休闲豆腐干贮藏过程中品质变化研究

以休闲豆腐干为研究对象,在常温下贮藏180d,利用感官评价和热量成分检测仪、质构仪等快速检测手段研究休闲豆腐干货架期内品质变化。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,豆腐干品质越来越差;60~90d是豆腐干品质微变时期,营养组分和质构特性变化小,90~180d是其品质显著变化时期,水分含量骤减,蛋白质、脂肪含量显著升高,碳水化合物含量持续下降;硬度、咀嚼性、粘聚性显著增大,回复性下降。主要营养物质含量变化是引起豆腐干质构特性变化的主要原因。并确定硬度和咀嚼性是贮藏过程中影响豆腐干品质变化的关键指标。建议豆制品企业将豆干保质期定为120~150d。     

近红外分析技术在火腿肠检测中的应用

本文介绍了近红外分析技术以及近红外检测仪工作原理,并详细讨论了近红外分析技术在火腿肠检测中的应用实例,包括蛋白质、脂肪和水分指标的定标方程的建立。与常规方法检测结果相比,样品近红外检测值是可以接受的,从而证明利用近红外检测仪快速测定火腿肠中的蛋白质、脂肪和水分含量是可行的。     

基于近红外建立荞麦营养成分快速检测模型

为探索一种快速、高效测定荞麦营养成分含量的方法,从内蒙古等地收集荞麦样品66份,采集样品近红外漫反射光谱图,并参照国标法测定样品水分、灰分、脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉含量,利用样品近红外光谱指纹结合化学计量学方法建立荞麦各营养成分的快速检测模型。结果,在10 000~4 000 cm-1波数范围内,分别对近红外光谱进行多元散射校正+一阶导数处理、一阶导数处理+标准正态变换及去趋势算法、无预处理、二阶导数+标准正态变换及去趋势算法,结合化学测定值建立的营养成分快速检测模型的校正和预测效果最佳;所建立的水分、灰分、脂肪、蛋白质、淀粉含量快速检测模型交叉验证决定系数R2分别为81.601 0%、94.086 2%、80.942 3%、99.897 5%、99.857 6%,外部验证决定系数R2分别为81.60%、94.09%、80.94%、99.97%、99.86%,且验证结果预测值及化学值差异不显著。建立的模型可以满足荞麦营养成分的快速检测。     

大米蛋白粉多组分含量近红外光谱快速检测

大米蛋白粉中蛋白质、脂肪和水分的含量是其品质评定的重要指标,应用近红外光谱方法检测大米蛋白粉多组分含量。采集244份大米蛋白粉样品光谱数据,经小波变换处理后建立极限学习机模型(ELM),并采用自适应算法对极限学习机的参数进行优化,提高了模型的精度和稳定性。结果显示,大米蛋白粉中蛋白质、脂肪和水分的预测集决定系数(R2)分别为0.9905、0.9643、0.9574,均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.3308、0.3766和0.1922,三种成分模型预测精度较偏最小二乘模型(PLS)平均提高33%。表明所提出的自适应ELM方法用于近红外光谱分析建模有较好的效果,为确定大米蛋白粉中各成分含量提供了一种无损快速检测新方法。     

近红外光谱快速检测婴幼儿配方乳粉中主要成分的方法研究

目的研究利用近红外光谱技术快速检测婴幼儿配方乳粉中主要成分的方法。方法收集12个品牌的婴幼儿配方乳粉共100份样品,采集10 000~4 000 cm-1波数范围内的近红外光谱,采用主成分回归和偏最小二乘法建立校正模型,并对比光谱预处理方法对模型的影响。结果采用偏最小二乘法建模,光谱采用标准正态变量变换预处理,模型预测效果最佳,主要成分蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、水分、灰分、可获得碳水化合物和能量的预测方差分别为98.44%、97.40%、96.18%、96.74%、96.97%、96.55%和95.35%,估计标准误差分别为0.354 2、0.473 8、0.201 4、0.105 8、0.093 61、0.520 7和13.64。对模型进行外部验证,将预测样品的7项主要成分的预测结果与实验室检测结果进行比较,相对误差及相对偏差均在5.00%以下,7项主要成分符合国家标准的精密度的要求。结论本方法能快速有效的测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、水分、灰分、可获得碳水化合物的质量分数及能量的含量。     

北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司——专业食品分析仪器供货商

<正>食品热量成分检测仪(卡路里分析仪)应用:根据现代化的饮食特点和健康理念,大众开始重视对热量摄入的控制,因此从食品生产企业、餐饮酒店、学校、养老院、到疾病预防控制机构等都需要一套快捷高效的热量检测系统来帮助日常的热量管理,CA-HM食品热量成分检测仪正是针对这一需求开发而来。功能:战胜传统理化测试手段耗时繁琐的缺陷,5分钟即可测得热量指标,同时还可获得蛋白质、脂肪等指标。混合类食物,如中餐菜肴亦可直接测试。测量指标:热量/卡路里,蛋白质,脂肪,碳水化合物,水分,酒精等     

农村传统手工麦酱风味特点分析

以不同年份农家传统手工麦酱为样本,对麦酱的主要成分、风味物质进行检测分析。结果表明:传统麦酱能量均值为741.6kJ/100g,麦酱中水、脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、粗纤维平均含量为55.4,4.38,8.64,26.78,5.92g/100g,酸度、食盐均值为4.15,9.898g/100g,游离氨基酸含量为3.84~5.83g/100g。麦酱中呈鲜味、甜味、苦味、无味氨基酸含量占比为36.2%,22.9%,22.0%,18.9%,呈味强度值(TAV)最大的是谷氨酸(48.1)、缬氨酸(7.20)和丙氨酸(6.15)。麦酱自然贮存过程中水、脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、酸度变化显著(P0.05),水分和酸度上升,碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质下降明显。     

近红外定量模型快速测定大米的营养成分

大米中的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和水分是大米的重要营养成分,这些组分的检测需要依赖国标法,检测过程繁琐冗长,污染大,实现近红外快速检测具有重要的现实意义。本实验以75个大米样品为研究对象,用国标法测定其蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和水分的含量,用Antares Ⅱ型近红外光谱仪采集光谱信息。将样品分为校正集和验证集,其中校正集63个,验证集12个,通过6种光谱预处理方法和3种建模方法分别建立大米的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和水分的定量模型,用Workflow调用模型来实现四种组分的快速检测。结果表明,蛋白质、碳水化合物通过一阶导数与Savitzky-Golay滤波对光谱进行处理;脂肪、水分通过二阶导数和Savitzky-Golay滤波对光谱进行处理;再通过PLS回归与国标法的测定值相关联建立的大米中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物及水分的定量模型具有较高的预测精度。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和水分的预测模型的内部交叉验证的相关系数R分别为0.9266、0.9333、0.9198、0.9175,RMSECV分别为0.280、0.133、0.362、0.270,内部交叉验证的相关系数R均在0.91以上,RMSECV均小于0.37,可实现对大米中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和水分的快速检测。     

基于近红外光谱的猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量检测

蛋白质及脂肪是猪肉的重要营养成分。随着人们对饮食健康的要求越来越高,对猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量快速检测也成为必然。通过近红外光谱技术对猪肉进行光谱数据采集,将光谱数据分为校正集样本和预测集样本,然后,在MATLAB中利用多元散射校正(MSC)与均值中心化相结合的方法进行光谱预处理并采用联合区间偏最小二乘方法(SiPLS)获得猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量与光谱数据特征之间的对应关系,从而定量分析猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量。实验结果表明,建立的SiPLS检测脂肪及蛋白质含量预测模型的最优组合分别为划分为20个光谱区间并联合4个子区间和9个主成分因子,和划分19个光谱区间并联合4个子区间和10个主成分因子。其预测集的相关系数分别为0.9798、0.9788,交互验证均方根误差分别为0.228,0.241。研究结果表明,利用近红外光谱结合SiPLS算法可以快速准确检测猪肉蛋白质与脂肪含量。     

近红外光谱法快速检测毛/涤混纺面料中的毛含量

为提高纺织面料成分的检测速度和分析精度,文章以80个纯羊毛、80个纯涤纶、150个毛/涤混纺样品为研究对象,建立近红外光谱图库,选用均值中心化、Savitzky-Golay导数、Savitzky-Golay平滑、多元散射校正光谱预处理方法,然后结合偏最小二乘法建立PLS定量校正模型。为验证模型的实用性,对50个毛/涤样品进行了预测。检测结果显示:毛含量的预测平均绝对误差(MAE)为1.036 4%,预测标准差(RMSE/SEP)为0.695 4%,该研究为近红外光谱分析快速检测混纺织物纤维含量及纺织应用领域提供了重要依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.