WC/12Co颗粒增强Ni60A复合涂层的组织及耐磨性能

采用超音速等离子喷涂技术在45#钢表面制备不同配比的WC/12Co+Ni60A复合涂层.利用SEM、EDS、XRD等分析技术对该涂层的形貌特征、物相组成和微区成分进行分析,并对涂层硬度及耐磨性进行测试.结果表明:在Ni60A中添加WC/12Co颗粒可使涂层的硬度和耐磨性显著提高,当WC/12Co质量分数为30%时,复合涂层的耐磨性较Ni60A涂层的耐磨性提高10.4倍;WC/12Co+Ni60A复合涂层主要由WC增强颗粒、γ-Ni基体及基体上分布的Cr2B、Cr7C3、Ni3Si2、W2C等相组成.其中大部分未熔的WC颗粒弥散分布在γ-Ni基体上形成硬质点相,是提高涂层耐磨性的主要因素;同时WC颗粒的存在对γ-Ni基固溶体基体有强化作用,使得涂层耐磨性进一步提高.     

添加剂铜在等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层中的作用研究

以WC-12Co和Cu180粉末为热喷涂材料,采用等离子喷涂系统制备涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对添加铜的WC-12Co涂层的显微组织和相结构进行观察与分析,并使用MH-6维氏硬度仪测量涂层的显微硬度HV,研究添加铜对WC-12Co涂层微观组织、相组成和硬度的影响规律。结果表明：添加铜后,WC-12Co涂层的显微组织更加致密,但显微硬度降低;涂层主要成分是WC及其脱碳产物W2C以及铜的氧化物Cu2O、CuO,添加铜对WC的脱碳起到了一定的抑制作用;喷涂过程中铜具有很好的流动性,填充到涂层形成过程中颗粒间的孔隙,降低涂层孔隙率。     

添加剂铜对等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层的相的影响研究

本文以WC-12Co和Cu180粉末为热喷涂材料，采用等离子喷涂系统制备涂层，利用x射线衍射仪对添加铜的WC-12Co涂层的相结构进行分析，研究添加铜对WC-12Co涂层相组成的影响规律。结果表明：添加铜后，WC-12Co涂层的主要成分是WC及其脱碳产物W2C以及铜的氧化物Cu2O、CuO，添加铜对WC的脱碳起到了一定的抑制作用。     

气体成分对Al2O3-TiO2涂层结构和硬度的影响

为了研究低功率等离子喷涂中工作气体成分对涂层结构和硬度的影响规律,在试验中我们分别使用了氩-氢和氩-氮等离子炬,在输入相同功率(5 kW)的条件下,改变混合气体中氢气与氮气的百分含量,来喷涂Al2O3-TiO2涂层.结果表明,用氩-氮等离子炬喷涂的涂层比较粗糙,相图中层间距较大,气孔较多;而用氩-氢等离子炬喷涂的涂层则比较均匀,层间距比较小,气孔也比较少,涂层比较致密,其硬度明显高于氩-氮等离子炬喷涂的涂层,Hv可以达到1243 kg·mm-2.     

超音速火焰喷涂细晶WC-12 Co涂层的组织性能

利用超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂技术,制备了一种钴质量分数为12%的细晶碳化钨基硬质合金涂层(WC-12Co),研究了涂层的组织结构、相组成和干滑动摩擦磨损行为。研究结果表明:HVOF喷涂的细晶WC-12Co涂层微观组织致密、均匀,WC晶粒尺寸与初始粉末相当,为500～900 nm。涂层主要为WC相和Co相,有少量W_2C相。与淬火态GCr15钢环干滑动对磨时,磨损率维持在10~(-7) mm~3/(N·m)量级,耐磨性良好,干滑动摩擦因数为0.67～0.76。涂层的主要磨损机制为金属Co相的被挤压、犁削和WC颗粒的剥落。重载时,涂层的磨损机制转化为接触疲劳裂纹扩展,导致局部片层剥离,并伴随着富Co区与对磨环的黏着磨损。     

螺杆表面超音速喷涂WC-Co耐磨涂层的研究

采用超音速喷涂技术在45#钢螺杆表面制备了钴基碳化钨型合金涂层,利用SEM、XRD和金相等手段分析了涂层的组织和性能.结果表明: 在45#钢基体和涂层的界面区域, WC-Co涂层主要由细小的WC相、块状含铁相和分布均匀的钴相组成;在WC-Co/45#钢界面层中,块状含铁相是α-Fe和马氏体组织;涂层的拉伸结合强度达到65 MPa, 显微硬度达到1200 HV.     

钛表面电火花沉积涂层的微观特征及性能

在TA2基体表面电火花沉积制备WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层,对比研究两种涂层的形貌、表面粗糙度、厚度、物相组成、显微硬度以及相对耐磨性。研究结果表明:CoCr/WC涂层比WC涂层缺陷少,界面结合较好。WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层表面粗糙度分别约为7.887μm和7.445μm。WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层厚度分别约为20μm和40μm。WC涂层表面主要由W_2C、TiC和W等物相组成,CoCr/WC涂层表面主要由W_2C、Co_3W_3C和W等物相组成。WC涂层表面和CoCr/WC涂层表面显微硬度值最大分别达970HV和1040HV。WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层的相对耐磨性分别为2.5和3.2。制备WC涂层和CoCr/WC涂层使基体表面性能发生改变,CoCr/WC涂层的综合性能优于WC涂层。     

铸钢轧辊电火花沉积YG8涂层的组织结构和性能

采用新型电火花沉积设备,把YG8电极材料沉积在铸钢轧辊材料上,制备了WC沉积涂层,研究了其微观组织及耐磨性能. 结果表明:沉积层主要由Fe3W3C、Co3W3C、W2C和Fe7W6C等相组成;沉积层与基体冶金结合,具有纳米颗粒尺寸的Fe7W6、W2C等硬质相弥散分布于沉积层中;沉积层的平均硬度为1 331 HV;沉积层较铸钢轧辊的磨损性能提高了2.3倍;沉积层的磨损机理以疲劳磨损为主,细小的弥散分布的硬质相是沉积层硬度及耐磨性提高的主要因素.     

微波烧结制备纳米稀土改性WC-Co硬质合金

以WC粉为基体,Co粉为粘结相,添加纳米Y2O3,通过球磨、压制成型和微波烧结制备WC-Co硬质合金。结果表明:制备的试样相结构为WC和η相(Co3W3C相),随烧结温度提高,试样的相对密度明显增大,在1 300℃时达到最高值,继续升高到1 320℃时出现局部熔融现象,随保温时间延长,试样的相对密度明显增大,但保温20 min后趋于稳定。加入纳米Y2O3可以明显细化晶粒,且其硬度和抗弯强度有一定程度提高。     

爆炸喷涂工艺参数对WC-Co涂层结构和硬度的影响

为了研究爆炸喷涂过程中爆炸频率、气体流量等喷涂工艺参数对WC-Co涂层结构和硬度的影响规律,以钴的质量分数为12%的钴粘结碳化钨粉末YF12为喷涂材料,分别选用4组爆炸喷涂工艺参数来制备WC-Co涂层.结果表明,当爆炸频率和氧、乙炔的气体流量较低时,涂层比较粗糙,片层间距较大,气孔较多,硬度较低;随着爆炸频率和气体流量的提高,涂层的层间距变小,气孔率降低,涂层的组织比较致密,硬度有很大提高,维氏硬度HV0.3可以达到1 049 kg·mm-2;但是当爆炸频率和气体流量进一步升高时,涂层的组织反而恶化,硬度降低.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…