改进的颗粒溶胶工艺制备高性能ZrO2-TiO2复合纳滤膜

以水为溶剂,采用改进的颗粒溶胶工艺,通过溶胶制备参数的调控优化,制备得到平均粒径为3 nm的ZrO₂-TiO₂复合颗粒溶胶。采用浸浆法,在平均孔径为5 nm的管式α-Al₂O₃底膜上,经过一次涂膜制备得到完整无缺陷的ZrO₂-TiO₂复合纳滤膜。ZrO₂-TiO₂复合纳滤膜的平均膜厚约为200 nm,纯水渗透率约为23 L·m^-2·h^-1·(0.1 MPa)^-1,对PEG的截留分子量为600。在pH 3,压力0.9 MPa的条件下,该膜对低浓度的Co²⁺、Sr²⁺、Cs⁺的截留率分别达到99.6 %、99.2 %和75.5 %。     

Ti/Zr复合纳滤膜的制备及其性能

通过聚合溶胶路线制备出稳定的Ti/Zr(摩尔比=1:1)复合溶胶。采用浸浆法,在平均孔径为5～6 nm的片状a-Al₂O₃/g-Al₂O₃载体上制备出完整无缺陷的Ti/Zr复合纳滤膜。详细考察了焙烧温度对Ti/Zr粉体的影响,并考察了Ti/Zr复合纳滤膜的性能。结果表明:在较高烧成温度下(500℃),Ti/Zr粉体依然呈无定形态且保持微孔结构。在400℃烧成温度下制备出孔径为1.49 nm的Ti/Zr复合纳滤膜,该膜的截留分子量(MWCO)为880,纯水通量为4.3 L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1。在pH=6,压力0.8 MPa的条件下,该膜对0.005 mol·L^-1的MgCl₂、CaCl₂的截留率分别为85%和78%。     

Fe2+/H2O2体系O2生成路径

掌握Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系O₂的生成路径,可为避免H₂O₂无效分解,开发经济高效的Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系利用技术指明方向。采用添加自由基捕获剂的方法,探究Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内各种自由基对O₂生成速率的影响,进而确定O₂的生成路径。结果表明:Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内不会产生大量O₂^-·,O₂^-·不是生成O₂的主要反应物质;O₂^-·被全部捕获后,体系中仍产生大量O₂^-·,但此时无O₂生成,证明生成O₂的反应由·OH和HO₂·两种自由基直接参与。分析认为反应·OH+HO₂·-H₂O+O₂是体系内O₂生成的主要路径。控制Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系定向生成·OH,抑制HO₂·的产生,是提高Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系中H₂O₂利用率的有效手段。     

葡萄糖基多孔碳材料对CO2/CH4的分离性能

以淀粉糖（主要成分为葡萄糖）为碳前体,制备了一系列多孔碳材料（C-GLCs-800）,对其进行孔隙结构分析,并应用FT-IR、SEM、TGA对其进行了表征,测定了材料在288、298和308 K下的CO₂和CH₄吸附等温线,根据IAST理论预测了材料对CO₂/CH₄二元体系的吸附选择性。实验结果显示,活化条件对材料的孔隙结构有明显影响,随着KOH/C质量比的增加,所制备的C-GLCs-800比表面积和总孔容先增加后降低。其中C-GLC-800-4的BET比表面积高达3153 m²·g^-1,总孔容为2.056 cm³·g^-1。C-GLC-800-2的窄微孔（V_d<1 nm,孔容0.3538 cm³·g^-1）含量最高,为30.63%。C-GLC-800-2在298 K和10⁵ Pa下对CO₂吸附量高达3.96 mmol·g^-1,明显高于许多传统吸附材料和MOFs材料在相同条件下对CO₂的吸附容量。应用Clausiuse-Clapeyron方程计算了CO₂和CH₄在材料上的吸附热,应用IAST理论计算了CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性,结果显示C-GLC-800-2对CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性为8.35。     

纳米粒子对CO2水合物导热性能的影响

试验研究了不同种类（Al₂O₃、Cu、SiO₂）、不同质量分数（0.05%、0.1%、0.15%）及不同粒径（10、30、50 nm）的纳米粒子对CO₂水合物热导率的影响。结果表明温度为-5~5℃时,纯CO₂水合物热导率为0.553~0.5861 W·m^-1·K^-1,具有玻璃体的变化特性。分散剂SDBS的加入,可改善CO₂水合物-纳米粒子体系的导热性能。在相同的质量分数和粒径下,纳米Cu粒子对CO₂水合物热导率的增强作用最好,但综合考虑水合物生成特性和溶液悬浮稳定性,选用纳米Al₂O₃粒子较合适。Al₂O₃粒子粒径越小,水合物热导率越大,15 nm比50 nm纳米粒子体系中CO₂水合物热导率的增长率平均提高了12.7%。此外,CO₂水合物热导率随Al₂O₃粒子质量分数的增大而增大,质量分数由0.05%增加到0.15%时,水合物热导率的增长率由4.2%提高到8.2%。     

B2O3改性Na2CO3催化剂用于甲醇脱氢制无水甲醛

以B₂O₃为助催化剂,采用研磨混合法改性Na₂CO₃催化剂,在固定床反应器中催化甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛,考察催化剂的组成和反应条件等对催化反应的影响,采用XRD、TG-DTG、N₂吸附-脱附、SEM和CO₂-TPD等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,以B₂O₃为助催化剂采用机械研磨混合法改性的Na₂CO₃催化剂,增加了催化剂的比表面积,在(10～30) nm增加了大量的孔道,平均孔径达18.44 nm,比表面积为1.65 m²·g^-1,且B₂O₃分布均匀,改性后的催化剂碱性降低,在催化甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛的反应中,催化活性明显高于Na₂CO₃催化剂,表明B₂O₃改性Na₂CO₃催化剂能提高甲醇转化率和甲醛选择性。在B₂O₃/Na₂CO₃催化剂中B₂O₃质量分数为30%、甲醇进料质量分数为26%、反应温度为650 ℃和甲醇重时空速为2.94 h^-1条件下,甲醇转化率达59.97%,甲醛选择性达83.28%。     

Fe2+/H2O2体系内各种自由基在氧化NO中的作用

Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系可分解产生多种氧化性自由基, 主要包括O₂^-·、·OH和HO₂·。本文实验研究了O₂^-·、·OH及HO₂·在Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系氧化NO气体过程中的作用。结果表明:在本实验条件下, O₂^-·对NO气体的氧化作用不明显;·OH及HO₂·是该体系氧化NO气体的主要活性物质, 其中·OH的氧化作用更大。加快自由基的生成速率可以增强Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系对NO气体的氧化能力, 但O₂的生成速率同时加快。只有少量·OH及HO₂·参与NO的氧化, ·OH与HO₂·之间的快速反应是Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系氧化NO过程中H₂O₂利用率低的主要原因。     

H2O2改性稻杆作为Pb2+吸附剂的工艺优化

H₂O₂改性稻杆作为Pb²⁺吸附剂，具有改性工艺环保、简单、成本低，以及对Pb²⁺吸附率高等特点，是一种优良的改性剂。优化改性工艺，制备优良吸附性能的H₂O₂改性稻杆具有较强的实用价值。详细探讨了改性工艺的影响因素如pH值、H₂O₂用量、Fe²⁺/H₂O₂物质的量之比、改性温度、改性时间、稻杆颗粒度和稻杆用量等对改性效果的影响，在单因素实验的基础上，通过正交实验和对比实验对改性工艺进行了进一步优化。得出最适宜的改性工艺为：在100 mL的溶液中，不加FeSO₄的情况下，稻杆用量为3 g，改性pH值为8，H₂O₂用量为稻秆用量的30%，稻杆颗粒度为40目，改性温度为20℃，改性时间为4 h。用2 g H₂O₂改性稻秆处理100 mL 200 mg/L的Pb²⁺废水时，对Pb²⁺的吸附率为94.45%，吸附容量为9.445 mg/g，表明H₂O₂改性稻秆具有优良的吸附性能。     

H2S对铝基固态胺吸附剂吸附CO2性能的干扰机制

H₂S杂质对固态胺吸附剂吸附CO₂性能的干扰机制还缺少全面研究。以Al₂O₃为载体负载聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)制备铝基固态胺吸附剂(PEI@Al₂O₃),系统探究了H₂S对其CO₂吸附容量、吸附速率和循环吸附性能的影响规律。结果表明：H₂S与CO₂共存时,会相互抢占吸附剂上的胺基活性位点,从而发生竞争性吸附,但在模拟沼气条件(40%CO₂+59.5%CH₄+0.5%H₂S)下,H₂S的吸附竞争力远小于CO₂,H₂S吸附被抑制,且二者的最佳吸附温度不一致,在CO₂最佳吸附温度下,PEI@Al₂O₃的CO₂吸附容量和循环稳定性均不受H₂S干...     

用废弃煤矸石制备高比表面积的SiO2-Al2O3二元复合气凝胶

以兖州煤矸石为原料,经过低温焙烧、酸浸除杂、碱熔活化,采用溶胶-凝胶法和真空干燥法制备完整的块状SiO₂-Al₂O₃二元复合气凝胶。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、氮气吸附等检测手段对原料、SiO₂-Al₂O₃气凝胶及其制备过程中得到的中间产物的物理、化学特性进行表征,研究SiO₂-Al₂O₃凝胶的形成机制。实验结果表明,煤矸石经过酸浸除去了大部分的铁、钾、碱土金属等杂质。在经过碱熔活化后,煤矸石主要组分石英和高岭石均转化为非晶态,反应活性提高。制备得到的SiO₂-Al₂O₃气凝胶是以Si-O-Si、Si-O-Al网络结构为骨架的非晶态纳米颗粒聚集体,其堆积密度0.37 g·cm^-3,比表面积483 m²·g^-1,比孔容1.87 cm³·g^-1,平均孔径10.29 nm,最可几孔径9.32 nm,具有较好的介孔特征。     

Gas separation using sol-gel derived microporous zirconia membranes with high hydrothermal stability☆

A microporous zirconia membrane with hydrogen permeance about 5 × 10?8 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1, H2/CO2 permselectivity of ca. 14, and excellent hydrothermal stability under steam pressure of 100 kPa was fabricated via polymeric sol–gel process. The effect of calcination temperature on single gas permeance of sol–gel derived zirconia membranes was investigated. Zirconia membranes calcined at 350 °C and 400 °C showed similar single gas permeance, with permselectivities of hydrogen towards other gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride, around Knudsen values. A much lower CO2 permeance (3.7 × 10?9 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1) was observed due to the interaction between CO2 molecules and pore wall of membrane. Higher calcination tem-perature, 500 °C, led to the formation of mesoporous structure and, hence, the membrane lost its molecular siev-ing property towards hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The stability of zirconia membrane in the presence of hot steam was also investigated. Exposed to 100 kPa steam for 400 h, the membrane performance kept unchanged in comparison with freshly prepared one, with hydrogen and carbon dioxide permeances of 4.7 × 10?8 and~3 × 10?9 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1, respectively. Both H2 and CO2 permeances of the zirconia membrane de-creased with exposure time to 100 kPa steam. With a total exposure time of 1250 h, the membrane presented hydrogen permeance of 2.4 × 10?8 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1 and H2/CO2 permselectivity of 28, indicating that the membrane retains its microporous structure.     

On-stream modification of MFI zeolite membranes for enhancing hydrogen separation at high temperature

-Alumina-supported MFI zeolite membranes were modified by on-stream catalytic thermal cracking of methyldiethoxysilane (MDES) molecules inside the zeolitic channels during the separation of H₂/CO₂ gas mixture at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure. The MDES vapor was carried by the H₂/CO₂ feed gas and the effect of modification was monitored continuously through online analysis of the permeate stream. The modified membrane exhibited a significant increase in H₂ selectivity over CO₂ with a moderate decrease in H₂ permeance. At 450 °C, the modified MFI membrane obtained a H₂/CO₂ permselectivity of 17.5 with H₂ single gas permeance of 1.86 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ as compared to a permselectivity of 2.78 and permeance of 2.75 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ for the membrane before modification. The modified membrane also showed good performance and stability in separation of H₂/CO₂ gas mixture containing up to 28.4% water vapor at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure.     

Nickel(II) ion-intercalated MXene membranes for enhanced H2/CO2 separation

Hydrogen fuel has been embraced as a potential long-term solution to the growing demand for clean energy. A membrane-assisted separation is promising in producing high-purity H₂. Molecular sieving membranes (MSMs) are endowed with high gas selectivity and permeability because their well-defined micropores can facilitate molecular exclusion, diffusion, and adsorption. In this work, MXene nanosheets intercalated with Ni²⁺ were assembled to form an MSM supported on Al₂O₃ hollow fiber via a vacuum-assisted filtration and drying process. The prepared membranes showed excellent H₂/CO₂ mixture separation performance at room temperature. Separation factor reached 615 with a hydrogen permeance of 8.35 × 10⁻⁸ mol·m⁻²·s⁻¹·Pa⁻¹. Compared with the original Ti₃C₂T_x/Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membranes, the permeation of hydrogen through the Ni²⁺-Ti₃C₂T_x/Al₂O₃ membrane was considerably increased, stemming from the strong interaction between the negatively charged MXene nanosheets and Ni²⁺. The interlayer spacing of MSMs was tuned by Ni²⁺. During 200-hour testing, the resultant membrane maintained an excellent gas separation without any substantial performance decline. Our results indicate that the Ni²⁺ tailored Ti₃C₂T_x/Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membranes can inspire promising industrial applications.     

Graphene oxide membranes supported on the ceramic hollow fibre for efficient H2 recovery

The special channels and intrinsic defects within GO laminates make it a very potential candidate for gas separation in recent years. Herein, the gas separation performance of GO membranes prepared on the surface of ceramicα-Al_2O_3 hollow fibre was investigated systematically. The microstructures of ceramic hollow fibre supported GO membranes were optimized by adjusting operation conditions. And, the GO membrane fabricated at 30 min exhibited great promising H_2 recovery ability from H_2/CO_2 mixture. At room temperature, the H_2 permeance was over 1.00 × 10~(-7)mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)for both single gas and binary mixture. The corresponding ideal selectivity and mixture separation factor reached around 15 and 10, respectively. In addition, humility, operation temperature, H_2 concentration in the feed and the reproducibility were also studied in this work.     

Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的CO_2-TPD表征

Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂是甲烷二氧化碳重整反应制取合成气研究最多、最具应用潜力的一种催化剂。通过对催化剂进行CO_2-TPD研究,考察还原态Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的CO_2脱附特性。结果表明,浸渍法制备的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂CO_2脱附曲线呈现双峰,分别在(60~65)℃和(350~380)℃出现高低温两个活性位;高温CO_2吸附量为3.0 cm~3·g~(-1),低温CO_2吸附量为24.0 cm~3·g~(-1)。催化剂的CO_2吸附量与其Ni含量无关。考察选用不同载体的CO_2脱附行为,发现以Al_2O_3为载体的催化剂CO_2吸附量是MgO和SiO_2为载体催化剂的2~4倍,以TiO_2为载体的催化剂几乎不吸附CO_2。     

含有MCM-41分子筛的混合基质复合膜用于CO2分离

为了提高CO₂分离膜的性能,将接枝了氨基的MCM-41分子筛(MCM-NH₂)添加到聚乙烯基胺(PVAm)水溶液中配制涂膜液,并将PVAm-MCM-NH₂涂膜液涂覆到聚砜(PSf)超滤膜上制备PVAm-MCM-NH₂/PSf混合基质复合膜。复合膜分离层较薄,有利于CO₂渗透速率的提高。接枝的胺基提高了分子筛与聚合物的相容性和膜内胺基含量,有利于膜渗透选择性能的提高。使用CO₂/N₂混合气(15% CO₂ + 85% N₂,体积分数)考察了不同MCM-NH₂添加量的PVAm-MCM-NH₂/PSf膜的渗透选择性能。当涂膜液中m_MCM-NH2/m_PVAm为0.2、湿涂层厚度为50 μm,测试温度为22℃ 、进料气压力为0.11 MPa时,膜的CO₂渗透速率可达4.66×10^-7 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,CO₂/N₂分离因子可达150。较高的CO₂/N₂分离性能表明PVAm-MCM-NH₂/PSf膜在烟道气碳捕集领域具有良好的应用前景。此外,考察了湿涂层厚度、热处理、添加小分子胺等条件对膜渗透选择性能的影响。