Optimisation of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process to improve performance and reduce operating costs

A laboratory‐scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic reactor system was used to treat synthetic brewery wastewater for 1 year. The objectives were to enhance denitrifying phosphorus removal, improve biological nutrient removal and reduce operating costs. Three operational strategies were tested: (1) controlling nitrate recirculation to stimulate the growth of denitrifying phosphate‐accumulating organisms; (2) adjusting the volume ratio of the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic zones to enhance anoxic P uptake; (3) bypassing a part of the influent flow into the anoxic zone to maximise anoxic P uptake and denitrification. The results showed that not only was anoxic P uptake enhanced but also energy consumption for aeration could be reduced when the anoxic effluent NO₃^?‐N concentration was controlled between 1 and 3 mg L^?1. The optimal volume ratio of the anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic zones in this system was found to be 1:1:2. The optimal bypass flow ratio was 0.32. The results indicated that the optimal strategies could improve treatment performance and reduce operational costs, but there was still a challenge to treat wastewater with low C/N ratio. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

A2O工艺处理低C/N比生活污水的试验研究

采用52.5 L的A²O试验装置处理实际生活污水,研究了A²O工艺在处理低C/N比生活污水时的脱氮除磷特性,并探讨了如何通过强化缺氧吸磷来提高系统的脱氮除磷效率。试验结果表明：在厌氧/缺氧/好氧体积比为1/1/2、HRT为8 h、污泥回流比为70%、内回流比为300%的工况下处理C/N为7.89的生活污水,TN和SOP去除率分别能够达到85.4%和93.3%,系统中存在反硝化除磷,缺氧吸磷占总吸磷量的25.3%。同样的运行条件下处理C/N为4.20的生活污水时,SOP去除几乎不受影响,但TN去除率降低至62.2%,平均出水TN浓度也超过20 mg•L^-1。维持厌氧区体积不变,增大缺氧区体积,使得缺氧/好氧体积比为5/8时,TN去除率可上升到70.7%,缺氧吸磷占总吸磷量的55.2%。同时改变内回流比的试验表明250%的内回流比能最大程度地强化反硝化除磷的作用,此时TN去除率可提高至77.3%。强化A²O工艺中的反硝化除磷,能克服碳源不足对脱氮除磷的影响,显著提高低C/N比污水的脱氮除磷效率。     

不同操作模式对移动床生物膜反应器脱氮除磷效果的影响

考察了连续进出水方式(CMBBR)、单级好氧序批式［SBMBBR(O)］和厌氧/好氧序批式［SBMBBR(A/O)］3种操作模式下移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)对模拟污水的处理效果。实验结果表明,3种操作模式下COD去除差异不大,TN、TP去除效果不同。SBMBBR(O)相似文献   

改进型分段进水厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺强化营养物去除

In order to enhance phosphorus removal in traditional step-feed anoxic/oxic nitrogen removal process,a modified pilot-scale step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (SFA²/O) system was developed,which combined a reactor similar to UCT-type configuration and two-stage anoxic/oxic process.The simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities and the potential of denitrifying phosphorus removal,in particular,were investigated with four different feeding patterns using real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the feeding ratios(Q₁)in the first stage determined the nutrient removal performance in the SFA²/O system.The average phosphorus removal efficiency increased from 19.17% to 96.25% as Q₁ was gradually increased from run 1 to run 4,but the nitrogen removal efficiency exhibited a different tendency,which attained a maximum 73.61% in run 3 and then decreased to 59.62% in run 4.As a compromise between nitrogen and phosphorus removal,run 3 (Q₁=0.45Q_total) was identified as the optimal and stable case with the maximum anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of 1.58mg·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1.The results of batch tests showed that ratio of the anoxic phosphate uptake capacity to the aerobic phosphate uptake capacity increased from 11.96% to 36.85% with the optimal influent feeding ratio to the system in run 3,which demonstrated that the denitrifying polyP accumulating organisms could be accumulated and contributed more to the total phosphorus removal by optimizing the inflow ratio distribution.However,the nitrate recirculation to anoxic zone and influent feeding ratios should be carefully controlled for carbon source saving.     

Nutrient removal performance of an anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process as a function of influent C/P ratio

The laboratory scale anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic (A²O) process fed with synthetic brewage wastewater was designed to investigate the effects of changing feed C/P ratio on the performance of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. In the experiment, the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was kept at approximately 300 mg L^?1 while the total phosphorus concentration was varied to obtain the desired C/P ratio. Results showed that when the C/P ratio was lower than 32, phosphorus removal efficiency increased as C/P ratio increased linearly, while when the C/P ratio was higher than 32, the P removal efficiency was maintained at 90–98%, and effluent P concentration was lower than 0.5 mg L^?1. However, regardless of the C/P ratio, excellent COD removal (90% or higher) and good total nitrogen removal (75–84%) were maintained throughout the experiments. It was also found that very good linear correlation was obtained between COD uptake per unit P released in the anaerobic zone and C/P ratio. In addition, the P content in the wasted activated sludge increased with the decrease in the C/P ratio. Based on the results, it was recommended that the wastewater C/P ratio and its effects be incorporated into BNR design and operational procedures, appropriate C/P ratios were used to achieve the effluent treatment goals. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

碳氮比对AAO-BAF工艺运行性能的影响

AAO-BAF工艺由厌氧-缺氧-好氧反应器和曝气生物滤池组成,属于外硝化反硝化除磷工艺。以实际生活污水为处理对象,通过调节进水COD浓度(从211 mg·L^-1增加到675 mg·L^-1),研究了进水COD和TN的比(C/N)对AAO-BAF工艺运行性能的影响。结果表明,进水有机物浓度低或高,可以通过限制厌氧释磷量或竞争AAO反应器缺氧区的NO₃^-,从而影响工艺的反硝化除磷效果。当进水C/N大于4,小于7时,AAO-BAF工艺对COD、TN和PO₄^3-的去除率分别可达86%、78%和90%以上。很高的C/N(如9.5)会使缺氧区内存在大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),导致普通反硝化菌迅速消耗反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的电子受体NO₃^-。     

Performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB–BAF) combined system for the treatment of low‐concentration domestic sewage in south China

The performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB–BAF) combined system in pilot scale (with a daily treatment quantity of 600–1300 m³ d^?1), operated for 234 days, for low‐strength domestic sewage was assessed using different amounts of aeration, reflux ratios and hydraulic loading rates (HLR). In steady state it was found that the average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand at 5 days (BOD₅) were 82.0% and 82.2% and the average effluent concentrations were 15.8 mg L^?1 and 9.4 mg L^?1 respectively as the HFB was running at an HLR of 1.25–1.77 m³ m^?2 h^?1 and the BAF was running at an HLR of 1.56–2.21 m³ m^?2 h^?1. In general, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) fluctuated with the HLR, gas–water ratio and reflux ratio, so the ratio of gas to water should be controlled from 2:1 to 3:1 and the reflux ratio should be as high as possible. The effluent concentration of TN was 10.4 mg L^?1 and the TN removal averaged 34.3% when the gas–water ratio was greater than 3:1 and the reflux ratio was 0.5. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of NH₄⁺‐N averaged respectively 2.3 mg L^?1 and 78.5%. The overall reduction of total phosphorus (TP) was 30% and the average effluent concentration was 0.95 mg L^?1. The removal efficiency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) reached 83.8% and the average effluent concentration was almost 0.9 mg L^?1. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 0.0654 µ g L^?1 and 37.05% respectively when the influent concentration was 0.1039 µ g L^?1. The excess sludge containing water (volume 15 m³) was discharged once every 3 months. The power consumption of aeration was 0.06–0.09 kWh of sewage treated. The results show that the HFB–BAF combined technology is suitable for the treatment of low‐concentration municipal sewage in south China. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

序批式移动床生物膜反应器脱氮除磷影响因素及特性

考察了曝气量、进水C/N比（COD/TN）及进水氮、磷浓度对序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）脱氮除磷效果的影响,分析了该复合生物系统的污染物去除特性。实验结果表明,反应器脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用实现的,而除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程而完成;在保持载体良好流化状态的前提下,反应器硝化效果和TP去除受曝气量变化影响不大,反硝化效果随曝气量的减小而改善;采用厌氧/好氧序批式运行方式,能够使进水中的有机物被反硝化聚磷菌优先利用,实现一碳两用,节省了脱氮对外部碳源的需要,在进水C/N为2.8～4.0时能获得良好的硝化、反硝化和TP去除效果;随着进水氮、磷浓度的提高,反应器除磷效果相对稳定,脱氮效果变差,最大氮、磷去除负荷分别达到0.17 kg TN·m^-3·d^-1和0.06 kg TP·m^-3·d^-1。     

Biological nutrient removal in a sequencing batch reactor using ethanol as carbon source

BACKGROUND: When organic matter is limiting for biological nutrient removal (BNR) from wastewater, external organic carbon can be added to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This increases the overall treatment cost, so the choice of substrate is critical. The effect of using ethanol as the carbon source for BNR is investigated. RESULTS: The results clearly showed that using ethanol as a carbon source is a promising strategy for removing nutrients from wastewater. Effluent concentrations of 3.0 mg total nitrogen (TN) L^?1 (96% N removal efficiency) and 0.05 mg phosphate (P‐PO₄) L^?1 (99.9% P removal efficiency) were obtained. Furthermore, tests performed in order to identify the carbon source used by polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms (PAOs) showed that the phosphorus release/carbon uptake ratio using ethanol (0.41 mmol P mmol^?1 C) was slightly lower than that with acetate (0.50 mmol P mmol^?1 C) but close to that with propionate (0.42 mmol P mmol^?1 C). CONCLUSION: Therefore, taking into account the results presented for ethanol‐acclimatised biomass and the fact that the cost of ethanol is lower than that of acetate or propionate, ethanol can be considered as an alternative carbon source if one is needed in a WWTP. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enhanced biological nutrient removal in modified carbon source division anaerobic anoxic oxic process with return activated sludge pre-concentration☆

A pilot-scale modified carbon source division anaerobic anoxic oxic (AAO) process with pre-concentration of returned activated sludge (RAS) was proposed in this study for the enhanced biological nutrient removal (BNR) of municipal wastewater with limited carbon source. The influent carbon source was fed in step while a novel RAS pre-concentration tank was adopted to improve BNR efficiency, and the effects of an influent carbon source distribution ratio and a RAS pre-concentration ratio were investigated. The results show that the removal efficiency of TN is mainly influenced by the carbon source distribution ratio while the TP removal relies on the RAS pre-concentration ratio. The optimum carbon source distribution ratio and RAS pre-concentration ratio are 60%and 50%, respectively, with an inner recycling ratio of 100%under the optimum steady operation of pilot test, reaching an average effluent TN concentration of 9.8 mg·L?1 with a removal efficiency of 63%and an average TP removal efficiency of 94%. The mechanism of nutrient removal is discussed and the kinetics is analyzed. The results reveal that the optimal carbon source distribution ratio provides sufficient denitrifying carbon source to each anoxic phase, reducing nitrate accumulation while the RAS pre-concentration ratio improves the condition of anaerobic zone to ensure the phosphorus release due to less nitrate in the returned sludge. Therefore, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulation organisms play an important role under the optimum condition, enhancing the performance of nutrient removal in this test.     

Parametric study of the factors influencing simultaneous denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal

In this study, the effect of various factors such as C:N ratio, carbon source, percentage P content in the sludge influencing the simultaneous denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal was investigated in batch tests on bean and tomato waste sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor–anoxic/aerobic system and municipal sludge from a circulating fluidized bed bioreactor. A correlation between the change in redox potential and rate of P release was developed. Interestingly, maximum P release was observed at positive redox potential in some of the batch tests. Simultaneous denitrification and P release under anoxic conditions was observed during all the batch tests. Sludge acclimatization improved the efficiency of the sludge and proved independency of maximum specific denitrification rate and P content of sludges. The contribution of denitrifying PAOs to anoxic P uptake was determined through the denitrification control test at an initial level of PO₄‐P of 100–120 mg dm^?3. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

反硝化除磷菌的培养及驯化

针对广州地区城市污水碳量严重偏低、碳氮磷比例失调的特点,以模拟的广州污水为处理对象,采用SBR反应器,对以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷菌的培养及驯化进行研究。试验结果表明：反硝化除磷菌存在于传统生物除磷体系中。经过两个阶段试验的培养驯化,反硝化除磷菌在聚磷菌中的比例从29．8％上升到852％。稳定运行的反硝化除磷系统具有良好的反硝化脱氮除磷性能,系统出水磷〈1．0mg／L,COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为90％,82％,97％。     

CAST工艺改良对系统强化除磷性能的影响

传统CAST工艺广泛应用于国内各种规模城镇污水处理厂,单凭生物法难以达到城市污水排放一级A标准。采用改良的CAST工艺,在传统CAST工艺基础上引入主反应区独立的搅拌时序,并在实际规模的污水处理厂进行工程示范。通过两阶段的试验,逐步缩短曝气时间延长缺氧搅拌时间,优化聚磷菌的代谢环境,增强聚磷菌的竞争优势。经过改良后的CAST工艺TP去除率达到89.1%,较传统CAST工艺提高了22%,出水TP稳定达到一级A标准。静态试验结果表明改良后的工艺反硝化聚磷菌的比例有所增加, 吸收相似文献   

混合液回流比对A/A/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A/A/O工艺为研究对象，进行了混合液回流比为100%、200%和300%时对反硝化除磷的影响研究，并利用厌氧/缺氧批式试验方法对污泥特性进行单独考察。结果表明，随着混合液回流比的增大，缺氧除磷在系统除磷所起的作用、反硝化聚磷菌缺氧利用单位聚羟基链烷酸（PHAs）的吸磷量和反硝化数量出现先升高后下降，厌氧合成单位PHAs的释磷量和好氧利用单位PHAs的吸磷量并没有受到影响，以200%时反硝化除磷和系统脱氮除磷效果为最好，过高或过低NO₃-N浓度均会影响反硝化聚磷菌的缺氧吸磷速率和PHAs降解速率，但并没有影响其本身所固有的特性。     

Pilot‐scale demonstration of pre‐fermentation for enhancement of food‐processing wastewater biodegradability

A pilot‐scale anaerobic/aerobic ultrafiltration system was tested to treat high‐strength tomato‐processing wastewater, to achieve stringent dry‐ditch discharge criteria of soluble biochemical oxygen demand (SBOD) <10 mg dm^?3, total suspended solids <10 mg dm^?3, ammonia nitrogen <3 mg dm^?3 and soluble phosphorus <0.5 mg dm^?3. The anaerobic/aerobic system achieved 99.4% SBOD removal, 91.9% NH₃ N removal and 100% phosphorus removal at an overall hydraulic retention time of 1.5 days and solids retention time of 5 days during the tomato canning season. Respirometric studies confirmed that the pretreatment of tomato‐processing wastewater in the anaerobic reactor increased the readily biodegradable fraction, improved kinetics, and eliminated nutrient deficiency problem. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

双污泥-诱导结晶工艺除磷脱氮试验研究

针对传统污水处理脱氮除磷工艺碳源不足、聚磷菌与硝化菌泥龄矛盾、磷资源无法有效回收利用等问题,开发出"双污泥-诱导结晶"新型工艺,对其去除有机物和脱氮除磷性能进行了考察和分析。结果表明:当进水COD为152～237mg.L-1,TP为3.92～7.68mg.L-1,TN为31.3～50.5mg.L-1,C/N比约为3.91～5.21时,COD、TN和TP平均去除率分别为93.2%、71.2%和95.7%。厌氧段COD去除量约占系统COD去除总量的85.9%。TN的去除主要由缺氧池承担,厌氧池、硝化池、缺氧池、后置曝气池TN去除量约占系统TN去除总量的31.7%、11.4%、54.9%和2.0%。结晶在除磷过程中起着主要作用,结晶除磷量平均约占总除磷量的81.5%。双污泥工艺在系统中的主要作用为辅助化学除磷和脱氮。侧流比是保证系统稳定运行的关键参数。后置曝气池对超越污泥中COD和氨氮的去除有重要作用。     

亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌反硝化除磷代谢及N2O产生的影响

以乙酸钠/丙酸交替为碳源的强化生物除磷(enhance biological phosphorus removal, EBPR)系统为研究对象,母反应器内种泥在厌氧/好氧的运行条件下已培养340 d,聚磷菌富集纯度达到92%±3%,考察了不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮(44.64、70.3、94.33、112.36 mg NO₂^--N·L^-1)为电子受体对聚磷菌缺氧吸磷代谢的影响。结果表明,从未经缺氧驯化的高纯度聚磷菌也可以进行反硝化除磷代谢。在缺氧反应过程中NO₂^--N还原速率、PO₄^3--P吸收速率、PHA降解速率随着亚硝酸浓度升高呈下降趋势,但是在初始亚硝酸盐氮浓度最高为112.36 mg NO₂^--N·L^-1条件下,代谢并未停止,此时亚硝酸盐还原速率与磷酸盐吸收速率仍可以分别达到2.61 mg NO₂^--N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1和3.0 mg PO₄^3--P·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1。聚磷菌在以细胞内PHA作为碳源以NO₂^--N作为电子受体反硝化除磷代谢过程中,由于初始亚硝酸盐的抑制作用使NO₂^--N还原速率大于N₂O还原速率,从而产生大量的N₂O积累。初始投加NO₂^--N浓度为44.64、70.3、94.33、112.36 mg NO₂^--N·L^-1时,产生的N₂O占TN的比例分别为63.5%、49.0%、30.2%、24.0%。在底物充足的条件下,代谢中积累的N₂O可以通过延长缺氧搅拌时间,使其转化为N₂。     

Understanding the detrimental effect of nitrate presence on EBPR systems: effect of the plant configuration

The interaction between enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EPBR) and biological nitrogen removal may result in EBPR failure in full‐scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This work studies one of the common causes of this failure: the presence of nitrate in the anaerobic phase, which may act as an inhibitor for polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) activity or may activate the competition between PAO and denitrifying bacteria for the carbon source. Several batch experiments were performed with different carbon sources (acetic acid, propionic acid and sucrose) at different nitrate concentrations using PAO‐enriched sludge from two different pilot plants: an anaerobic/aerobic sequential batch reactor (SBR) and an anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A²/O) continuous plant. The results imply that the operational conditions of the A²/O pilot plant selected a PAO population capable of i) coexisting with nitrate without an inhibitory effect and ii) outcompeting denitrifying bacteria for the carbon source, in contrast to the SBR pilot plant where nitrate had an inhibitory effect on EBPR. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

A~2/O工艺强化反硝化除磷控制策略研究

在传统A2/O工艺的基础上,通过设立预缺氧区(即建立A-A2/O工艺)、外加碳源等手段,强化A2/O工艺处理低C/N生活污水的脱氮除磷能力。试验结果表明,经过强化后的A2/O反应器对COD、TN及TP去除效果良好,COD、TN及TP的去除率分别为92%、98%、85%。系统表现出明显的反硝化除磷现象,缺氧区除磷量占总除磷量的17.18%。反硝化除磷现象的产生降低了碳源缺乏对A2/O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响,提高碳源的利用效率。为采用A2/O工艺处理低C/N生活污水的污水处理厂提供理论依据。     

强化反硝化除磷对A~2O工艺微生物种群变化的影响

强化A2O工艺中的反硝化除磷比例,是提高该工艺处理低C/N比污水时脱氮除磷效率的有效途径。采用52.5 L的A2O反应器处理实际生活污水,研究了系统在不同的反硝化除磷比例情况下微生物的种群变化及关系。试验结果表明,随着水质条件及运行状态的改变,系统反硝化除磷的比例也在变化,同时微生物种群结构表现为一种动态的演替过程,工艺条件与微生物的种群结构具有很强的映射关系。测序结果表明,具有传统除磷功能的Acinetobacter在系统反硝化除磷得到强化的时候会逐渐被淘汰,而Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium会逐渐得到增殖,可能是系统中具有反硝化除磷功能的微生物。