Spaghetti cooking quality of waxy and non‐waxy durum wheats and blends

Quality attributes of waxy durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L), milled semolina and cooked spaghetti were examined and compared with those of two non‐waxy durum cultivars. With the exception of kernel hardness, wheat quality characteristics were similar for both waxy and non‐waxy durum. Compared with average values obtained for durum wheat grown in North Dakota (USA) during the crop year 2000, the values obtained for the wheat used in this study were equal or better for most parameters evaluated. Semolina extraction for all samples was lower than the 2000 average of 62.6%. The waxy lines had higher ash, lower speck count, similar protein quantity, lower wet gluten and stronger mixograph curves than the non‐waxy cultivars. Waxy durum semolina had higher lipid content, starch damage, stirring number and flour swelling values. Spaghetti made from waxy durum semolina had shorter cooking time, similar cooking loss and cooked weight and lower firmness values, which would be unacceptable by most standards. Spaghetti made from blends containing 20–80% waxy durum semolina were evaluated. Cooking time and firmness decreased and cooking loss increased as the amount of waxy semolina increased. Acceptable spaghetti was obtained using 20–40% waxy semolina blends, depending on the quality of the non‐waxy blending material. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study on physicochemical characteristics of waxy potato starch in comparison with other waxy starches

The physicochemical properties of wx potato, wx corn, and wx rice starches were examined and compared. wx potato starch displayed the B‐type XRD pattern, whereas wx rice and wx corn displayed the A‐type. Shapes of wx potato starch were oval or slightly round, wx corn and wx rice starch granules were polygonal. AM contents of the three starches were between 1.0 and 1.5%. Rapid viscosity analyzer data showed initial pasting temperatures of wx potato, wx corn, and wx rice starches as 69.6, 75.4, and 76.8°C, respectively, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback of wx potato starch were 2114, 1084, and 4 mPa s. Using DSC, onset temperature of gelatinization of wx potato starch was 5.5–7.2°C higher than those of wx rice and wx corn starches. The thermal enthalpies of the starches studied in our laboratory were in the range of 0.2268–1.9900 J/g with decreasing order of wx potato > wx corn > wx rice starch.     

Effect of ozone treatment on physicochemical properties of waxy rice flour and waxy rice starch

The effect of ozone treatment on physicochemical properties of waxy rice flour and waxy rice starch was investigated. Results showed that ozone treatment increased the pasting viscosity of waxy rice flour. Compared with untreated waxy rice flour, the peak viscosities of waxy rice flour for 0.5, 1 and 2 h of ozone treatments were increased by 27.4%, 32.8% and 45.5%, respectively. The alpha‐amylase in waxy rice flour was inactivated during the treatment. The gelatinisation temperature and enthalpy of waxy rice flour were kept unchanged after the treatment. For waxy rice starch, pasting viscosity, swelling power and molecular weight were increased after 0.5 h of treatment, but decreased as treatment time extended. The ozone treatment decreased gelatinisation temperature and enthalpy of waxy rice starch.     

糯小麦实验制粉及其在面条中的应用研究

报告了糯小麦的实验制粉,测定了糯小麦粉的理化特性,并对糯小麦粉在面条中的应用进行了研究,结果表明:与普通小麦相比,糯小麦的体积质量大;与普通小麦粉相比,糯小麦粉湿面筋含量高但面筋指数低,吸水率较高,延展性较差,降落数值极低;糯小麦粉能显著增强面条的适口性、光滑性和粘性,其最佳添加比例在30%左右。     

糯小麦的研究与利用

糯小麦的研究已成为当前小麦遗传育种的重要内容之一。就国内外关于小麦糯性(Waxyy)蛋白和Wx基因的作用机理、Wx基因及其等位变异、Waxy变异的产生途径、糯小麦的品质性状及其用途等方面作一综述，并讨论了糯小麦遗传基础、品种(系)选育、品质性状及其在小麦品质育种和食品品质改良中的利用等问题。     

蜡质马铃薯淀粉的理化特性及其在食品领域中的应用

蜡质马铃薯淀粉是一种全新的商业化淀粉，本文首次对该淀粉的理化性质进行了研究。结果表明蜡质马铃薯淀粉的直链淀粉的含量极低（0．96％），低于蜡质玉米淀粉的直链淀粉的含量（3．79％）；蛋白质及脂肪含量也低于普通马铃薯淀粉的蛋白质及脂肪含量。蜡质马铃薯淀粉的x射线衍射图谱属B型，其淀粉颗粒的大小和型态与普通马铃薯的淀粉无明显差异，但其小颗粒淀粉的比例较普通马铃薯的淀粉高。蜡质马铃薯淀粉的胀润度及淀粉糊的透明度均高于普通马铃薯的淀粉，远远高于木薯淀粉及蜡质玉米淀粉。虽然蜡质马铃薯淀粉的成糊温度与普通马铃薯淀粉及木薯淀粉的无明显差异，在水溶液中其淀粉糊的最高黏度也低于普通马铃薯淀粉，但在酸性及盐环境中蜡质马铃薯淀粉的最高黏度却大大高于普通马铃薯淀粉。由于其特殊的功能性质，可为食品领域内诸多产品的生产、开发提供新的选择，由于其高支链的特性，耐酸性、耐盐性能好、较低的糊化温度及高度的透明度，可生产出透明度极高、冻融稳定性好的高质量汤料、酱料及果酱类产品。由于其增稠稳定性能好，可替代烘焙奶油中胶体成分，带来成本的节约的可能性。由于其可提供高膨胀性能的特性，可为休闲膨化食品带来松脆的口感、光滑的外观、高度膨化的效果。     

Eating quality indicators for waxy rices

A study of the properties of raw and cooked waxy milled rices from the Republic of Korea, the Philippines and Thailand verified that the hardness and stickiness values of cooked rices, as measured by an Instron food tester, tended to be related to final gelatinisation or birefringence end-point temperature (BEPT), neutral gel consistency or both properties of raw rices. Actual texture determination of cooked rice is required among the low final BEPT rices that have similar gel consistency and alkali test values. Intermediate final BEPT waxy rices as cooked rice had hardness and stickiness properties similar to those of high final BEPT rices.     

Retrogradation of waxy cornstarch studied by DSC

The retrogradation process of the biphasic endotherms Gr and M1r for waxy cornstarch was systematically investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The high temperature endotherm M1r developed significantly within 2–5 h, while the retrograded endotherm Gr appeared after 5 h storage and increased with time. The single endotherm Gr was separated using an analytical software, and the enthalpy was found to be ∼36% of the total enthalpy of the retrograded starch. Compared to normal cornstarch (∼77% amylopectin content), the final retrogradation ratio of the waxy cornstarch was higher. Both the waxy and normal cornstarches investigated showed a similar pattern of retrogradation process, which developed quickly in the initial stage (up to 1 day) and then gradually came to a near‐constant value in the second stage (from 1 to 20 days).     

阳离子糯玉米淀粉制备工艺

以特种糯玉米淀粉为原料,以N-(2,3-环氧丙基)三甲基氯化铵为阳离子化试剂,制备糯玉米阳离子变性淀粉,根据单因素的实验,选择N-(2,3-环氧丙基)三甲基氯化铵用量、氢氧化钠用量、加水量,反应温度、反应时间,五因素三水平正交实验设计,实验结果表明,糯玉米阳离子变性淀粉的最佳制备条件是:N-(2,3-环氧丙基)三甲基氯化铵用量为1mL,氢氧化钠用量为0.29g,加水量为5mL,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为3.23h;同时,本研究对样品进行了取代度分析。     

新型糯玉米保健醋的工艺研究

以香白糯玉米为原料,采用固态发酵工艺,通过正交试验确定糯玉米醋的最佳工艺条件:在温度33℃、糖度为18°和pH为4.4,进行酒精发酵3d;酒精发酵结束后在酒精度9%,温度38℃,发酵酸度为1.4%时开始进入醋酸发酵,发酵4d,最后经调配灌装杀菌即可得营养丰富、具有糯玉米特征、澄清透明的糯玉米醋。     

蜡质玉米粉的糊化特性研究

为了解蜡质玉米粉及其不同制粉方法对糊化特性的影响,测定了干磨、湿磨、挤压制蜡质玉米粉以及蜡质玉米淀粉、糯米粉的溶胀度和RVA参数。结果表明:蜡质玉米粉糊化进程中溶胀度高,水合能力强,具有较高的糊化参数。不同品种蜡质玉米粉的破损值、谷值、峰值和终黏度的变异程度较大,蜡质玉米粉的峰值与谷值、终粘度和回生值、谷值与回生值、谷值与终粘度、终粘度与回生值均呈极显著正相关。湿法制粉糊化进程中水合能力强,主要RVA参数显著高于干法制粉和挤压制粉,具备很强的成糊能力和黏滞性,干法制粉成糊后稳定较好,抗老化性较强,挤压制粉的糊化进程不明显。     

食用糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯制备和性质研究

选用糯玉米淀粉为原料,考察pH值、反应温度、反应时间、醋酸酐用量等因素对糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯取代度和反应效率影响;通过正交试验得到制备糯玉米淀粉醋酸酯最佳工艺条件,并对产品的糊透明度、粘度性质等进行研究。     

发芽糯玉米中铬的生物转化能力研究

分别用浓度为0、5、10、20、40、60、80、120 mg/kg的三氯化铬溶液浸泡糯玉米籽粒,浸泡24 h,在28℃条件下进行发芽培养,研究糯玉米发芽过程中铬的生物转化能力。试验结果表明,三氯化铬溶液浸泡处理后,发芽对总铬和有机铬含量均有极显著性的影响(P0.01)。随着发芽时间的延长,总铬含量极显著的增加,有机铬含量先极显著的增加再减少,到40 mg/kg时达到最高值。铬的生物转化能力趋势与有机铬趋势相同,当铬溶液浓度为40 mg/kg,发芽培养5 d得到的富铬糯玉米芽,其铬的生物转化能力达72.2%。糯玉米在发芽过程中具有较强的富铬能力和较高的生物转化能力。     

黑糯米黄酒的研制

本研究以黑糯玉米、糯米、黄玉米为原料，用黄酒种曲、酒药、酵母作糖化发酵剂，经去皮、去坯、粉碎、浸米、蒸饭、淋饭冷却、拌料、开放式发酵等工艺操作，通过用正交试验法确定最优组合、用响应面分析法(RSA)确定黑糯玉米黄酒的最佳工艺发酵条件，用三种不同温度、时间煎酒，确定煎酒温度、时间对氨基甲酸乙酯的形成的影响。研究结果表明：最优组合为黑糯玉米、黄酒种曲、发酵期开耙2～3次；最适接种量为糖化菌5％、酵母菌0．4%，最适发酵温度为15～18℃最适发酵周期为16～19d；煎酒温度为80～85℃，时间为10～15min。     

羟丙基糯米淀粉的制备及其性质的研究

以糯米淀粉为原料制备羟丙基淀粉,考察了环氧丙烷用量、反应时间、反应温度、淀粉乳浓度、氢氧化钠、硫酸钠对淀粉取代度和反应效率的影响,并对不同取代度的羟丙基淀粉的性质进行了研究。实验结果表明,以上各因素对羟丙基淀粉的取代度都有明显的影响,而且不同取代度的羟丙基淀粉的透明度和冻融稳定性及表观黏度比原淀粉都有提高,但白度变化不明显。     

Low digestion property of amylosucrase-modified waxy adlay starch

Structural and digestion properties of amylosucrase-modified waxy adlay starch were investigated. The unique reaction of amylosucrase caused a decrease and an increase in the proportion of short chains and long chains, respectively, via attachment of glucosyl units to the non-reducing ends of branch chains. The in vitro digestion profile of amylosucrase-modified starch revealed that elongated branch chains were the main reason for high contents of slowly digestible and resistant starches due to formation of a more perfect crystalline structure via easy association between elongated branch chains. The glucose response in mice after consumption of amylosucrase-modified starch was similar to the response for commercial resistant starch with a gradual increase followed by a gradual decrease in blood glucose concentrations over a prolonged time. Both in vitro and in vivo tests were used to verify increased resistance to digestive enzymes caused by amylosucrase modification.     

膨化糯玉米速溶营养粉的研究

探讨了以挤压膨化糯玉米粉为原料,制作膨化糯玉米速溶营养粉的加工工艺。在单因素基础上,通过正交实验确定了最优的糯玉米粉挤压膨化工艺参数为:糯玉米粉含水量为16%,膨化机三区温度55、115、150℃,螺杆转速160r/min。确定了糯玉米粉与奶粉、蔗糖、麦芽糊精等制作速溶营养粉的最佳配比方案:糯玉米粉60g,奶粉7g,蔗糖10g,麦芽糊精14g。     

交联糯米辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯制备条件研究

以糯米为原料,采用三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,辛烯基琥珀酸酐为酯化剂,对糯米淀粉进行双重化学变性,以峰值黏度和取代度作为评价指标,研究5个反应因素(交联剂用量、交联pH值、交联温度、交联时间、酯化剂用量、对峰值黏度和取代度的影响,结果双重变性淀粉的峰值黏度和取代度均比原淀粉有所提高.在一定的工艺条件下,产品峰值黏度可达583 RVU,取代度DS可达0.02567.