柚果皮果胶浸提过程及动力学分析优化设计

以琯溪蜜柚果皮为原料,采用果胶酸解浸提法,基于果胶在浸提过程中包括原果胶转变为果胶、果胶从组织扩散到溶剂、果胶大分子降解等进程,以同步串联反应法构建果胶浸提动力学模型,获得基于浸提工艺优化和果胶同步降解影响的浸提动力学方程,进而进行模型验证分析及参数优化.有效性(残差分析及F检验)检验表明:该模型可应用于分析柚果皮果胶浸提动力学过程,在温度70 ～ 90℃,浸提过程表观活化能Ea为31.34kJ· mol-1;优化分析获得在浸提液pH =2.0,浸提温度90℃,浸提时间90.25 min,料液质量与体积比为1:40时,柚果皮果胶浸提得率11.83％,此结果与正交设计优化结果吻合.     

紫色鸢尾花色苷的提取工艺研究

对紫色鸢尾花色苷溶剂提取法的提取工艺进行了研究,考察了提取时间、提取温度、料液比、提取剂体积分数等因素的影响,并利用正交试验确定了最佳提取工艺条件.结果表明,料液比是影响花色苷提取效果的主要因素,最佳提取条件是料液比1:10、提取剂体积分数80%、提取时间3h、提取温度60℃.此工艺简单易于操作,提取效果较好,可用于紫色鸢尾花色苷的提取.     

毛酸浆果实黄色素的提取及其稳定性研究

对毛酸浆果实黄色素的最适浸提溶剂进行了筛选,通过正交试验确定了最佳浸提条件:以乙醇作为浸提溶剂,乙醇质量分数85%,时间4 h,温度65℃,料液比1∶14.对该色素稳定性研究表明,热稳定性较好;Fe3+、Ca2+、Na+、、Zn2+中,Ca2+对黄色素稳定性影响较大;所选食品添加剂蔗糖、苯甲酸钠、抗坏血酸对该色素稳定性影响不大;碱性环境(pH值为8)中稳定性好于酸性环境(pH值为2).     

正交试验法优选闹羊花总黄酮提取工艺

为从闹羊花中提取总黄酮,采用正交试验法研究闹羊花总黄酮的提取工艺,考察了浸提用醇的体积分数、浸提时间、浸提次数、液料比4个因素对闹羊花总黄酮提取率的影响．确立了闹羊花总黄酮最优提取条件为：70％乙醇溶液作溶剂;液料比25：1;浸提2次,每次30min．     

酶法提取方格星虫多糖的条件及优化

【目的】确定胰蛋白酶酶解法提取方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)体壁中水溶性多糖的最优条件。【方法】分别从料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提pH值、酶底比等5个方面进行了初步研究。研究分为两部分进行,先确认提取方法中各单因素的最优条件,再根据单因素试验结果选取4个主要因素(料液比、浸提温度、浸提pH值、酶底比),进行四因素三水平的正交试验,得到方格星虫水溶性多糖水提法的最佳组合。【结果】正交试验结果表明:对方格星虫多糖提取率影响最大的为浸提温度,其次是pH值和料液比,影响最小的为酶底比。最佳浸提条件为:温度60℃、pH值8.0、料液比1∶12g·mL-1、酶底比为2.0%、时间3h。【结论】在最优浸提条件下,方格星虫水溶性多糖酶提法所得的最佳提取率为1.59%。此方法高效稳定可行,能有效提高方格星虫的多糖提取率。     

不同产地黑豆皮花色苷超声提取法的研究

以四种不同产地的黑豆为原料,经过人工去皮得到黑豆种皮.采用超声波提取法提取黑豆种皮花色苷,通过单因素试验,比较了四种产地黑豆种皮花色苷的质量比.结果表明,其他条件相同时,提取时间为20 min时,绥化产黑豆种皮浸提液中花色苷的质量比最高,为2.668 mg/g;提取温度为60℃时,大连产黑豆种皮浸提液中花色苷的质量比最高,为2.113 mg/g;料液比为1∶50时,五常产黑豆种皮浸提液中花色苷的质量比最高,为3.035 mg/g;提取剂体积分数为40%时,五常产黑豆种皮浸提液中花色苷的质量比最高,为2.617 mg/g.     

橘皮中果胶的超声辅助溶剂法提取工艺

以橘皮为原料，稀盐酸为溶剂，超声萃取、乙醇沉淀法提取果胶.探讨了温度、液料比、pH值和超声提取时间等因素对果胶提取率的影响.通过正交实验确定的最佳工艺条件是：pH值为2.0，温度70 ℃，超声提取时间30 min，浸提液料比为40 mL/g.果胶提取率最高达到13.9%.     

苎麻叶中绿原酸的提取

研究了从苎麻叶中提取绿原酸的最佳工艺.在单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验设计考察了提取溶剂的选择以及提取温度、料液比、提取时间和pH值等对绿原酸提取率的影响.得到的最佳工艺条件为:以pH=4.0,体积分数为70%的乙醇溶液浸提苎麻叶3次,料液比为1:10,提取温度为70 ℃,提取时间为2 h;采用该工艺,可使绿原酸呈分子形式被有效地浸出,绿原酸的提取率达83%.     

微波辅助萃取红茶中咖啡碱的研究

研究了红茶中的有效成分咖啡碱在水中的溶出特性,以及茶叶粉碎度、料液质量比、浸提温度、浸提时间、提取液pH值、微波功率、微波作用时间等因素对咖啡碱溶出效果的影响,通过正交实验,对微波辅助萃取红茶中咖啡碱的工艺条件进行了研究.结果表明,茶叶不粉碎,料液质量比1∶30,浸提温度90℃,浸提时间30 min,提取液pH值为6,微波功率350 W,微波作用20 s,红茶中咖啡碱的浸出率可达3.90%以上.     

响应面法优化紫色菊花花瓣中花青素苷的提取工艺

采用响应面分析法优化紫色菊花花瓣中花青素苷的提取工艺.本试验以紫色菊花品种"红五九"自然晾干陈放后花瓣为材料,采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,获得多元二次回归方程,并预测紫色菊花花瓣花青素苷得率.结果表明,分别以酸性乙醇和酸性甲醇为浸提液时,紫色菊花花瓣花青素苷的最佳提取工艺参数为:乙醇浓度90%(V/V),盐酸浓度0.4mol·L-1、盐酸与乙醇体积比1∶1、温度40℃、料液比1∶70;甲醇浓度100%(V/V),盐酸浓度0.1mol·L-1、盐酸与甲醇体积比1∶1、温度42℃和料液比1∶70,一次浸提的花青素苷得率分别为8 266.03μg·g-1和7 916.04μg·g-1,与前期研究通过正交试验获得的最优工艺参数下的花青素苷得率均有明显提高,以酸性乙醇为浸提液效果较好,可为紫色菊花花瓣花青素苷的生产提供参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…