一种无日志的快速DDoS攻击路径追踪算法

分布式拒绝服务攻击是目前Internet面临的主要威胁之一.攻击路径追踪技术能够在源地址欺骗的情况下追踪攻击来源,在DDoS攻击的防御中起到非常关键的作用.在各种追踪技术中随机包标记法具有较明显的优势,然而由于较低的标记信息利用率,追踪速度仍然不够快.为了提高追踪速度提出一种无日志的快速攻击路径追踪算法.该算法利用少量路由器存储空间和带内信息传输方式提高标记信息利用率,不仅大大提高了追踪速度,而且避免占用额外的网络带宽.     

新的基于Huffman编码的追踪方案*

面对DDoS攻击,研究人员提出了各种IP追踪技术寻找攻击包的真实源IP地址,但是目前的追踪方案存在着标记过程中的空间问题、追踪源是否准确及追踪所需包的数量等问题.提出一种新的基于Huffman编码的追踪方案,可以节省大量的存储空间,提高空间效率,而且当遭遇DoS(拒绝服务攻击)和DDoS的攻击时能迅速作出反应,仅仅收到一个攻击包即可重构出攻击路径,找到准确的攻击源, 将攻击带来的危害和损失减小到最低程度.     

基于流量优化的包标记IP追踪策略研究

传统的攻击源追踪方案在面对大规模DDoS攻击时,重构路径的收敛速度往往过慢.文中提出一种根据DDoS流量分布优化的随机包标记策略OMS(Optimized Marking Scheme),该策略通过在IP报头中插入控制信息,使标记包采样概率在攻击路径上随终点的距离递增,从而更远处的标记包能够以更高的概率到达终点.仿真试验的结果表明,OMS收敛速度较以往的方案有了明显的提高.     

A More Practical Approach for Single-Packet IP Traceback using Packet Logging and Marking

Tracing IP packets to their origins is an important step in defending Internet against denial-of-service attacks. Two kinds of IP traceback techniques have been proposed as packet marking and packet logging. In packet marking, routers probabilistically write their identification information into forwarded packets. This approach incurs little overhead but requires large flow of packets to collect the complete path information. In packet logging, routers record digests of the forwarded packets. This approach makes it possible to trace a single packet and is considered more powerful. At routers forwarding large volume of traffic, the high storage overhead and access time requirement for recording packet digests introduce practicality problems. In this paper, we present a novel scheme to improve the practicality of log-based IP traceback by reducing its overhead on routers. Our approach makes an intelligent use of packet marking to improve scalability of log-based IP traceback. We use mathematical analysis and simulations to evaluate our approach. Our evaluation results show that, compared to the state-of-the-art log-based approach called hash-based IP traceback, our approach maintains the ability to trace single IP packet while reducing the storage overhead by half and the access time overhead by a factor of the number of neighboring routers.     

基于信任关系的路由器接口标记IP追踪方案

防御拒绝服务（DDS）攻击是目前最难解决的网络安全问题之一。概率包标记（PPM）是一种比较有效且实用的解决方法。提出一种新的基于信任关系的路由器接口标记IP追踪方案（TRIM）,为不同的路由器设置不同的信任因子,划分信任域。根据信任因子确定标记概率,路由器使用接口ID对数据包进行概率标记,有效地减少重构路径时的收敛时间以及计算开销,提高路径重构的效率。在边界路由器不诚实的情况下,能够快速准确的追踪到信任域的边界。     

IP追踪技术

拒绝服务攻击(DOS)严重威胁网络安全.IP追踪技术能够追踪攻击数据包的源头,识别和阻止DoS攻击,是保护网络安全的一项重要技术.通过对IP追踪技术进行总结,回顾IP追踪的起源,按照主动和被动性对其进行分类,分析各个IP追踪方法的基本原理和优缺点,指出了IP追踪技术存在的问题,展望了IP追踪的发展.     

非强制性包标记算法

防御分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击是目前最难处理的网络安全问题之一。在众多解决方法中,包标记方法受到了广泛的重视。在这类标记方案中,路径中的路由器根据一定策略标记过往的数据包,从而受害者可以在短时间内对攻击路径进行重构,实现对攻击者的IP回溯。论文提出了一种新的包标记方法,非强制性包标记算法。可以有效地降低重构时间和误报率,减少了网络和路由器标记数据包的负担。     

Novel hybrid schemes employing packet marking and logging for IP traceback

Tracing DoS attacks that employ source address spoofing is an important and challenging problem. Traditional traceback schemes provide spoofed packets traceback capability either by augmenting the packets with partial path information (i.e., packet marking) or by storing packet digests or signatures at intermediate routers (i.e., packet logging). Such approaches require either a large number of attack packets to be collected by the victim to infer the paths (packet marking) or a significant amount of resources to be reserved at intermediate routers (packet logging). We adopt a hybrid traceback approach in which packet marking and packet logging are integrated in a novel manner, so as to achieve the best of both worlds, that is, to achieve a small number of attack packets to conduct the traceback process and a small amount of resources to be allocated at intermediate routers for packet logging purposes. Based on this notion, two novel traceback schemes are presented. The first scheme, called distributed link-list traceback (DLLT), is based on the idea of preserving the marking information at intermediate routers in such a way that it can be collected using a link list-based approach. The second scheme, called probabilistic pipelined packet marking (PPPM), employs the concept of a "pipeline" for propagating marking information from one marking router to another so that it eventually reaches the destination. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes against various performance metrics through a combination of analytical and simulation studies. Our studies show that the proposed schemes offer a drastic reduction in the number of packets required to conduct the traceback process and a reasonable saving in the storage requirement.     

基于IPv6的概率包标记路径溯源方案

针对现有IPv6路由追踪技术匮乏,以及IPv4路由追踪技术不能直接移植到IPv6网络环境中的问题,根据IPv6的自身特点,提出了一种基于概率包标记的IPv6攻击源追踪方案。该方案在原有IPv4概率包标记方法的基础上进行了有效的改进,重新规划标记区域,分别在IPv6的基本报头和扩展报头上划分合适的标识域和信息域,既解决标记空间不足的问题,又能规范标记信息的存放秩序;采用动态标记概率,区分对待未标记数据包和已标记数据包,解决标记信息覆盖问题,同时,优化标记算法,实现IPv6网络环境下路径追踪的快速、准确。理论分析与实验结果表明,该方案能有效追踪攻击源,且效果优于原IPv4追踪技术。     

CoMM:基于协作标记与缓解的实时IP反向追踪模型

实时性对于在DoS或DDoS网络攻击中发送假源地址包的主机进行IP反向追踪非常重要．提出一个IP实时反向追踪的模型CoMM（Cooperative Marking and Mitigation），在受害者主动参与和自治网络协调员的帮助下推测攻击路径，局部推测的攻击路径可以帮助受害者推测的攻击路径进行验证，上游路由器采取限速方式减小攻击程度的同时保证合法用户流量的传输和受害者正常推测攻击路径的流量需要，并有效的降低路由器参加追踪的开销．     

Honeypot back-propagation for mitigating spoofing distributed Denial-of-Service attacks

The Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is a challenging problem in the current Internet. Many schemes have been proposed to trace spoofed (forged) attack packets back to their sources. Among them, hop-by-hop schemes are less vulnerable to router compromise than packet marking schemes, but they require accurate attack signatures, high storage or bandwidth overhead, and cooperation of many ISPs.In this paper, we propose honeypot back-propagation, an efficient hop-by-hop traceback mechanism, in which accurate attack signatures are obtained by a novel leverage of the roaming honeypots scheme. The reception of attack packets by a roaming honeypot (a decoy machine camouflaged within a server pool) triggers the activation of a tree of honeypot sessions rooted at the honeypot under attack toward attack sources. The tree is formed hierarchically, first at Autonomous system (AS) level and then at router level. Honeypot back-propagation supports incremental deployment by providing incentives for ISPs even with partial deployment.Against low-rate attackers, most traceback schemes would take a long time to collect the needed number of packets. To address this problem, we also propose progressive back-propagation to handle low-rate attacks, such as on-off attacks with short bursts. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes under a variety of DDoS attack scenarios.     

基于可变概率包标记的对等网DDoS攻击防御

DDoS攻击是对等网络所面临的主要安全威胁,针对已有的概率包标记算法计算量繁重、无法识别虚假标记数据包欺骗等方面的缺陷,提出一种可变概率包标记算法。通过采用可变概率标记方法及在路由器中记录IP地址发送状态,使方案具有能够追踪大规模拒绝服务攻击、识别和排除攻击者虚假标记信息、大大降低受害者重构路径时需接收包数量的优点,从而达到有效防御DDoS的目的。和同类方法相比,该方案具有较强的实用性。     

一种基于源的DDoS攻击防御系统的设计

当前拒绝服务攻击工具随处可得,且易操作,使得分布式拒绝服务攻击发生的频率越来越高,此类攻击已被公认为互联网上最难解决的问题之一.本文主要基于R.Mahajan等提出的防范模型,将随机边标记和过滤机制相结合,设计了基于随机边标记的DDoS攻击防范系统.此系统可以充分利用IP回溯和过滤机制的优点,并相互弥补其不足.相对R.Mahajan等的方法来说,能更好地保护合法用户的请求及攻击源与受害者之间的网络带宽资源.     

基于追踪部署的着色包标记算法的研究 *

基于追踪部署的相关理论和着色包标记算法 ,针对当前危害很大的分布式拒绝服务攻击 ,提出一种基于追踪部署的 IP回溯算法。该算法是以贪心算法为基础 ,利用 K-剪枝算法在网络拓扑图中找出一些关键的路由器 ,利用这些路由器也就是只让 tracers对过往的数据包按照着色包标记算法进行标记 ,这样不但减少了重构路径所需的数据包数 ,降低了路径误报率 ,提高了追踪到攻击者的速度 ,而且大大减轻了路由器标记的负担 ,从而能够迅速准确地找到攻击源。     

基于追踪部署的着色包标记算法的研究 *

基于追踪部署的相关理论和着色包标记算法,针对当前危害很大的分布式拒绝服务攻击,提出一种基于追踪部署的IP回溯算法。该算法是以贪心算法为基础,利用K-剪枝算法在网络拓扑图中找出一些关键的路由器,利用这些路由器也就是只让tracers对过往的数据包按照着色包标记算法进行标记,这样不但减少了重构路径所需的数据包数,降低了路径误报率,提高了追踪到攻击者的速度,而且大大减轻了路由器标记的负担,从而能够迅速准确地找到攻击源。     

Tracing network attacks to their sources

An IP traceback architecture in which routers log data about packets and adjacent forwarding nodes lets us trace IP packets to their sources, even when the source IP address is forged     

一种新的IP追踪的分片标记方法

拒绝服务攻击（DoS）是难以解决的网络安全问题。IP追踪技术是确定DoS攻击源的有效方法。针对用于IP追踪的压缩边分片采样算法（CEFS）存在的不足,提出了新分片标记算法（NFMS）,该算法通过扩大标记空间和采用自适应概率的方法,减少了重构路径所需数据包数,并通过给分片加标注,减少了重构路径的计算量和误报率,并且将点分片（路由器分片）、边分片（该路由器分片与同偏移值的下游相邻路由器分片的异或值）分开存放,可验证重构路径时所得攻击路径中节点的正确性。分析和仿真结果表明NFMS算法的性能较优。     

Tabu marking scheme to speedup IP traceback

The IP traceback is an important mechanism in defending against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic packet marking (PPM) scheme, Tabu Marking Scheme (TMS), to speedup IP traceback. The key idea of “tabu mark” is that, a router still marks packets probabilistically, but regards a packet marked by an upstream router as a tabu and does not mark it again. We study the impact of the traffic aggregation on the convergence behavior of PPM schemes. Furthermore we derive a new analytical result on the partial coupon collection problem, which is a powerful tool applicable for computing the mean convergence time of any PPM scheme. Our study shows that the idea of “tabu mark” not only helps a PPM scheme that allows overwriting to reduce the convergence time under a DDoS attack, but also ensures the authentication of the routers’ markings.     

基于自适应包标记的IP回溯

防御分布式拒绝服务攻击是当前网络安全中最难解决的问题之一。在各种解决方法中,自适应概率包标记受到了广泛的重视,因为算法中路径上的每个路由器根据一定策略自适应的概率标记过往的数据包,从而受害者可以用最短的重构时间,对攻击者进行IP回溯,找出攻击路径并发现攻击源。文中提出了一种自适应的标记策略。通过实验验证相比于常用策略,该策略重构路径所需的数据包明显减少,有效地减少了重构计算量和伪证性。     

基于IPv4选项包标记的路径重构策略

针对IP包头中带标记的ID字段在进行重组时存在的ID值不一致和ID字段容易被篡改等局限性,提出一种基于IPv4选项包标记的路径重构策略,用于对攻击路径的重构。同传统的基于ID字段进行标记的策略相比,采用该策略时不仅路由器节点的误报数较小,而且重构路径的复杂度有所降低,在路由器进行包处理的时间上具有明显的优势。