厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷过程的研究

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1mg·L^-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L^-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.     

A2O工艺缺氧生物磷去除

A lab-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic （A^2O） process used to treat a synthetic brewage wastewater was investigated. The objectives of the study were to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB）, evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in A^2O bioreactors. Sludge analysis confirmed that the average anoxic P uptake accounted for approximately 70% the total amount of P uptake, and the ratio of anoxic P uptake rate to aerobic P uptake rate was 69%. In addition, nitrate concentration in the anoxic phase and different organic substrate introduced into the anaerobic phase had significant effect on the anoxic P uptake. Compared with conventional A^2O processes, good removal efficiencies of COD, phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen （92.3%, 95.5%, 96% and 79.5%, respectively） could be achieved in the anoxic P uptake system, and aeration energy consumption was saved 25%. By controlling the nitrate recirculation flow in the anoxic zone, anoxic P uptake could be enhanced, which solved the competition for organic substrates among poly-P organisms and denitrifiers successfully under the COD limiting conditions. Therefore, in wastewater treatment plants the control system should be applied according to the practical situation to optimize the operation.     

Denitrification and Dephosphatation by Anaerobic/Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than lmg·L-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus     

缺氧条件下活性污泥反硝化和释磷对单一碳源的竞争(英文)

In order to investigate the competition for carbon source between denitrification and phosphorus release processes,simultaneous phosphorus release and denitrification in sludge operated in anoxic,aerobic mode are investigated by varying the ratio of influent COD to nitrogenous compound concentration under anoxic condition using a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor(SBR).The results show that the nitrate reduction rate is nearly independent of the ratio of influent COD to nitrate under anoxic condition.More NOx--N in the influent leads to less 3 4PO --P release during the feeding period.However, 3 4PO--P release proceeds at a low rate simultaneously with denitrification even when the influent NOx--N concentration is as large as 20 mg·L-1and its rate is increased obviously when NOx--N is denitrified to a concentration lower than 0.5 mg·L-1.The variation of pH during anoxic period gives some information about the biochemical reactions of denitrification and3 4PO--P release.When more nitrate is present in the influent,more acetate uptake in feeding period is used for direct microorganism growth.     

Enhanced biological nutrient removal in modified carbon source division anaerobic anoxic oxic process with return activated sludge pre-concentration☆

A pilot-scale modified carbon source division anaerobic anoxic oxic (AAO) process with pre-concentration of returned activated sludge (RAS) was proposed in this study for the enhanced biological nutrient removal (BNR) of municipal wastewater with limited carbon source. The influent carbon source was fed in step while a novel RAS pre-concentration tank was adopted to improve BNR efficiency, and the effects of an influent carbon source distribution ratio and a RAS pre-concentration ratio were investigated. The results show that the removal efficiency of TN is mainly influenced by the carbon source distribution ratio while the TP removal relies on the RAS pre-concentration ratio. The optimum carbon source distribution ratio and RAS pre-concentration ratio are 60%and 50%, respectively, with an inner recycling ratio of 100%under the optimum steady operation of pilot test, reaching an average effluent TN concentration of 9.8 mg·L?1 with a removal efficiency of 63%and an average TP removal efficiency of 94%. The mechanism of nutrient removal is discussed and the kinetics is analyzed. The results reveal that the optimal carbon source distribution ratio provides sufficient denitrifying carbon source to each anoxic phase, reducing nitrate accumulation while the RAS pre-concentration ratio improves the condition of anaerobic zone to ensure the phosphorus release due to less nitrate in the returned sludge. Therefore, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulation organisms play an important role under the optimum condition, enhancing the performance of nutrient removal in this test.     

耦合内置缺氧区的氧化沟系统强化脱氮除磷的研究(英文)

A novel modified pilot scale anaerobic oxidation ditch with additional internal anoxic zones was operated experimentally, aiming to study the improvement of biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and the effect of enhanced denitrifying phosphorus removal in the process. Under all experimental conditions, the anaerobic-oxidation ditch with additional internal anoxic zones and an internal recycle ratio of 200% had the highest nutrient removal efficiency. The effluent NH4+-N, total nitrogen (TN), PO43-P and total phosphorus (TP) contents were 1.2mg·L-1 , 13mg·L-1, 0.3mg·L-1 and 0.4mg·L-1, respectively, all met the discharge standards in China. The TN and TP removal efficiencies were remarkably improved from 37% and 50% to 65% and 88% with the presence of additional internal anoxic zones and internal recycle ratio of 200%. The results indicated that additional internal anoxic zones can optimize the utilization of available carbon source from the anaerobic outflow for denitrification. It was also found that phosphorus removal via the denitrification process was stimulated in the additional internal anoxic zones, which was beneficial for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal when treating wastewater with a limited carbon source. However, an excess internal recycle would cause nitrite to accumulate in the system. This seems to be harmful to biological phosphorus removal.     

Biological Nutrient Removal in a Full Scale Anoxic/Anaerobic/Aerobic/ Pre-anoxic-MBR Plant for Low C/N Ratio Municipal Wastewater Treatment

A novel full scale modified A2O （anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic/pre-anoxic）-membrane bioreactor （MBR） plant combined with the step feed strategy was operated to improve the biological nutrient removal （BNR） from low C/N ratio municipal wastewater in Southern China. Transformation of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and membrane fouling were investigated. Experimental results for over four months demonstrated good efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand （COD） and NH4^＋-N removal, with average values higher than 84.5%and 98.1%, re-spectively. A relatively higher total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency （52.1%） was also obtained at low C/N ratio of 3.82, contributed by the configuration modification （anoxic zone before anaerobic zone） and the step feed with a distribution ratio of 1：1. Addition of sodium acetate into the anoxic zone as the external carbon source, with a theoretical amount of 31.3 mg COD per liter in influent, enhanced denitrification and the TN removal efficiency in-creased to 74.9%. Moreover, the total phosphate （TP） removal efficiency increased by 18.0%. It is suggested that the external carbon source is needed to improve the BNR performance in treating low C/N ratio municipal waste-water in the modified A^2O-MBR process.     

Performance evaluation of a modified step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process for organic and nutrient removal

A pilot scale modified step-feed process was improved to increase nutrient(N and P)and organic removal operations from municipal wastewater.It combined the step-feed process and a method named "University of Cape Town(UCT)".The effect of nutrient ratios and inflow distribution ratios were studied.The highest uptake efficiency of 95% for chemical oxygen demand(COD)has been achieved at the inflow distribution ratio of 40/35/25.However,maximum removal efficiency obtained for total nitrogen(TN)and phosphorus at 93% and 78%,respectively.The average mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)was 5500 mg·L~(-1).In addition,convenient values for dissolved oxygen(DO)concentration,and p H were obtained throughout different stages.The proposed system was identified to be an appropriate enhanced biological nutrient removal process for wastewater treatment plants owing to relatively high nutrient removal,sturdy sludge settle ability and COD removal.     

分段进水生物脱氮工艺稳态模型的开发与试验评价

In this article,a steady-state mathematical model was developed and experimentally evaluated to inves- tigate the effect of influent flow distribution and volume ratios of anoxic and aerobic zones in each stage on the to- tal nitrogen concentration of the effluent in the step-feed biological nitrogen removal process.Unlike the previous modeling methods,this model can be used to calculate the removal rates of ammonia and nitrate in each stage and thereby predict the concentrations of ammonia,nitrate,and total nitrogen in the effluent.To verify the simulation results,pilot-scale experimental studies were carried out in a four-stage step feed process.Good correlations were achieved between the measured data and the simulation results,which proved the validity of the developed model. The sensitivity of the model predictions was analyzed.After verification of the validity,the step feed process was optimally operated for five months using the model and the criteria developed for the design and operation.During the pilot-scale experimental period,the effluent total nitrogen concentrations were all below 5mg·L ^-1 ,with more than 90%removal efficiency.     

回流污泥预浓缩强化新型氧化沟系统生物除磷的研究(英文)

A pilot-scale,pre-anoxic-anaerobic oxidation ditch was used in this study to treat municipal wastewater with limited carbon source.A novel return activated sludge(RAS) pre-concentration tank was adopted for improv-ing the phosphorus removal efficiency and the effects of RAS pre-concentration ratio were studied.Under the opti-mal operational condition,the suspended total phosphorus(STP) and the total phosphorus(TP) removal efficiencies were around 58.9% and 63.9% respectively and the effluent-P was lower than 0.8 mg·L-1.The reason is that with the optimal RAS pre-concentration ratio,nitrate is completely removed with endogenous carbon source and the secondary phosphorus release is strictly restrained in the pre-anoxic tank.Therefore,the anaerobic phosphorus release and the carbon source uptake by phosphorus accumulation organisms(PAOs) in the sludge,which are ex-tremely important to the phosphorus removal process,can be fully satisfied.Furthermore,the oxidation-reduction potential is proved to be suitable for controlling the RAS pre-concentration ratio due to influent fluctuation and varied conditions.The novel modified system is also beneficial for PAO accumulation.     

Optimisation of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process to improve performance and reduce operating costs

A laboratory‐scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic reactor system was used to treat synthetic brewery wastewater for 1 year. The objectives were to enhance denitrifying phosphorus removal, improve biological nutrient removal and reduce operating costs. Three operational strategies were tested: (1) controlling nitrate recirculation to stimulate the growth of denitrifying phosphate‐accumulating organisms; (2) adjusting the volume ratio of the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic zones to enhance anoxic P uptake; (3) bypassing a part of the influent flow into the anoxic zone to maximise anoxic P uptake and denitrification. The results showed that not only was anoxic P uptake enhanced but also energy consumption for aeration could be reduced when the anoxic effluent NO₃^?‐N concentration was controlled between 1 and 3 mg L^?1. The optimal volume ratio of the anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic zones in this system was found to be 1:1:2. The optimal bypass flow ratio was 0.32. The results indicated that the optimal strategies could improve treatment performance and reduce operational costs, but there was still a challenge to treat wastewater with low C/N ratio. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

混合液回流比对A/A/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A/A/O工艺为研究对象，进行了混合液回流比为100%、200%和300%时对反硝化除磷的影响研究，并利用厌氧/缺氧批式试验方法对污泥特性进行单独考察。结果表明，随着混合液回流比的增大，缺氧除磷在系统除磷所起的作用、反硝化聚磷菌缺氧利用单位聚羟基链烷酸（PHAs）的吸磷量和反硝化数量出现先升高后下降，厌氧合成单位PHAs的释磷量和好氧利用单位PHAs的吸磷量并没有受到影响，以200%时反硝化除磷和系统脱氮除磷效果为最好，过高或过低NO₃-N浓度均会影响反硝化聚磷菌的缺氧吸磷速率和PHAs降解速率，但并没有影响其本身所固有的特性。     

交替式厌/缺氧-好氧双膜反硝化除磷工艺

采用某污水处理厂A²/O工艺中的活性污泥为种泥,以模拟生活污水为对象,考察了交替式厌/缺氧-好氧双膜反硝化除磷工艺的启动与运行特性,并采用高通量测试技术分析系统除磷污泥的菌群结构。通过60天的启动试验,系统内反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌总数的比例由21.3%提高到94.4%,出水磷在0.6mg/L左右。通过逐步增加进水氨氮的方法运行2个月,系统的脱氮除磷效果稳定。在进水P浓度为6.4mg/L,保持进水N/P比为8.8,交替厌/缺氧-好氧双膜反硝化除磷工艺效能最优,可达0.12kgN/(m³?d)和0.018kgP/(m³?d),出水总磷(TP)0.8mg/L,总氮(TN)12mg/L,出水COD、NH₃-N和TN达到国家综合排放标准GB18918-2002一级A排放标准。周期试验中,pH值、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential,ORP值)均可作为厌氧释磷的控制参数,ORP也可指示缺氧吸磷的终点。典型周期内硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的消耗量与磷的吸收量基本呈线性关系。系统内污泥多样性约为种泥的0.5倍,在“门”、“属”分类级别上分别以Proteobacteria、Xanthomonadales-nobank为主。     

厌氧段HRT对A2N工艺反硝化除磷脱氮效果的影响

为了考察厌氧段水力停留时间（HRT）对A2N工艺反硝化除磷脱氮效果的影响，采用连续流双污泥反硝化除磷脱氮装置以生活污水为处理对象，研究了厌氧段在不同HRT时系统的除磷脱氮效果，以及厌氧段不同HRT对系统处理过程的影响。结果表明，厌氧段是A2N工艺实现反硝化除磷脱氮的关键阶段。当厌氧段的HRT过长时，虽然溶解性PO4^3-的总释放量增加，但是后续的缺氧吸磷量和总氮的去除量并没有相应地增加。厌氧段的HRT时间过短，反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）在此对进水中易降解COD（CODRB）吸收不完全，导致后续缺氧吸磷量下降，同时影响了系统的除磷和脱氮效果。在处理实际生活污水水质时，厌氧段的HRT为2h即可满足除磷和脱氮要求。     

Effects of influent C/N ratio,C/P ratio and volumetric exchange ratio on biological phosphorus removal in UniFed SBR process

BACKGROUND: UniFed SBR is a novel process that can achieve high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus removal simultaneously in a simple single SBR tank. In this study, effects of influent C/N ratio, influent C/P ratio and volumetric exchange ratio on biological phosphorus removal in UniFed SBR process were investigated in a lab‐scale UniFed apparatus treating real domestic wastewater. RESULTS: The results showed that phosphorus removal efficiency increased as C/N ratio increased from 27% at 2.8 to 88% at 5.7. For C/N ratios 6.5 and above, complete phosphorus removal could be achieved. When C/N ratios and volumetric exchange ratio were fixed at 6 and 33%, respectively, phosphorus removal efficiency remained at 100% for C/P ratios higher than 33; effluent phosphate concentration was below the detection limit. For C/P ratios lower than 33, phosphorus removal efficiency decreased linearly with C/P ratio. Under the same influent C/N ratio and C/P ratio, the following factors all contributed to better phosphorus removal performance: greater volumetric exchange ratio; more organic substrate for PAOs to utilize, less inhibition by NO_x^? of phosphorus release during the feed/decant period; more PHB synthesized; and more aerobic phosphate uptake. CONCLUSION: High influent C/N ratio, high C/P ratio and high volumetric exchange ratio were beneficial to phosphorus removal in this process. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

序批式反应器中反硝化除磷脱氮的研究

为了提高污水脱氮除磷的效率,研究采用序批式反应器(SBR工艺)厌氧、好氧和缺氧(AOA)的运行方式富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),实现同步脱氮除磷。结果表明:在好氧段投加甲醇作为碳源(25—40 mg/L)可有效抑制好氧吸磷,对硝化反应影响较小,能够在缺氧段实现同时反硝化脱氮除磷。SBR反应器稳定运行10个月,当进水NH4+-N、PO43--P分别为30,15 mg/L时,总氮(TN)和PO43--P的平均去除率分别为82.5%和92.1%。聚磷菌能够利用硝酸盐作为电子受体,DPB占总聚磷菌的比例达到44.8%。与A2O运行方式相比,AOA运行方式更有利于实现DPB的富集。     

AOA-SBR工艺用于城市污水同步脱氮除磷

以城市污水为研究对象，考察了不同COD／N／P对厌氧／好氧／兼氧（AOA）．SBR工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响。经过3个月稳定运行，当COD：N：P-800：24：11时，AOA．SBR工艺对污水中有机物、氨氮和磷的去除率分别为100％、84％和93％。实验通过提高有机物浓度削弱聚磷菌（PAOs）与聚糖菌（GAOs）竞争底物的能力，抑制了PAOs好氧放磷速率。当COD=800mg／L时，GAOs和PAOs厌氧乙酸摄取量之比为l：9。此外，实验采用兼氧／好氧吸磷速率比，对反硝化聚磷菌数量（DNPAOs）进行估算，结果表明AOA-SBR工艺比值明显高于A20和AO工艺。因此，通过调节进水有机物浓度，可使DNPAOs在AOA-SBR同步脱氮除磷过程中发挥重要作用。     

改良型A~2/O工艺对低碳源城市污水的脱氮除磷效果

以城市污水为原水,考察了一种分点进水的改良型A2/O工艺的脱氮除磷效果。试验结果表明,原水按照6∶4的体积比分别进入厌氧池和缺氧池后,增加了缺氧池的碳源浓度,提高了该系统的脱氮效果。当进水中碳氮质量比平均为6.84、硝化液回流比为200%,CODCr、TN、NH3-N和TP的平均质量浓度分别为237.02、36.39、22.99和4.98mg/L时,出水CODCr、TN、NH3-N和TP的平均质量浓度分别为34.29、10.70、0.18和0.46mg/L,去除率分别为85.53%、70.60%、99.22%和90.76%。     

流量分配比对改良A/O分段进水脱氮除磷特性的影响

采用改良A/O分段进水工艺处理我国南方低浓度、低碳氮比城市生活污水。在进水COD/TN为5.16,HRT为8.7 h,SRT为15 d,MLSS为5.66 g·L^-1,污泥回流比为75%,厌氧/缺氧/好氧体积比为4∶8∶10条件下,通过设置6种不同进水流量分配比,控制各好氧段DO为1～1.5 mg·L^-1,经过150 d的连续运行,得到系统最佳流量分配比为20%∶35%∶35%∶10%;在此工况下COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷出水水质分别为33.05 mg·L-1、0.58 mg·L^-1、9.26 mg·L^-1、0.46 mg·L^-1,出水优于国家GB 18918-2002一级A排放标准。原水COD绝大部分作为厌氧释磷和反硝化脱氮所需碳源,系统对碳源有效利用率达74%;DO和ORP 的协同控制可以作为系统厌氧放磷段的控制参数;同时亦可作为缺氧段反硝化完成和好氧段硝化完成的指示性参数。