基于贪心算法和模拟退火算法的软硬件划分

软硬件划分是嵌入式系统设计过程中一个关键环节,已经被证明是一个NP问题。针对目前算法在进行大任务集下的软硬件划分时计算复杂度高、不能快速收敛,且找到的全局最优解的质量不佳等问题,提出一种基于贪心算法和模拟退火算法相融合的软硬件划分方法。首先将软硬件划分问题规约为变异的0-1背包问题,在求解背包问题的算法基础上用贪心算法构造出初始划分解;然后,对代价函数的解空间进行合理的区域划分,并基于划分的区间设计新的代价函数,采用改进的模拟退火算法对初始划分进行全局寻优。实验结果表明,与目前已有的类似改进算法相比,新算法在任务划分质量和算法运行时间两个方面的提升率最大可达到8%和17%左右,具有高效性和实用性。     

多核片上系统的高效软硬件划分及调度算法

软硬件划分与调度是软硬件协同设计的关键环节,是经典的组合优化问题。本文针对调度与软硬件划分问题提出一种高效的启发式算法。调度算法根据任务的出度及软件计算时间对任务赋予不同的优先级,出度越大,优先级越高,出度相同的情况下,软件计算时间越大,优先级越高。划分算法首先寻找关键路径,然后将关键路径上具有最高受益面积比的任务交由硬件去实现。每次迭代更新当前关键路径的调度长度及剩余硬件面积。继续循环,直到剩余的硬件面积不再满足关键路径上的任何一个软件任务所需的硬件面积的要求为止,这样使得硬件面积的使用率比较高。实验表明,该算法对已有算法的改进可达到38%。     

多选择软硬件划分问题的启发式算法比较

软硬件协同设计作为嵌入式系统开发的重要技术,随着嵌入式系统的广泛应用变得越来越重要。软硬件划分是软硬件协同设计的关键环节,是经典的组合优化问题,已被证明是NP完全问题。对于一个给定的任务而言,由于在硬件实现中存在并行执行的潜力,具有不同面积的硬件可以提供不同的执行速度。这样,一个任务根据可利用的硬件面积可以有多种硬件实现方式。现有的软硬件划分方法通常仅仅考虑单一的硬件实现方式,却忽略了多种选择的硬件实现方式。对于多选择的软硬件划分问题,分别使用模拟退火算法和遗传算法,提出了可行性的解决方案。并与禁忌搜索算法进行比较,寻找多选择软硬件划分问题的相对较好的启发式算法。实验结果表明,在求得的解的质量方面,禁忌搜索算法相比于其他两种算法而言是最好的;在获得较好解的速度方面,模拟退火算法和遗传算法要比禁忌搜索算法快得多。     

FCMAC网络的软硬件协同设计与实现

提出了FCMAC网络的一种基于NiosII的软硬件协同设计方法,解决了FCMAC软件实现速度慢、硬件实现耗资源的不足。通过Matlab仿真得出FCMAC网络的各参数。分析影响软件实现FCMAC速度的关键算法,对FCMAC算法进行软硬件划分。在NiosII IDE开发环境下,基于C实现软件模块,以用户自定义指令形式实现硬件模块和软硬件的衔接,即完成软硬件的协同设计。试验结果表明,FCMAC的软硬件协同实现在软件实现速度慢、硬件实现耗资源之间实现了折中,可通过不同的软硬件划分,实现速度与资源的互换。     

遗传算法在0-1一维背包问题上的应用研究

遗传算法是改进式启发算法,模拟自然界生物进化过程的计算模型.本文将多种改进的遗传算法应用于背包问题,并通过算例来证明该算法解决背包问题的可行性与有效性,以及评价各算法得优缺点.     

可重构系统中软硬任务划分方法研究

软硬件任务划分是可重构系统开发过程中的重要设计步骤,其划分结果直接影响到可重构系统的性能。目前的软硬件任务划分技术大多只考虑了对应用程序或算法的划分结果,忽略了FPGA在配置和通信时的开销,从而导致实际应用效果不理想。介绍了一种基于性能评估的软硬件任务划分方法,即通过对FPGA计算开销、配置开销、通信开销的预评估测试,结合改进的模拟退火算法得出可重构系统中的软硬任务划分结果。实验结果表明,该划分方法具有较好的划分效果和算法收敛速度。     

多选择软硬件划分问题的计算模型与动态规划算法

软硬件划分是软硬件协同设计的关键环节,划分的结果直接影响目标系统的设计质量。因此,对于一个给定的应用程序,为了使得目标系统快速执行且成本低廉,合理的划分策略十分重要。由于单个任务具有多种不同的硬件实现方式,与传统的单一硬件实现方式的软硬件划分问题相比,多选择的软硬件划分更能客观地反映现实应用。这导致问题的求解更具挑战性,它们已被证明是NP完全问题。基于多核处理器片上系统并针对任务图为二叉树的应用,建立了多选择软硬件划分问题的计算模型,并提出了解决该问题的动态规划算法。实验结果表明,当问题规模适中时,所提动态规划算法能够有效地获得精确解,并展示了算法的计算能力与硬件面积限制之间的关系。     

改进的二维增强贪婪软硬件划分算法

针对嵌入式系统中的单处理器和单ASIC体系结构,将软硬件划分问题抽象为MKP模型,通过扩展其边界的维数,引入二维的贪婪算法来解决软硬件划分问题。算法旨在满足硬件面积约束、功耗约束和存储空间需求约束的前提下使系统的运行时间最优,算法的时间复杂度降低到O（log n·log n）。算法基于代表功能块粒度的控制数据流图（CFG）,摒弃了传统的面向软件或硬件的方法,给出了一种新的选择初始状态的方法,该方法将关键节点映射到软件,其余的用硬件实现,因缩小了算法的搜索空间,从而进一步提高了算法的运行速度。最后进行对比实验,实验结果证明该算法在运行时间和稳定性方面均优于遗传算法和模拟算法。     

基于路径的软硬件划分算法

软硬件划分是嵌入式系统中的一个关键问题。本文给出了一种贪心算法来搜索问题的最优解。本算法未考虑相邻任务之间的通讯开销。实验结果表明，任务数目的多少对加速比影响不大，影响加速比的关键因素就是硬件的有效面积。     

一种基于动态二进制翻译的硬件支持Profile技术

传统的基于动态二进制翻译器的profiling策略分为3种:基于基本块、基于跳转边、基于路径跟踪。使用纯软件的profiling系统一般地说会带来平均30%的性能开销。如果在动态优化中得到硬件的支持,系统的整体性能将得到显著的提高。其中,软硬件协同设计中的难点,就是软硬件之间的通信开销和软硬件划分。该文针对动态二进制翻译中的优化阶段,使用一种硬件支持的运行是profile收集新方法来取代纯软件的profiling方法,把软硬件之间的通信开销降到最低,并以此来提高动态二进制翻译的整体性能。此方法可以在运行时准确地,并且以很小的开销收集Profile信息,从而更好的优化系统。     

Efficient heuristic and tabu search for hardware/software partitioning

Hardware/software (HW/SW) partitioning is a crucial step in HW/SW codesign that determines which components of the system are implemented on hardware and which ones on software. It has been proved that the HW/SW partitioning problem is NP-hard. In this paper, we present two approaches for HW/SW partitioning that aims to minimize the hardware cost while taking into account software and communication constraints. The first is a heuristic approach that treats the HW/SW partitioning problem as an extended 0–1 knapsack problem. In the second approach, tabu search is used to further improve the solution obtained from the proposed heuristic algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms outperform a recently reported work by up to 28 %.     

Algorithmic aspects for multiple-choice hardware/software partitioning

Hardware–software partitioning (HW/SW) divides an application into software and hardware. It is one of the crucial steps in embedded system design. For a given task, hardware with different areas may provide different execution speeds due to the potential of parallel execution in hardware implementation. Thus, one task may have multiple-choice in hardware implementation according to the available hardware areas. Existing HW/SW partitioning approaches typically consider only a single implementation manner in hardware, overlooking the multiple-choice of hardware implementations. This paper presents a computing model to cater for the HW/SW partitioning problems with the multiple-choice implementation in hardware. An efficient heuristic algorithm is proposed to rapidly generate approximate solution, that is further refined by a tabu search algorithm also customized in this paper. Moreover, a dynamic programming algorithm is proposed for the exact solution of the relatively small problems. Extensive simulation results show that the approximate solutions are very close to the exact ones, and they can be refined by tabu search to the solutions with the error no more than 1.5% for all cases considered in this paper.     

A Novel Hardware/Software Partitioning Method Based on Position Disturbed Particle Swarm Optimization with Invasive Weed Optimization

With the development of the design complexity in embedded systems, hardware/software (HW/SW) partitioning becomes a challenging optimization problem in HW/SW co-design. A novel HW/SW partitioning method based on position disturbed particle swarm optimization with invasive weed optimization (PDPSO-IWO) is presented in this paper. It is found by biologists that the ground squirrels produce alarm calls which warn their peers to move away when there is potential predatory threat. Here, we present PDPSO algorithm, in each iteration of which the squirrel behavior of escaping from the global worst particle can be simulated to increase population diversity and avoid local optimum. We also present new initialization and reproduction strategies to improve IWO algorithm for searching a better position, with which the global best position can be updated. Then the search accuracy and the solution quality can be enhanced. PDPSO and improved IWO are synthesized into one single PDPSO-IWO algorithm, which can keep both searching diversification and searching intensification. Furthermore, a hybrid NodeRank (HNodeRank) algorithm is proposed to initialize the population of PDPSO-IWO, and the solution quality can be enhanced further. Since the HW/SW communication cost computing is the most time-consuming process for HW/SW partitioning algorithm, we adopt the GPU parallel technique to accelerate the computing. In this way, the runtime of PDPSO-IWO for large-scale HW/SW partitioning problem can be reduced efficiently. Finally, multiple experiments on benchmarks from state-of-the-art publications and large-scale HW/SW partitioning demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher performance than other algorithms.     

New Model and Algorithm for Hardware/Software Partitioning

This paper focuses on the algorithmic aspects for the hardware/software （HW/SW） partitioning which searches a reasonable composition of hardware and software components which not only satisfies the constraint of hardware area but also optimizes the execution time. The computational model is extended so that all possible types of communications can be taken into account for the HW/SW partitioning. Also, a new dynamic programming algorithm is proposed on the basis of the computational model, in which source data, rather than speedup in previous work, of basic scheduling blocks are directly utilized to calculate the optimal solution. The proposed algorithm runs in O（n·A） for n code fragments and the available hardware area A. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm solves the HW/SW partitioning without increase in running time, compared with the algorithm cited in the literature.     

An efficient GPU-based parallel tabu search algorithm for hardware/software co-design

Hardware/software partitioning is an essential step in hardware/software co-design. For large size problems, it is difficult to consider both solution quality and time. This paper presents an efficient GPU-based parallel tabu search algorithm (GPTS) for HW/SW partitioning. A single GPU kernel of compacting neighborhood is proposed to reduce the amount of GPU global memory accesses theoretically. A kernel fusion strategy is further proposed to reduce the amount of GPU global memory accesses of GPTS. To further minimize the transfer overhead of GPTS between CPU and GPU, an optimized transfer strategy for GPU-based tabu evaluation is proposed, which considers that all the candidates do not satisfy the given constraint. Experiments show that GPTS outperforms state-of-the-art work of tabu search and is competitive with other methods for HW/SW partitioning. The proposed parallelization is significant when considering the ordinary GPU platform.     

Algorithmic aspects of area-efficient hardware/software partitioning

Area efficiency is one of the major considerations in constraint aware hardware/software partitioning process. This paper focuses on the algorithmic aspects for hardware/software partitioning with the objective of minimizing area utilization under the constraints of execution time and power consumption. An efficient heuristic algorithm running in O(n log n) is proposed by extending the method devised for solving the 0-1 knapsack problem. Also, an exact algorithm based on dynamic programming is proposed to produce the optimal solution for small-sized problems. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic algorithm yields very good approximate solutions while dramatically reducing the execution time.     

搜索空间平滑技术在软硬件划分中的应用

软硬件划分问题是软硬件协同设计的重要问题之一,它涉及到系统建模,划分算法和划分方案评价等问题,其中划分算法设计是关键点。以提高系统时间性能为目标,利用任务流图构造系统模型,在其上实现了基于优先权的评价函数,提出了搜索空间平滑技术与离散粒子群算法相结合的软硬件划分算法,并且解决了两者的融合问题,并能根据系统信息动态适应调整算法参数。实验结果表明,算法时间开销稳定,求解质量较高。