情高于北疆,春季旱情高于夏季,降水量是影响温度植被干旱指数的重要因子。该研究为政府部门对新疆旱情严重地区治理提供了有效数据保证。     

利用高分辨率ETM+数据进行区域旱情监测的研究

在植被指数相同的条件下,地面肤面温度可用于对土壤旱情的监测。通过植被指数——地面肤面温度特征空间分析了利用遥感进行旱情监测的原理,将传感器温度作为地面肤面温度,对干旱指数的计算进行了详细论述。利用栾城县的Landsat7 ETM+卫星数据进行了旱情监测与分析。     

基于温度植被干旱指数的印度和巴基斯坦干旱监测

针对印度和巴基斯坦近年干旱频发的问题,该文使用温度植被干旱指数对印巴地区2009~2014年干季(3~5月)实现遥感干旱监测,利用多年同期MODIS卫星数据构建印巴地区归一化植被指数-陆地表面温度的特征空间,拟合特征空间中的干、湿边方程,进一步反演温度植被干旱指数,对该区土地利用和地形作了统计与分析,对温度植被干旱指数划分等级,并利用印巴气象站点的实测降水量以及标准降水指数进行验证。结果表明:1)从干旱等级面积统计来看,印巴地区干季主要以中旱为主,其他等级面积所占比例较小;2)从土地利用类型来看,全区土地覆盖良好,温度植被干旱指数作为印巴地区旱情评价指标具有一定的合理性;3)从气象站点数据来看,归一化植被指数-陆地表面温度特征空间反演的温度植被干旱指数与降水具有密切相关性。     

基于Landsat-5 TM数据的河南省白沙灌区地表温度反演研究

地表温度是土壤水分和植被水分状态的指示计,在干旱遥感监测中有重要作用。应用Landsat-5 TM遥感数据和气象资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)区分地表覆盖类型,采用Van de Griend的经验公式法结合典型地表赋值法计算出地表比辐射率。用单窗算法和单通道算法分别对河南省白沙灌区地表温度进行反演,结果表明:两种方法均能较好地将白沙灌区地表温度分布趋势反映出来,单窗算法的反演精度较高,绝对误差为1.1 ℃,更适宜白沙灌区的地表温度反演,进而可以提高灌区旱情遥感监测精度。     

大范围旱情遥感监测的分带计算

遥感技术在旱情监测中得到了广泛应用。针对常用的温度植被旱情指数法, 利用NOAA/AVHRR 数据, 分析了大范围旱情监测中下垫面因纬度、地形等因素造成的空间物候差异, 指出了旱情指数分带计算的必要性。通过分纬度计算, 提高了温度植被旱情指数法中旱边与湿边拟合方程的准确度, 与整体计算方法相比, 温度植被旱情指数与各层土壤相对湿度实测值的相关性均得到明显改善, 提高了大范围旱情遥感监测的准确性。     

基于ASTER数据黑河中游植被含水量反演研究

植被含水量是影响植物生长的主要限制因子之一,也是衡量植被生理状态和形态结构的重要参数。应用遥感技术定量估测植被含水量,对于农业旱情监测、作物产量估计和科学研究具有重要意义。基于2012年黑河生态水文遥感试验期间获得的6景ASTER遥感数据和同步观测的研究区生物量观测数据集,选取NDVI、RVI、SAVI和MSAVI 4种植被指数分别与单位面积内植被含水量的关系进行比较分析,建立了不同植被指数的植被含水量反演模型,并对反演结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:4种植被指数均与实测的植被含水量有较高的相关性(R20.846),利用MSAVI反演的植被含水量精度略优于其他3种指数,其均方根误差(RMSE)在0.794kg/m2内。模型较为可靠,可以为大范围获取植被含水量信息提供有效方法。     

遥感干旱指数在洛川苹果干旱监测中的适用性分析

目前对苹果干旱研究较少且主要运用站点数据,对空间信息表征有限,遥感干旱指数可用于大范围干旱时空动态监测,但在苹果干旱监测中的适用性还有待研究。基于2014~2018年MODIS反射率、地表温度以及地表覆被数据,结合土壤湿度数据和野外调查资料,分析洛川苹果区温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）、归一化植被水分指数（NDWI）、植被供水指数（VSWI）与10 cm深度土壤湿度（SM）的一致性,探索遥感干旱指标对土壤干湿状况表征能力,并进一步研究遥感干旱指标对干旱响应敏感时段。结果表明：①由增强型植被指数（EVI）计算的VSWI与SM的时空一致性最好,其在2014、2017年表现出的干旱特征与实际旱情相符;②VSWI（EVI）和TVDI（EVI）与SM的相关性分别高于VSWI（NDVI）和TVDI（NDVI）与SM的相关性,使用EVI能提高VSWI和TVDI对干旱的表征能力;③TVDI、NDWI、VSWI对SM存在不同时间的反应滞后,滞后3时相（24 d）的VSWI（EVI）与SM的相关性最高,而NDWI对SM滞后时间短,对干旱响应较及时,结合VSWI（EVI）和NDWI可能更有利于监测苹果干旱;④在不同苹果生育期,遥感指标对土壤湿度敏感性不同,VSWI在不同生育期敏感性差异最明显：新梢旺长期（5、6月）对土壤湿度敏感性高于萌芽开花期、果实膨大期、成熟期;该结果符合洛川县苹果不同生育期需水规律和洛川降水、干旱发生特征。研究结果可为遥感监测苹果干旱提供参考依据。     

农业干旱遥感监测业务化运行方法研究

研究一种基于MODIS遥感数据的快速且易于实际应用的农业旱情监测方法及其系统实现。监测方法基于植被供水指数的思想,利用NDVI进行植被盖度分级来计算,标准化作物供水指数,再耦合近8旬的综合降水距平指数,由此实现对旱情的监测。在介绍监测方法的同时,又针对应用数据的特点,设计了有效的数据管理系统,为高效管理各种数据而服务。     

Developing the vegetation drought response index for South Korea (VegDRI-SKorea) to assess the vegetation condition during drought events

South Korea has experienced severe droughts and water scarcity problems that have influenced agriculture, food prices, and crop production in recent years. Traditionally, climate-based drought indices using point-based meteorological observations have been used to help quantify drought impacts on the vegetation in South Korea. However, these approaches have a limited spatial precision when mapping detailed vegetation stress caused by drought. For these reasons, the development of a drought index that provides detailed spatial-resolution information on drought-affected vegetation conditions is essential to improve the country’s drought monitoring capabilities, which are needed to help develop more effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. The objective of this study was to develop a satellite-based hybrid drought index called the vegetation drought response index for South Korea (VegDRI-SKorea) that could improve the spatial resolution of agricultural drought monitoring on a national scale. The VegDRI-SKorea was developed for South Korea, modifying the original VegDRI methodology (developed for the USA) by tailoring it to the available local data resources. The VegDRI-SKorea utilizes a classification and regression tree (CART) modelling approach that collectively analyses remote-sensing data (e.g. normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)), climate-based drought indices (e.g. self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI)), and biophysical variables (e.g. elevation and land cover) that influence the drought-related vegetation stress. This study evaluates the performance of the recently developed VegDRI-SKorea for severe and extreme drought events that occurred in South Korea in 2001, 2008, and 2012. The results demonstrated that the hybrid drought index improved the more spatially detailed drought patterns compared to the station-based drought indices and resulted in a better understanding of drought impacts on the vegetation conditions. The VegDRI-SKorea model is expected to contribute to the monitoring of drought conditions nationally. In addition, it will provide the necessary information on the spatial variations of those conditions to evaluate local and regional drought risk assessment across South Korea and assist local decision-makers in drought risk management.     

A remote sensing-based method for drought monitoring using the similarity between drought eigenvectors

ABSTRACT

The land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation growth status are two direct indicators of drought. In this study, we selected the LST index and vegetation index to construct drought eigenvectors, then proposed a new remote sensing drought index to assess the drought severity by calculating the similarity between the drought eigenvector of the target pixel and the drought eigenvector under an extremely wet state. Considering the different responses of various objects to drought, the drought eigenvectors of different land cover types were established. The results showed that the Temperature-Vegetation Water Stress Index (T-VWSI) were highly correlated with the measured relative soil moisture (RSM). The correlation coefficients (r) between the T-VWSI and 20-cm RSM reached 0.81, 0.77, and 0.78 in May, June, and July, respectively. Therefore, the T-VWSI is a promising drought index that will play an important role in drought monitoring.     

The effect of land-cover change on vegetation greenness-based satellite agricultural drought indicators: a case study in the southwest climate division of Indiana,USA

During the last decade, the use of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for drought monitoring applications has drawn many criticisms, mainly because a number of drivers such as land-cover/land-use change, pest infestation, and flooding may depress the NDVI, further causing false drought identification. In this study, the impacts of land-cover change on the NDVI-derived satellite drought indicator, the vegetation condition index (VCI), are presented. It was found that the VCI is sensitive to changes in land cover, especially deforestation, the land cover changes from evergreen and deciduous forests to other land-cover classes. However, because the scale of land-cover changes was very small across the study area, only trivial drought alerts were observed in the VCI-based drought maps during non-drought years. Because drought is a large-scale climate event, it is reasonable to neglect these alerts. Besides, when the VCI was averaged to climate division scale, the results obtained through the VCI method were in good agreement with those acquired by the meteorological data-based drought indices such as the Palmer drought severity index and standardized precipitation index.     

Assessing the sensitivity of MODIS to monitor drought in high biomass ecosystems

Drought monitoring is important to analyse the influence of rainfall deficiency patterns on bushfire behaviour. Remote sensing provides tools for spatially explicit monitoring of drought across large areas. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of MODIS-based reflectance spectral indices to monitor drought across forest and woodland vegetation types in the fire prone Sydney Basin Bioregion, NSW, Australia. A time series of eight spectral indices were created from 2000 to 2009 to monitor inter-annual changes in drought and were compared to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), a precipitation deficit/surplus indicator. A pixel-to-weather station paired correlation approach was used to assess the relationship between SPI and the MODIS-based spectral indices at different time scales. Results show that the Normalised Difference Infrared Index—band 6 (NDIIb6) provided the most suitable indicator of drought for the high biomass vegetation types considered. The NDIIb6 had the highest sensitivity to drought intensity and was highly correlated with SPI at all time scales analysed (i.e., 1, 3 and 6-month SPI) suggesting that variations in precipitation patterns have a stronger influence on vegetation water content than vegetation greenness properties. Spatial similarities were also found between patterns of NDIIb6-based drought maps and SPI values distribution. NDIIb6 outperformed the spectral index currently in use for operational drought monitoring systems in the region (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) and its implementation in existing drought-monitoring systems is recommended.     

麦田土壤水分NOAA/AVHRR遥感监测方法研究

本文立足于河南省农业遥感业务服务实际,在系统研究麦田土壤水分NOAA/AVHRR遥感监测理论、模型、资料处理、指标及应用技术的基础上,针对这一领域中存在的问题,在GIS技术的支持下,重点探讨了不同土壤质地和风速对遥感干旱监测的影响、用遥感表层土壤水分耦合深层土壤水分的方法与模型、用单时相遥感资料反演土壤水分的方法等,并最终建立了河南省冬小麦干旱遥感监测应用服务系统。     

中国用遥感方法进行干旱监测的研究进展

运用遥感技术进行干旱监测具有不可替代的优势，我国近年来在此领域做了不少的探索和研究。本文根据各种遥感干旱监测方法的特点，将其归纳为：基于土壤热惯量的方法，基于区域蒸散量计算的方法，基于植被指数和温度的方法以及基于土壤水分光谱特征的方法等五类，分别介绍了我国利用遥感技术进行干旱监测的主要方法及其进展。总结了遥感技术在干旱监测领域发挥的重要作用及其在实际运用中存在的问题。     

Comprehensive drought index as an indicator for use in drought monitoring integrating multi-source remote sensing data: a case study covering the Sichuan-Chongqing region

Numerous meteorological drought-monitoring indices and remote-sensing-based spatial drought monitoring indices have been developed and applied to monitor drought in different ways. However, individual indices have obvious deficiencies in terms of their responses to drought, and they do not comprehensively reflect the available information on drought. To overcome issues with the data themselves and improve drought monitoring techniques, we use a comprehensive drought index (CDI) derived from the vegetation condition index, the temperature condition index, and the precipitation condition index to monitor meteorological or agricultural drought for the Sichuan-Chongqing region. To assess CDI performance, monthly CDI values for Sichuan-Chongqing region were used to analyse the spatial and temporal variations of the 2006 drought. The results indicated that all aspects of the drought were monitored, and the results were in agreement with related research. Meanwhile, an extreme drought was accurately explored using the CDI in the Sichuan-Chongqing region from 2000 to 2011. Finally, a validation was performed, and the results show that the CDI is closely related with the standardized precipitation index calculated using a 3-month time scale (SPI3), as well as variations in crop yield and drought-affected crop area. These results provide further evidence that the CDI is an indicator that can be used in integrated drought monitoring and that it can simultaneously reflect meteorological and agricultural drought information.     

考虑下垫面类型的干旱指数比较研究

干旱作为常见的自然灾害，在世界各地发生的频率日渐增加，已对经济发展、农业生产和人类生活等方面产生了严重影响。但是干旱的类型较多，包括气象干旱、土壤干旱、水文干旱、农田干旱等，无法用单个干旱指数对不同类型的干旱进行监测。按照干旱发生类型，利用气象干旱指数（Standardized Precipitation Index SPI）、土壤水分干旱指数（Soil Moisture Index, SMI）和蒸发压力干旱指数（Evaporative Stress Index, ESI）对美国的旱情进行监测。研究结果表明：不同干旱指数之间呈显著相关，相关系数R在0.7以上。ESI整体监测精度较高，它能够真实反映地表水分盈亏状况，同时与遥感数据结合，可以实现从田块到全球不同尺度干旱实时监测。不同植被类型覆盖下垫面对不同类型干旱响应存在较大差异，草地下垫面对不同类型的干旱响应较为一致，但是随着地上生物量的增加，不同干旱指数监测结果之间差异逐渐增大。因此，在干旱监测时需要考虑植被的结构特征，植被与气候之间的相互作用，才能具体分析不同下垫面的受灾情况，进一步考虑更适合的方法以及干旱指数监测不同下垫面的干旱情况。