铁基燃油添加剂对柴油机微粒排放的影响

在低硫(w(S)=30×10-6)柴油中直接添加微量的铁基添加剂,通过发动机台架试验研究了铁基添加剂对柴油机性能、气体排放、微粒数量浓度及其粒度分布的影响。研究结果表明:采用铁基添加剂时,发动机动力性稍有提高,燃油消耗率略有下降,CO、HC和NOx排放有降低趋势。铁基添加剂能够显著提高总微粒数量浓度,尤其是核态微粒排放,试验工况下加剂柴油的核态微粒数比例均高于纯柴油,基本上都大于90%。此外,除了高速工况,燃油添加剂的使用降低了积聚态微粒排放。     

瞬态工况下喷油参数对柴油机排放及燃烧特性的影响

为了探究瞬态工况下燃烧优化的新方法,在一台高压共轨柴油机上研究了瞬态工况下喷油参数对排放及燃烧特性的影响,试验工况点选择在柴油机转速为1650r/min,在5s内使柴油机转矩从该转速最大转矩的10%达到90%。结果表明:瞬态工况下柴油机的燃烧和排放特性明显有别于稳态工况,具体表现为:瞬态工况下烟度激增,NOx排放低于稳态工况,CA50后移;瞬态工况下随着喷油正时的提前,烟度排放增加,NOx排放量增加,CA10、CA50和CA90均提前;随着喷油压力的加大,烟度排放降低,NOx排放量增加,CA10、CA50提前。此外,还探讨了通过调整喷油参数减小瞬态工况下柴油机性能畸变的可行性,结果表明:通过调整喷油压力可以有效地减少柴油机瞬态与稳态性能上的差异。     

燃料十六烷值对小型柴油机排放特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统,试验研究了燃料着火性对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下排放特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:在稳态工况下,随着燃料十六烷值的增大,滞燃期缩短,HC、NOx排放降低,消光烟度增加;在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况,随着十六烷值的增大,烟度排放恶化,NOx排放降低。综合考虑消光烟度和NOx排放,存在一个最佳十六烷值。对于排气烟度,燃料十六烷值存在2个界限,当十六烷值小于50或大于60时,对消光烟度影响明显加剧。     

S195柴油机掺氢后烟度生成规律的探讨

S195柴油机掺氢燃烧在所有工况下,烟度都有新降低。从烟度、功率两方面都较优考虑:热量比在4％～10％范围内较合适;θ=11℃A处烟度下降率出现一个谷值;压缩比ε=18.6和转速n=1800r/min时烟度较低(原机标定值:ε=20,n=2000r/min)。     

燃料着火性对增压中冷柴油机瞬态工况排放的影响

应用自行开发的瞬态工况控制系统及排气采集装置,试验研究了不同着火性的燃料对车用增压中冷柴油机瞬态工况下排放特性的影响。研究结果表明,适当提高燃料十六烷值可有效降低HC和NOx排放。在稳态工况下,十六烷值由40增加到66时,在1800 r/min低负荷工况下HC排放降低62%;对于CO排放及消光烟度,十六烷值存在一个最佳值。瞬态工况排放与稳态工况存在明显差异,在恒转速增负荷工况下,随着负荷的增加,HC和CO排放及烟度迅速上升,然后降低趋于一稳定值,且随着瞬变率的增大,CO排放和消光烟度峰值上升;增加燃料十六烷值,可明显降低中等转速增负荷工况下的CO和HC排放及消光烟度;在高速增负荷工况下,十六烷值为66和55,燃料的排气烟度基本相近。     

提高涡流室柴油机高速性和经济性的研究

涡流室柴油机是我国台数最多、使用面最广、制造厂家最多的一种中小型柴油机。就全世界来说,高速车用,缸径在100以下的柴油机,涡流室式也占着相当大的比例。主要是由于涡流室机柴油对燃油品质和对燃油系雾化质量要求较低;易于制造和修理;对空气的利用率较高;高速性能易于实现;循环过程对转速和负荷不敏感等。然而涡流室柴油机存在着较大的散热和节流损失,起动性较差,高速性和经济性有一定的矛盾;对燃油和燃油系的要求仍比予燃室高;经济性比直喷室低。当转速高于2400转/分后供油系和燃烧系出现一系列问题。例如常州汽车发动机厂生产的495Q涡流室柴油机的涡流室和主燃室结构见图1。D×S=     

柴油掺水乳化对柴油机经济性和排放的影响

在一台S1100A2型单缸柴油机上，通过在柴油中分别掺水8％和15％，在中间转速（n=1400r／min）和高转速（n=1800r／min）工况下进行了试验，研究了柴油掺水对柴油机经济性和排放特性的影响．试验结果表明：燃用乳化油后，燃油消耗率降低，热效率升高，具有比较明显的节油效果；柴油机主要排放物NOx和烟度均显著下降，只是CO和HC的排放量有所升高．     

相继增压改善柴油机经济性与排放的试验研究

为了降低柴油机的有害排放,对TBD234V12船用柴油机进行了大小增压器的相继增压系统设计和改造,并对原机增压与采用大小增压器相继增压后的柴油机进行对比试验研究,着重对该柴油机作为船舶主机推进特性工况下的排放进行测试.试验结果表明,在1TC-S和1TC-L二区相继增压比原机常规增压在相同工况下NOx和SOOT的浓度都有明显的降低,NOx最大降低64%,SOOT最大降低达76%,而且燃油消耗率有所下降,表明采用大小增压器相继增压是降低船用柴油机中低负荷排放的一种有效措施.     

喷油提前角对生物柴油燃烧和排放的影响

在一台单缸柴油机上研究了喷油提前角调整对燃用生物柴油和柴油混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响.试验结果表明:喷油提前角增大3°CA,燃烧压力、放热率和燃烧温度优于原机和喷油提前角减少3°CA;在任何工况下,喷油提前角增大会引起NO排放增加,反之减少;烟度随着喷油提前角的改变增大;在±3°CA内调整喷油提前角对HC和CO的排放影响不大,±6°CA内调整喷油提前角HC和CO的排放变差;原机喷油提前角减小3°CA是柴油机燃用B30最合适的喷油提前角,在此喷油提前角HC和CO排放变化不多,NO排放降低.     

米勒循环与EGR耦合对增压柴油机性能的影响

以某6缸四冲程两级增压船用柴油机为研究对象,建立两级增压柴油机米勒循环与废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR)耦合仿真模型,研究米勒循环和EGR耦合对两级增压柴油机燃油消耗率和NO_x排放的影响. 结果表明,当米勒度为?40°CA时,燃油消耗率相对原机降低3.5%,NO_x排放相对原机降低25.5%;EGR率为30%时,燃油消耗率相对原机增加5.0%,NO_x排放降低98.7%;当米勒度为?30°CA与EGR率为20%时,燃油消耗率相对原机仅增加0.1%,NO_x排放降低92.7%.     

Simulation of VGT control based on charge oxygen concentration

A turbocharged diesel engine model was built with the GT-Power software,and experimentally verified.Then two different control variables for the control of the variable geometry turbocharger（VGT）were described,and their distinct effects on engine performance,i.e.NOxand soot emissions and fuel consumption,were simulated and compared on the basis of this model.The results showed that NOxemissions decreased obviously with the increase of exhaust gas recirculation（EGR）rate at constant boost pressure condition,but soot emissions and fuel consumption considerably increased.It was a good way to reduce NOxemissions without increasing fuel consumption and soot emissions when VGT was controlled to maintain the excess oxygen ratio unchanged as EGR rate increases.     

车用柴油机三种代用燃料的性能分析

柴油机排放的尾气危害较为严重,为保护环境,最大程度地减少柴油机尾气污染,对柴油机代用燃料的研究已引起了关注.在柴油机众多的代用燃料中,以二甲醚、天然气和氢气为代表,分析了其作为柴油机代用燃料在燃烧特性、排放特性、动力性和经济性等方面的独特优势.结果表明,柴油机掺烧二甲醚在保证动力性的情况下,能同时降低NOx和碳烟排放;柴油机掺烧天然气能大幅减少碳烟排放,同时燃油经济性较好;柴油机掺烧氢气后碳烟排放较低,低负荷下能有效降低NOx排放,高负荷下NOx排放上升.     

Experimental study on the effects of HP and LP EGR on thermal efficiency and emissions of a two-stage turbocharged diesel engine

An experimental study was performed to compare the effects of high- and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation loops (HP and LP EGR loops) on thermal efficiency and emissions of a diesel engine. Tests were conducted on a 12-L six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine under various operating conditions. We found that at a low speed of 1100 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the LP EGR loop could achieve higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions than the HP EGR. This is because the lower enthalpy available at the turbine inlet of the HP EGR loop increased the fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio. For the HP EGR, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was reduced by 1%, but pumping losses were only reduced by 0.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. At a higher speed of 1600 r/min, 1 MPa BMEP, the HP EGR loop attained a higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions because of the relatively sufficient flow through the turbocharger. For the HP EGR loop, the gross indicated thermal efficiency was only reduced by 0.5% and pumping losses were reduced by 1.5%, compared to the LP EGR loop. Lower fuel consumption and a longer ignition delay made the distribution of fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio more homogeneous, leading to lower emissions. Our data also showed that at the high speed of 1600 r/min, 0.55 MPa BMEP, the brake thermal efficiency of the HP EGR loop first increased, then decreased as the EGR rate increased. Therefore, under all conditions, a reasonable match of both EGR loops could achieve a good balance between fuel consumption and emissions of NO _x and soot.     

使用柴油醇对增压中冷柴油机性能和排放的影响

在不改变现有增压中冷柴油机结构的条件下,研究了两种柴油醇(E10和E15)对发动机动力性、经济性、排放性的影响。研究结果表明:增压中冷柴油机使用柴油醇,发动机的动力性有所降低,燃油消耗率有所增加,而能量消耗率在小负荷时有所增加,在中高负荷时与使用柴油相当。排放性能表明:CO和碳烟排放量有一定程度的降低,HC排放量在小负荷时明显增加,NOx排放量在低转速的中高负荷时有所增加,在高转速时变化不大。十三工况试验表明,多种比排放量有所增加,主要原因是小负荷分担率增加。本研究为下一步试验,尤其是小负荷的改善提供了基础。     

Review: Investigation of Partially Pre-mixed Charge Ignitions (PPCI) Engine Mode

This paper embraces the key points of unpolluted internally combusted engine emissions. Core objective is focused on the recent effort to improve compression ignition(CI) and spark ignition(SI) engine to have fuel-efficient and minimized pollutant emissions. There are many advanced internal combustion engines to overcome the challenges of conventional compression ignition engines of the high level of particulate matter(PM) and oxides of nitrogen emission. One of the latest options on which many ...     

涡轮端旁通阀开度对增压柴油机排放和热效率的影响

以WP12重型柴油机为研究对象,通过涡端旁通阀调整两级增压系统的能量分配比例,进而影响工况的当量比,协调排放量与热效率之间的矛盾。实验结果表明:随着涡轮端旁通阀开度的增加,高压级涡轮膨胀比和高压级压气机增压比均减小,进气流量减少;在低转速工况下,进气量的减小导致碳烟排放恶化,有用功明显减小,而换气负功变化微弱,热效率下降;在中高转速工况下,当涡轮端旁通阀开启8%时,排放基本不恶化,换气负功大幅减少是促使柴油机有效热效率提高的主要原因。       

Experimental study of effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine

Effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine are investigated by experiment. The intake oxygen concentration is controlled by adjusting CO₂. The results show that very low levels of both soot and NO _x emissions can be achieved by modulating the injection pressure, timing, and boost pressure at the low levels of oxygen concentration. However, both CO and HC emissions and fuel consumption distinctly increase at the low levels of oxygen concentration. The results also indicate that NO _x emissions strongly depend on oxygen concentration, while soot emissions strongly depend on injection pressure. Decreasing oxygen concentration is the most effective method to control NO _x emissions. High injection pressure is necessary to reduce smoke emissions. High injection pressure can also decrease the CO and HC emissions and improve engine efficiency. With the increase of intake pressure, both NO _x and smoke emissions decrease. However, it is necessary to use the appropriate intake pressure in order to get the low HC and CO emissions with high efficiency. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50636040, 50676066)     

天然气制油/柴油混合燃料对小型柴油机燃烧特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统,研究了GTL(Gas to liquid)添加比例对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下燃烧特性的影响规律。结果表明:在稳态和恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,GTL添加比例对燃烧参数的影响具有基本相同的规律,随着GTL燃料添加比例的增加,着火始点提前,滞燃期缩短,预混合燃烧期和预混合燃烧量减小,缸内压力峰值、放热率峰值、燃烧温度有所降低,有利于降低NOx的排放量和燃烧噪声。当添加少量GTL燃料时,燃烧持续期延长,随着GTL添加比例的增加,燃烧持续期有所缩短。100%GTL燃料的燃烧持续期与柴油相当。     

一种改善涡流室式柴油机燃烧的新方法

通过采用改变轴针式喷油嘴的出口燃油喷雾形状的方法,增大燃油与空气的混合速率并减少进入燃烧室中心遭高温裂解的燃油量,以达到改善涡流室式柴油机燃烧和排放品质的目的。经S195型柴油机的台架试验表明,发动机使用根据该方法设计的喷油嘴,在其额定工况点,比燃油消耗率和烟度分别可降低4％和31％左右,具有显著的节能及减少排烟的效果。     

M型节能净化器的研制

M型节能净化器是一种节油,降低内燃机排放的装置,装用本装置后可有效的消除气缸内的积炭,可使柴油机烟度明显改善,可使汽油机排放物中的CO含量下降30～60%,HC含量下降50%以上,具有保护环境,节能的双重效果。本文介绍了该净化器的研制,工作原理及与柴、汽油机匹配的台架试验,并由试验结果分析了节能净化的原因。