基于中值预测的四轮嵌入可逆信息隐藏算法

传统基于预测误差直方图平移的可逆信息隐藏算法大多通过固定顺序来扫描原始图像,从而进行数据嵌入,这种方式没有考虑图像本身的纹理信息,导致无效移位像素点较多,伪装图像视觉质量较差。为解决该问题,提出一种基于中值预测的四轮嵌入可逆信息隐藏算法,以在提高嵌入容量的同时降低伪装图像的失真率。利用相邻像素之间具有较强相关性的特点,在较小的误差值处聚集大量像素点,以得到更陡峭的预测误差直方图并提高嵌入容量。对每个像素点定义复杂度,根据复杂度的高低对预测误差进行排序,优先在图像平滑区域嵌入数据,从而有效减少无效移位像素点个数,降低伪装图像的失真率。实验结果表明,该算法的最大嵌入率可以达到0.3 bpp,在0.1 bpp的嵌入率下峰值信噪比高达55.15 dB,与非对称直方图算法、误差直方图移位算法等相比,其具有较高的嵌入容量和较小的视觉失真率。     

采用可逆信息隐藏技术的高性能彩色图像对比度增强算法

针对彩色图像可逆信息隐藏中相对较少的嵌入容量和数据嵌入后的图像质量问题,提出基于可逆信息隐藏的高性能彩色图像对比度增强算法.该算法将原始RGB图像转换成HSV(色调,饱和度,亮度)图像,在预处理时,合并像素直方图单侧2个高度最低的条柱,并设置一个失真阈值防止图像失真;数据嵌入过程中,在保持色调分量不变的同时增大单个像素能嵌入秘密信息的长度,且在增大数据嵌入量的同时减少了图像失真;在多次执行数据嵌入过程后,直方图实现均衡化,从而有效地增强图像的对比度.在Kodak和USC-SICI图像集上的实验结果表明,与同类算法(UCE和HSP算法)相比,所提算法在嵌入容量指标和色彩差异指标CIEDE2000的性能上分别平均提升28.6%和34.7%.     

谱段交织预测的多光谱图像可逆信息隐藏算法

针对现有可逆信息隐藏算法嵌入容量不高并且不适合多光谱图像的问题,提出一种基于谱段交织预测的多光谱图像可逆信息隐藏算法.利用含秘图像像素值与原始图像像素值相差不大于1的特点,结合含秘谱段对多光谱图像进行多波段预测,通过预测误差直方图移位技术嵌入秘密信息.Landsat卫星和Terra卫星多光谱图像仿真结果表明,提出的算法和典型可逆信息隐藏算法相比具有更好的视觉质量和隐藏容量.     

基于三分量预测误差差值扩展的可逆数据隐藏

针对传统差值扩展存在过分修改像素值、须嵌入定位图等缺陷,提出了一种新的彩色图像可逆数据隐藏算法。首先利用色彩分量之间的相关性减小差值,并根据扩展方向和差值的符号,用较小的差值扩展量修改部分色彩分量的像素值,扩展方向由可能产生上溢和下溢的像素数量决定;其次采用单向像素值调整的方法避免像素值溢出,并用少量的调整信息代替定位图,嵌入容量大幅提高;最后改进差值直方图平移技术控制嵌入容量和图像失真。提取端根据临界像素值的顺序定位调整的像素位置,用调整信息恢复调整的像素值,在提取信息的同时可无损地恢复原始图像。实验结果表明,所提出的算法在大幅提高嵌入容量的同时,仍能保持较高的图像质量。     

基于LASSO的可逆图像水印算法

对于采用差值扩展-直方图平移的可逆水印算法,提高预测的准确度有利于减小预测误差,从而在同等嵌入失真时获得更大的嵌入容量。为了进一步提高图像像素预测的准确度,构造了一种基于LASSO （Least Absolute Shrinkage And Selection Operator）的局部预测算法。具体而言,根据图像存在边缘、纹理方向的特点,将图像像素预测问题表征为基于LASSO的优化问题;然后通过优化求解得到预测系数,进而得到预测误差;随后利用预测误差,结合差值扩展-直方图平移嵌入技术设计可逆图像水印算法。实验仿真结果表明,与当前预测性能较好的、基于最小二乘局部预测的可逆图像水印算法相比,所提算法在嵌入相同的数据时拥有更高的峰值信噪比（PSNR）。     

基于差值直方图的简单高效可逆信息隐藏方法

提出一种基于图像相邻像素差值直方图的可逆信息隐藏方法,运用该方法同时提高了信息嵌入容量和嵌入信息后的图像质量。首先对原始图像进行分块、扫描并求取差值直方图,然后在分块图像的差值直方图中选取最高的两个峰值点并向两个方向移位来产生空缺用于信息嵌入。算法充分利用了自然图像的相邻相似特性,同时提高了基于直方图的信息隐藏方案的峰值点数目和峰值点高度,从而大大提高信息嵌入容量。此外,算法在信息嵌入前对待嵌入信息的预处理使得在嵌入同样容量的信息时,对载体图像的影响更小,具有更好的嵌入后图像质量。     

基于全方向预测与误差扩展的可逆数据隐藏

提出一种具有高容量低失真特点的可逆图像数据隐藏算法.通过扩展像素的预测误差值将数据嵌入图像宿主中,可在提取嵌入的数据后准确还原原始图像.与大部分基于预测误差扩展的算法不同的是,提出一种具有全方向上下文的预测器以提高预测精度.提出一种基于差值扩展的嵌入算法将数据嵌入预测误差中,并提出一种仅需少量附加数据的边界表策略以避免像素溢出问题.实验数据表明,提出的全方向预测器能有效提高预测精度,并且结合提出的扩展算法与边界表,其嵌入容量与宿主图像质量较已有的可逆数据隐藏算法都有所提高.     

基于完整上下文预测的可逆数据隐藏

提出一种非线性、自适应、基于完整上下文的梯度调整预测算子FCGAP。FCGAP适用于图像可逆数据隐藏算法。在FCGAP中,目标像素的预测值等于4邻域像素值的加权平均,加权系数由与目标像素最近距离的12近邻确定。采用FCGAP,提出一种高容量低失真的可逆数据隐藏算法。实验结果表明,FCGAP能充分利用上下文信息,提高像素预测精度,基于FCGAP提出的可逆数据隐藏算法相比已有可逆数据隐藏算法具有更好的容量-失真性能。     

基于差值直方图平移的密文域可逆信息隐藏算法

目前的差值直方图平移算法多数存在嵌入容量偏低的缺点,因此,在信息隐藏算法的基础上,提出一种大容量的密文域可逆信息隐藏算法。利用单同态加密在加密域内直接对图像进行操作,将图像分成大小相同的块,每块图像的像素根据位置关系进行分组,通过对互不重叠的4个相邻像素作差建立分块差值直方图,再选取两侧边缘值作为嵌入位置以提高嵌入容量。实验结果表明,该算法在提高信息嵌入率的同时可保证直接解密后的图像具有较高的PSNR值,并且能够完全恢复载体图像。     

结合层次结构和直方图平移的无损数据隐藏

针对现有基于差值直方图方法利用原始图像结构关系上的不足,提出了一种基于层次结构和差值直方图平移的无损数据隐藏方法RDH-HSDHS。RDH-HSDHS利用原始图像数据块中像素的差值形成直方图,充分利用图像中相邻像素间的相关性嵌入数据,为了进一步利用数据块中的参考像素进行数据嵌入,将参考像素组成新的图像进行下一层水印嵌入,直到当前层的嵌入容量小于解码所需的附加信息的长度或隐秘图像质量小于给定阈值。实验仿真结果表明,RDH-HSDHS能较好利用原始图像的全局和局部特性,在嵌入容量和隐秘图像质量之间达到较好的折中,在隐秘图像质量超过30 dB的同时,嵌入容量大于0.75 bit/pixel。另外,与相似方法的性能比较证明了提出方法的优势。该方法能有效应用于高质量需求的图像载体中进行信息隐藏。     

基于预测误差和直方图对的无损数据隐藏方法

针对目前存在的大部分图像数据隐藏方法的嵌入量不大和视觉效果一般的问题,提出一种基于预测误差和直方图对的无损数据隐藏方法。在多灰度图像中,用某一像素点周围的八个像素点来预测中心像素点的灰度值,同时得到预测误差。再利用直方图对的方法,把数据嵌入到预测误差中。在嵌入过程中,以嵌入阈值和起伏阈值作为指导进行嵌入,通过调整这两个阈值,得到最佳的嵌入效果。实验表明,该方法在视觉效果和嵌入容量方面都取得很好的效果。     

Reversible data hiding for high quality images exploiting interpolation and direction order mechanism

Reversible data hiding can restore the original image from the stego image without any distortion after the embedded secret message is exactly extracted. In this paper, a novel, reversible, data hiding scheme for high quality images is proposed in spatial domain. To increase embedding capacity and enhance image quality, the proposed scheme classifies all pixels as wall pixels and non-wall pixels. For wall pixel, the interpolation error is used to embed secret data over the interpolation prediction method. In contrast, the difference value between the non-wall pixel and its parent pixel, which is defined by the direction order, is computed to hide secret data based on the histogram shifting. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme provides a larger payload and a better image quality than some existing schemes. Moreover, the performance of the proposed scheme is more stable for different images.     

Reversible data hiding for high quality images using modification of prediction errors

In this paper, a reversible data hiding scheme based on modification of prediction errors (MPE) is proposed. For the existing histogram-shifting based reversible data hiding techniques, though the distortion caused by embedding is low, the embedding capacity is limited by the frequency of the most frequent pixel. To remedy this problem, the proposed method modifies the histogram of prediction errors to prepare vacant positions for data embedding. The PSNR of the stego image produced by MPE is guaranteed to be above 48 dB, while the embedding capacity is, on average, almost five times higher than that of the well-known Ni et al. techniques with the same PSNR. Besides, MPE not only has the capability to control the capacity-PSNR, where fewer data bits need less error modification, but also can be applied to images with flat histogram. Experimental results indicate that MPE, which innovatively exploits the modification of prediction errors, outperforms the prior works not only in terms of larger payload, but also in terms of stego image quality.     

A high capacity reversible data hiding scheme with edge prediction and difference expansion

To enhance the embedding capacity of a reversible data hiding system, in this paper, a novel multiple-base lossless scheme based on JPEG-LS pixel value prediction and reversible difference expansion will be presented. The proposed scheme employs a pixel value prediction mechanism to decrease the distortion caused by the hiding of the secret data. In general, the prediction error value tends to be much smaller in smooth areas than in edge areas, and more secret data embedded in smooth areas still meets better stego-image quality. The multiple-base notational system, on the other hand, is applied to increase the payload of the image. With the system, the payload of each pixel, determined by the complexity of its neighboring pixels, can be very different. In addition, the cover image processed by the proposed scheme can be fully recovered without any distortion. Experimental results, as shown in this paper, have demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of hiding more secret data while keeping the stego-image quality degradation imperceptible.     

A local variance-controlled reversible data hiding method using prediction and histogram-shifting

The stego image quality produced by the histogram-shifting based reversible data hiding technique is high; however, it often suffers from lower embedding capacity compared to other types of reversible data hiding techniques. In 2009, Tsai et al. solved this problem by exploiting the similarity of neighboring pixels to construct a histogram of prediction errors; data embedding is done by shifting the error histogram. However, Tsai et al.’s method does not fully exploit the correlation of the neighboring pixels. In this paper, a set of basic pixels is employed to improve the prediction accuracy, thereby increasing the payload. To further improve the image quality, a threshold is used to select only low-variance blocks to join the embedding process. According to the experimental results, the proposed method provides a better or comparable stego image quality than Tsai et al.’s method and other existing reversible data hiding methods under the same payload.     

图像空域可逆信息隐藏研究进展

可逆信息隐藏是信息隐藏技术的重要分支,它不仅能从含密载体中提取秘密信息,还能无损地还原原始载体。以图像空域为载体的可逆信息隐藏研究根据图像是否被加密可分为明文域和密文域。早期,该领域研究基本在明文域开展,在保证可逆嵌入的前提下,着重提高嵌入容量与减少嵌入失真。随着人们日益重视隐私保护和数据安全,密文域的信号处理引起广泛关注。密文域可逆信息隐藏结合加密技术和可逆信息隐藏技术,从而达到载体内容保护和秘密信息传递的双重目的。本文梳理现有的相关文献,分别对明文域和密文域的研究进行归纳与分析,按照时间先后顺序帮助理清各类方法的发展脉络及其关联。首先,概括明文域的经典方法,包括差值扩展、直方图平移、预测误差扩展和多直方图修改4种方法及其改进版本。其次,阐述密文域中基于加密后腾出空间、加密前预留空间和通过加密腾出空间3类方法的研究进展。再次,总结指出明文域的研究趋向于减少嵌入失真,而密文域的研究趋向于提高嵌入容量,其在鲁棒性及安全性方面的进展则相对缓慢。最后,结合当前研究面临的实际问题,如载体多元化、有损信道传输和安全性等,进一步展望未来的研究趋势。总之,可逆信息隐藏研究的有效性与实用性仍有待提高,面向不同应用需求时,亟需学者提出新的理论支撑与评价体系。     

Reversible data hiding based on PDE predictor

In this paper, we propose a prediction-error expansion based reversible data hiding by using a new predictor based on partial differential equation (PDE). For a given pixel, PDE predictor uses the mean of its four nearest neighboring pixels as initial prediction, and then iteratively updates the prediction until the value goes stable. Specifically, for each pixel, by calculating the gradients of four directions, the direction with small magnitude of gradient will be weighted larger in the iteration process, and finally a more accurate prediction can be obtained. Since PDE predictor can better exploit image redundancy, the proposed method introduces less distortion for embedding the same payload. Experimental results show that our method outperforms some state-of-the-art methods.     

基于非对称直方图平移的可逆信息隐藏算法

利用两个非对称直方图分别向相反方向平移嵌入信息,会产生像素值的补偿还原效应,提出了一种更好的像素值预测方法,生成两个更偏向0值右侧和左侧的非对称预测误差直方图,这样的两个直方图在进行第二层信息嵌入时,会出现更多的像素点恢复到原始图像像素值,减少图像扭曲失真,提高载密图像质量。与传统算法相比,减少了参与直方图修改的像素量,进一步保护了载密图像质量。     

Inter-view local texture analysis based stereo image reversible data hiding

To enhance security of three-dimensional images, an inter-view local texture analysis (ILTA) based stereo image reversible data hiding method is presented. Due to low accuracy of existing predictors, two novel predictors are proposed to improve the prediction precision. In the first predictor, a texture analysis model is built by using ILTA, in which the texture similarity between a pair of matched pixels in the stereo image is used to classify pixels into horizontal texture, vertical texture, smooth and complex types. Thus, the accurate prediction is adaptively computed by considering the pixel type. Moreover, an intra-view based predictor as the second predictor is also described to predict pixels by optimal weights finding (OWF). Since ILTA and OWF predictors are combined to predict pixels in the stereo image, sharp prediction error histograms of two views are both constructed, and then multi-level histogram shifting is used to embed secret data reversibly for obtaining low image distortion and high embedding capacity. Experimental results demonstrates that ILTA and OWF predictors can obtain precise predicted values, and the proposed data hiding method outperforms some state-of-the-art data hiding methods in terms of embedding capacity and quality of stego stereo image.