Fe2+/H2O2体系内各种自由基在氧化NO中的作用

Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系可分解产生多种氧化性自由基, 主要包括O₂^-·、·OH和HO₂·。本文实验研究了O₂^-·、·OH及HO₂·在Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系氧化NO气体过程中的作用。结果表明:在本实验条件下, O₂^-·对NO气体的氧化作用不明显;·OH及HO₂·是该体系氧化NO气体的主要活性物质, 其中·OH的氧化作用更大。加快自由基的生成速率可以增强Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系对NO气体的氧化能力, 但O₂的生成速率同时加快。只有少量·OH及HO₂·参与NO的氧化, ·OH与HO₂·之间的快速反应是Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系氧化NO过程中H₂O₂利用率低的主要原因。     

Fe(II)/H2O2体系氧化NO主要活性物质及自由基无效消耗路径

H₂O₂利用率低是Fe （Ⅱ）/H₂O₂氧化体系应用的瓶颈,自由基无效消耗是H₂O₂利用率低的主要原因之一。本文以烟气中NO氧化为技术背景,实验研究了Fe （Ⅱ）/H₂O₂体系内H₂O₂及各种自由基在氧化NO中的作用及自由基无效消耗路径。结果表明：H₂O₂直接氧化NO能力很弱;虽然·OH及HO₂·均可以氧化NO,但·OH的氧化作用大于HO₂·。氧化NO同时,绝大多数·OH及HO₂·通过两者的快速复合反应而无效消耗,严重影响了H₂O₂利用率。因此,使用Fe （Ⅱ）/H₂O₂体系降解污染物过程中,应尽量避免·OH及HO₂·两种自由基同时大量存在。     

Fe2+/H2O2体系降解MB机制及影响因素研究

以亚甲基蓝（MB）作为目标污染物，实验研究了Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系降解MB的活性物质，明确了主要反应条件对MB降解的影响特性。结果表明：HO₂?没有直接降解MB的能力；Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系对MB的降解能力主要来自于?OH；Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系降解MB可分为快速反应阶段和匀速反应阶段。快速反应阶段的MB降解率随温度升高而下降。体系对MB降解能力随H₂O₂初始浓度增加呈现先升高后减弱的趋势，本实验条件下，最佳H₂O₂初始浓度为5 mmol·L^-1。体系对MB降解能力随Fe²⁺初始浓度的增加而单调增加。MB降解速率随MB初始浓度的增加而增加，但MB降解率随其初始浓度呈现先增大后减小的趋势。保证?OH生成速率及其有效利用是提高体系氧化能力及H₂O₂利用率的关键。     

添加剂改性Fenton体系中Fe2+再生过程及机制的对比

Fe²⁺的再生直接决定Fenton体系产生的能力。选取羟胺、对苯二酚、对苯醌、亚硫酸钠4种典型添加剂,通过分析不同改性Fenton体系中Fe²⁺浓度、H₂O₂浓度、氧化还原电极电位（ORP）,揭示了Fe²⁺再生机制的差异,并进一步分析了不同添加剂与体系中H₂O₂及·OH的反应情况。结果表明：NH₂OH能快速使Fe²⁺再生,但伴随其消耗,Fe²⁺浓度不断降低。对苯二酚、对苯醌具有相似效果,两者均可大大强化Fe²⁺的再生。与NH₂OH不同,两者在体系中可迅速建立醌循环,持续还原Fe³⁺,且以两种物质或其组合均可建立循环。与上述机理均不同,Na₂SO₃会先与·OH及H₂O₂反应,因而不能有效还原Fe³⁺。实验还发现添加剂均存在与·OH的反应,其中Na₂SO₃还会消耗H₂O₂。     

抗坏血酸对Fe2+/H2O2体系氧化NO的促进作用

采用实验方法研究了低成本环境友好型添加剂抗坏血酸(AA)对Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系氧化NO气体及其对体系内H₂O₂分解的影响,分析了AA对体系氧化NO能力及H₂O₂分解的影响机制。研究结果表明:AA通过加速Fe³⁺向Fe²⁺的转化而促进Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系对NO的氧化。[AA]₀:[Fe²⁺]₀对体系氧化NO的能力及H₂O₂的分解具有重要影响。综合考虑NO氧化脱除量及H₂O₂消耗量,合理的[AA]₀:[Fe²⁺]₀为1/3~1/2。AA的分次添加方式可大幅度提升体系氧化NO气体的能力。研究结果可望为发展基于H₂O₂为氧化剂的烟气NO绿色氧化技术提供理论基础。     

不同物相TiO2对H2O2/O3氧化效能的影响

研究了不同物相TiO₂对H₂O₂/O₃氧化效能的影响,目标有机物为羟基自由基探针化合物乙酸。结果表明,在初始pH为7.0和10.0时,加入TiO₂反而降低了H₂O₂/O₃的氧化效率,其中锐钛矿TiO₂比金红石TiO₂的减弱作用更为明显。当初始pH为3.0时,金红石TiO₂能显著提高H₂O₂/O₃的氧化效率,但锐钛矿TiO₂影响不明显。机理分析表明,H₂O₂浓度及其衰减速率与乙酸的去除效率有很大的相关性。在pH为7.0和10.0时,两种物相TiO₂均能加快H₂O₂的分解,其中锐钛矿TiO₂作用更为显著。此条件下HO₂^-能有效引发臭氧分解产生羟基自由基,故H₂O₂过快分解反而降低了乙酸的去除效果。在pH为3.0时,H₂O₂去质子化反应困难,故O₃/H₂O₂氧化效率极低,H₂O₂浓度也几乎不变。加入TiO₂能明显提高H₂O₂的分解速率,相比金红石TiO₂,锐钛矿TiO₂使H₂O₂在5 min内基本分解完毕,但其对H₂O₂/O₃氧化效率几乎没有影响。饱和臭氧水分解速度的批处理实验也有相似的结果。由此可见,合适引发剂浓度可能是保证臭氧类高级氧化技术较高效率的关键,否则只会导致氧化剂的无效过快分解。利用氯化硝基四氮唑蓝法对比分析了酸性条件下H₂O₂/O₃、锐钛矿TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃和金红石TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃体系产生超氧自由基(·O₂^-)的量,其大小顺序为:H₂O₂/O₃< 金红石TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃< 锐钛矿TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃,这与前面结果吻合很好。     

不同尺寸反应器内H2O2热分解氧化NO特性与氧化产物分析

采用实验方法研究了不同尺寸滴管炉反应器内H₂O₂热分解氧化NO特性。对比了不同H₂O₂蒸发条件对NO氧化率的影响规律。分析了气体温度、H₂O₂溶液浓度、H₂O₂：NO摩尔比、NO初始浓度及气体流量对NO氧化率的影响。检测了氧化产物并分析了产物的生成路径。结果表明：H₂O₂的快速蒸发是其热分解氧化NO的前提。减小H₂O₂液滴尺寸或液膜厚度可加速H₂O₂蒸发与分解,提高NO氧化率,扩宽NO氧化的温度范围。保证蒸发速率可削弱H₂O₂浓度对NO氧化率的影响。当H₂O₂：NO < 10时,NO氧化率随H₂O₂：NO的增加而增加;当H₂O₂：NO>10时,NO氧化率几乎不随H₂O₂：NO变化。H₂O₂热分解对于较高浓度的NO具有更高的氧化效率。H₂O₂热分解氧化NO的主要产物为NO₂。HO₂·直接将NO氧化为NO₂,·OH则先将NO转化为HONO,然后进一步氧化为NO₂。     

Cu/Al2O3催化剂用于H2O2分解生成羟基自由基的效率

非均相Fenton催化反应是降解废水中有机污染物的有效方法。提高H₂O₂分解生成羟基自由基（·OH）的利用率是提升废水处理效率、降低成本的关键。使用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂,基于·OH的生成效率,通过单因素实验发现反应温度、反应溶液pH及H₂O₂初始浓度是决定H₂O₂利用率的主要因素。通过响应面法进行实验设计,分析响应面方程,考察了H₂O₂初始浓度、溶液pH及反应温度三个因素之间的交互作用及其对反应过程的影响。以H₂O₂利用率的最大化为目标优化反应条件,当H₂O₂初始浓度、溶液pH及反应温度分别为707 mg·L^-1、5.12及59.4℃时,H₂O₂利用率可高达0.57,与实验结果相对误差仅为3.5%。所得结果对降低废水处理成本、提高降解效率具有重要的指导作用。     

Si-FeOOH/H2O2类芬顿降解盐酸四环素废水的效能及其机理

采用碱沉法制备的Si-FeOOH作为非均相类芬顿催化剂,研究其催化降解盐酸四环素废水的效能,考察了催化剂投量、pH、过氧化氢加入量对盐酸四环素降解效能和反应速率的影响。实验结果表明:在催化剂投加量3.0 g·L^-1、H₂O₂投加量9.9 mmol·L^-1、pH为3、室温[(25±1)℃]的条件下,盐酸四环素降解率为90%,一级反应速率常数为0.0504 min^-1。与催化剂FeOOH相比,类芬顿催化剂Si-FeOOH性能更卓越。同时采用探针化合物正丁醇、苯醌,证明了Si-FeOOH /H₂O₂ 催化体系中的氧化活性种主要为羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧自由基(HO₂·), 并推测了其催化反应机理。     

水处理中臭氧氧化技术有机物氧化原理解析

随着我国大力推进生态文明建设,废水排放标准不断提高,O3氧化技术由于其较强的氧化性和脱色能力受到广泛关注。文章总结了O₃的基本性质及其在水中的分解过程,伴随产生的活性物种(O^·-、O₂^·-、O₃^·-O₃^·-、HO₂·、HO₃·、HO₂^-等)主要为·OH产生的链式反应传递者,起主要氧化作用的为·OH;阐述了O₃分子和·OH氧化有机物的反应历程和特点,即O₃分子通过环加成或亲电取代反应与不饱和有机物发生反应,与饱和有机物的反应速率极低;·OH通过攫氢反应氧化饱和有机物、通过羟基加成氧化不饱和有机物,反应速率均极快。文章为O₃氧化技术在废水深度处理领域的应用,如适用废水类型、后续处理单元选择、催化剂开发等方面提供了理论支持。     

The kinetics of phenol decomposition under UV irradiation with and without H2O2 on TiO2, Fe–TiO2 and Fe–C–TiO2 photocatalysts

H₂O₂ used in the photo-Fenton reaction with iron catalyst can accelerate the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ under UV irradiation and in the dark (in the so called dark Fenton process). It was proved that conversion of phenol under UV irradiation in the presence of H₂O₂ predominantly produces highly hydrophilic products and catechol, which can accelerate the rate of phenol decomposition. However, while H₂O₂ under UV irradiation could decompose phenol to highly hydrophilic products and dihydroxybenzenes in a very short time, complete mineralization proceeded rather slowly. When H₂O₂ is used for phenol decomposition in the presence of TiO₂ and Fe–TiO₂, decrease of OH radicals formed on the surface of TiO₂ and Fe–TiO₂ has been observed and photodecomposition of phenol is slowed down. In case of phenol decomposition under UV irradiation on Fe–C–TiO₂ photocatalyst in the presence of H₂O₂, marked acceleration of the decomposition rate is observed due to the photo-Fenton reactions: Fe²⁺ is likely oxidized to Fe³⁺, which is then efficiently recycled to Fe²⁺ by the intermediate products formed during phenol decomposition, such as hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol.     

Simultaneous utilization of electro-generated O2 and H2 for H2O2 production: An upgrade of the Pd-catalytic electro-Fenton process for pollutants degradation

The Electro-Fenton (EF) process is one of the promising advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for environmental remediation. The H₂O₂ yield of EF process largely determines its performance on organic pollutants degradation. Conventional Pd-catalytic EF process generates H₂O₂ via the combination reaction of anodic O₂ and cathodic H₂. However, the relatively expensive catalyst limits its application. Herein, a hybrid Pd/activated carbon (Pd/AC)-stainless steel mesh (SS) cathode (PACSS) was proposed, which enables more efficient H₂O₂ generation. It utilizes AC, the support of Pd catalyst, as part of cathode for H₂O₂ generation via 2-electron anodic O₂ reduction, and SS serve as a current distributor. Moreover, H₂O₂ could be catalytically decomposed upon AC to generate highly reactive ·OH, which avoids the use of Fe²⁺. Compared with conventional Pd catalyst, H₂O₂ concentration obtained by PACSS cathode is 248.2% higher, the O₂ utilization efficiency was also increased from 3.2% to 10.8%. Within 50 min, 26.3%, 72.5%, and 94.0% H₂O₂ was decomposed by Pd, AC, and Pd/AC. Fluorescence detection results implied that Pd/AC is effective upon H₂O₂ activation for OH generation. Finally, iron-free EF process enabled by PACSS cathode was examined to be effective for reactive blue 19 (RB19) degradation. After continuous running for 10 cycles (500 min), the PACSS cathode was still stable for H₂O₂ generation, H₂O₂ activation, and RB19 degradation, showing its potential application for organic pollutants degradation without increase in the running cost.     

Catalytic behavior of the Fe/Fe system in the electro-Fenton degradation of the antimicrobial chlorophene

The catalytic behavior of the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ system in the electro-Fenton degradation of the antimicrobial drug chlorophene has been studied considering four undivided electrolytic cells, where a Pt or boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a carbon felt or O₂-diffusion cathode have been used. Chlorophene electrolyses have been carried out at pH 3.0 under current control, with 0.05 M Na₂SO₄ as supporting electrolyte and Fe³⁺ as catalyst. In these processes the drug is oxidized with hydroxyl radical (OH) formed both at the anode from water oxidation and in the medium from electrochemically generated Fenton's reagent (Fe²⁺ + H₂O₂, both of them generated at the cathode). The catalytic behavior of the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ system mainly depends on the cathode tested. In the cells with an O₂-diffusion cathode, H₂O₂ is largely accumulated and the Fe³⁺ content remains practically unchanged. Under these conditions, the chlorophene decay is enhanced by increasing the initial Fe³⁺ concentration, because this leads to a higher quantity of Fe²⁺ regenerated at the cathode and, subsequently, to a greater OH production from Fenton's reaction. In contrast, when the carbon felt cathode is used, H₂O₂ is electrogenerated in small extent, whereas Fe²⁺ is largely accumulated because the regeneration of this ion from Fe³⁺ reduction at the cathode is much faster than its oxidation to Fe³⁺ at the anode. In this case, an Fe³⁺ concentration as low as 0.2 mM is required to obtain the maximum OH generation rate, yielding the quickest chlorophene removal. Chlorophene is poorly mineralized in the Pt/O₂ diffusion cell because the final Fe³⁺–oxalate complexes are difficult to oxidize with OH. These complexes are completely destroyed using a BDD anode at high current thanks to the great amount of OH generated on its surface. Total mineralization is also achieved in the Pt/carbon felt and BDD/carbon felt cells with 0.2 mM Fe³⁺, because oxalic acid and its Fe²⁺ complexes are directly oxidized with OH in the medium. Comparing the four cells, the highest oxidizing power regarding total mineralization is attained for the BDD/carbon felt cell at high current due to the simultaneous destruction of oxalic acid at the BDD surface and in the bulk solution.     

无机相变材料CaCl2·6H2O的过冷特性

CaCl₂·6H₂O作为一种常见的常温无机水合盐相变材料,由于成本低、易获取、蓄热强而受到广泛的关注。按无水CaCl₂与H₂O的质量比为1.027：1制备了CaCl₂·6H₂O,经X射线衍射（XRD）表征其晶体结构;通过添加成核剂SrCl2·6H₂O和Ba（OH）₂对CaCl₂·6H₂O改性,发现两者的联合作用可抑制过冷,10次熔化-冷却循环平均过冷度1.07℃。采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）测定CaCl₂·6H₂O添加成核剂前后相变潜热,发现潜热由223.54 J·g^-1降至160.41 J·g^-1;为了扩大CaCl₂·6H₂O相变温度的范围,通过添加质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的MgCl₂·6H₂O,发现相变温度随MgCl₂·6H₂O质量分数的升高呈线性降低,但不宜超过20%;选取CaCl₂·6H₂O-20% MgCl₂·6H₂O二元共晶盐相变储热体系为改性目标,通过添加1% SrCl2·6H₂O和0.5% CMC,过冷度降至0.57℃,相变潜热为141.09 J·g^-1,低于单独组成盐CaCl₂·6H₂O的潜热223.54 J·g^-1和MgCl₂·6H₂O的潜热163.35 J·g^-1。研究表明,CaCl₂·6H₂O作为无机相变材料具有显著的应用价值。