基于顶点编程的三维纹理硬件体绘制算法

为克服图形硬件对传统纹理映射体绘制的限制,提出并分析讨论了采用顶点编程来有效地实现基于纹理的体绘制中的切片组与包围盒相交过程的方法。这种新颖的技术能保证顶点处理器、片段处理器与内存宽带间工作量的平衡。同时,通过对梯度的实时计算来减少在传统纹理映射体绘制中巨大的内存消耗。最后应用这种技术结合空区域跳跃技术,有效地去除了体数据中的空区域,降低了硬件的负载,加速了体绘制的过程。测试表明对较大规模的体数据,该算法能较大地提高性能。     

基于动态纹理载入的大规模数据场体绘制

为克服图形硬件对传统纹理映射体绘制的限制,提出了一种在普通PC上进行大规模数据场体绘制的有效方法。该方法中,体数据被划分为合适大小的数据块,这些数据块被动态的载入图形硬件,并利用3维纹理映射进行绘制。在整个绘制过程中,仅有一个数据块存储在图形硬件上,有效地提高了对大规模体数据的绘制能力。同时,充分利用目前PC图形硬件成熟的可编程特性,通过对梯度的实时计算来减少在传统纹理映射体绘制中巨大的内存消耗。实验结果表明,该方法在普通PC上可以对超过纹理内存容量的大规模体数据进行交互式体绘制。     

体绘制的任意曲面切割方法

为了在体绘制的过程中,响应用户的实时交互以及对体数据进行切割。论文提出了一种预计算外部轮廓,基于ConstructiveSolidGeometry(CSG)的方法来进行切割的方法。预先计算的外部轮廓在整个体绘制过程中完成界定体元绘制的边界和进行切割交互的功能,因此提高了体元绘制和切割的效率。引入外部轮廓几何体之后,采用基于CSG的方法来进行交互式切割,保证了原有外部轮廓和切割体各自内部的拓扑关系。最后,通过对纹理坐标的实时计算,实现3D纹理的映射。论文借助于现有可编程图形流水线的功能实现该方法,完成了高效率的实时交互和绘制。     

虚拟手术中的模型实时绘制

实时的视觉反馈在虚拟手术中可以加强操作者的沉浸感。该文分析了体绘制和面绘制的优缺点,在系统实时性的要求下,实现了基于立体纹理映射的三维体模型的面绘制。算法在容许实时交互的同时,为操作者提供了真实感较强的视觉反馈。由于文中立体纹理生成及纹理坐标计算的特殊性,对虚拟手术中的拉压变形和切割等操作也能很好地处理。     

基于纹理映射与Phong光照模型的体绘制加速算法

为了提高体绘制速度，提出了一种基于纹理映射、具有Phong光照效果的体绘制加速算法．该算法是根据Phong光照模型，利用一单位球面体来仿真相同光照绘制条件下的每一个体素的反射光强，首先形成一个以法线矢量为索引值的反射光强查寻表，再应用窗值变换的加速算法来计算体素的不透明度；然后采用纹理映射的方法将体素光强值与由不透明度组成的3D数据集从物体空间投射到观察空间，再沿视方向融合为3D图象．实验表明，这种3D旋转的明暗修正保证了体绘制中3D旋转几何变换的多视角观察的交互速度．由于该算法综合了体绘制软件算法数据处理与纹理映射硬件加速的优点，并用2D纹理映射与融合的方法实现了体数据的3D重建，因而不仅降低了对计算机硬件与软件环境的要求，而且在目前通用个人计算机上即可获得近似实时的交互绘制速度和良好的3D图象品质．据研究，该算法同样适用于3D纹理映射的体绘制方法．     

基于GPU的实时光线投射算法

介绍了一种基于GPU（可编程图形处理单元）的快速实时光线投射算法。为满足大规模体数据集的绘制要求,利用当前GPU的新特性,直接将体数据作为纹理载入显存,采用预积分分类方法在GPU中对体数据进行重采样和分类,避免了计算机主内存与GPU纹理内存之间数据交换的瓶颈问题;利用硬件支持的三维纹理和片元着色器,实时计算每个体素的梯度,实现高质量的光照,保证高质量的图像绘制效果。实验结果表明该方法在医学三维数据场可视化中,能够实时、高效地生成高质量的交互式体可视化图像。     

一个新的基于3D纹理映射及Shear—werp变换的快速体绘制方法

介绍了一个新的基于纹理映射及Ｓｈｅａｒ－ｗａｒｐ变换的快速体绘制方法。所提出的方法吸收了纹理映射方法的长处，通过纹理硬件的加速，并在纹理装载时提出了可适应性的纹理分割方法，使该算法不受纹理内存的限制。在进行纹理映射时，通过剪切（Ｓｈｅａｒ）变换和三维图象的分割，加快绘制速度。与多种经典的快速体绘制方法进行测试比较，该方法达到了交互的效果和更高的绘制速度。     

基于GPU的三维医学图像混合可视化系统

研究并实现了一个基于GPU的医学图像混合可视化系统，该系统采用三维纹理映射的方法实现直接体绘制，利用GPU的可编程特性完成体绘制方法中的插值后分类算法和传输函数的传递及实时修改，采用OpenGL技术实现表面的绘制，并基于场景图结构实现时表面数据的管理。面绘制和体绘制部分都采用OpenGL实现，运用OpenGL的融合机制，系统实现了面绘制和体绘制的混合显示。本系统大大提高了体绘制的速度，有效地保留了面绘制和体绘制的优势，在保证绘制速度的基础上丰富了图像信息。     

基于标准PC机的大数据实时体绘制算法研究究

为了解决在标准PC机上对大数据进行实时体绘制的问题，提出了一种基于图形处理器的大数据高质量体绘制算法。该算法采用三维纹理映射作为核心的绘制算法，结合可见性测试、遮挡测试和模板测试来加快绘制速度。实验结果表明，对虚拟人体数据，可以在不损失图像质量的前提下，以可交互的速度进行绘制。     

基于纹理映射和GPU的焦点区域体绘制

利用图形硬件的纹理映射和可编程GPU功能,高效实现基于焦点区域的体绘制.使用模板缓存检测机制把体数据标记为3个不同的区域,然后对标记区域使用基于纹理映射的方法分别绘制;同时使用基于GPU方法实现了周围区域的体轮廓绘制以及体绘制中多个转换函数的指定过程.文中方法使得体绘制系统实现容易、可扩展性好.     

Fast Visualization of Object Contours by Non-Photorealistic Volume Rendering

In this paper we present a fast visualization technique for volumetric data, which is based on a recent non-photorealistic rendering technique. Our new approach enables alternative insights into 3D data sets (compared to traditional approaches such as direct volume rendering or iso-surface rendering). Object contours, which usually are characterized by locally high gradient values, are visualized regardless of their density values. Cumbersome tuning of transfer functions, as usually needed for setting up DVR views is avoided. Instead, a small number of parameters is available to adjust the non-photorealistic display. Based on the magnitude of local gradient information as well as on the angle between viewing direction and gradient vector, data values are mapped to visual properties (color, opacity), which then are combined to form the rendered image (MIP is proposed as the default compositing stragtegy here). Due to the fast implementation of this alternative rendering approach, it is possible to interactively investigate the 3D data, and quickly learn about internal structures. Several further extensions of our new approach, such as level lines are also presented in this paper.     

可微绘制技术研究进展

可微绘制技术是当前虚拟现实、计算机图形学与计算机视觉领域研究的热点,其目标是改造计算机图形学中以光栅化或光线跟踪算法为主的真实感绘制流程,支持梯度信息回传以计算由输出图像的变化导致的输入几何、材质属性变化,通过与优化及深度学习技术等相结合支持从数据中学习绘制模型和逆向推理,是可微学习技术在计算机图形学绘制技术中的应用的具体体现,在增强/虚拟现实内容生成、三维重建、表观采集建模和逆向光学设计等领域中有广泛的应用前景。本文对可微绘制当前的发展状况进行调研,重点对该技术在真实感绘制、3维重建和表观采集建模中的研究和应用情况进行综述,并对可微绘制技术发展趋势进行展望,以期推动可微技术在学术界和产业界的进一步发展。     

Volumetric texture synthesis for non-photorealistic volume rendering of medical data

This paper presents a novel technique, called volumetric texture synthesis, for non-photorealistic volume rendering. It extends texture synthesis from 2D areas/3D surfaces to volumes. By selecting different texture samples, it allows for a wide variety of stylized rendering for the target volume. As a preprocessing step, volume data analysis is used to identify texture orientations for the volume. This is followed by volumetric texture synthesis, which generates 3D non-photorealistic textures along the identified texture orientations. Finally, standard volume rendering is applied to display the volume data decorated by the texture. Experimental results are provided in the paper.     

脑血管体绘制的快速表意式增强

利用3维可视化技术重构脑血管模型,获取脑血管及其相关组织的立体结构,对于辅助诊断脑血管疾病具有重要意义.鉴于脑血管位置的特殊性、形态的复杂性及灰度信息的多变性,要求重构技术能够清晰还原其空间结构.基于CUDA(computed unified device architecture)的光线投射体绘制,引入深度和轮廓宽度等因子,采用基于曲率的轮廓增强、基于深度的边界增强以及基于立体显示和颜色融合的深度线索提示等表意式技术,实时重构高质量3维血管模型,生动展现脑血管的3维结构信息,如深度、梯度、观察方向等.实验结果表明,本文方法的有效性,在精确显示脑血管结构的同时能够增强体绘制效果.     

Wavefront raycasting using larger filter kernels for on-the-fly GPU gradient reconstruction

The quality of images generated by volume rendering strongly depends on the accuracy of gradient estimation. However, the most commonly used techniques for on-the-fly gradient reconstruction are still very simple, such as central differences; they generally gather only limited neighbourhood information and thus ultimately produce rather poor quality images. While there are many higher-order reconstruction methods, such as 3×3×3 or 5×5×5 filters, which can improve the quality, their excessive sampling costs have meant that they are generally used only for pre-computed gradients, which are then quantized and stored for later runtime re-interpolation. This may introduce further errors and, significantly, may consume valuable texture memory. In this paper, we address these issues by proposing a CUDA-based rendering framework that uses larger filter kernels for on-the-fly gradient computation in real-time raycasting applications. By using adaptive wavefront tracing, our approach can dramatically reduce the memory bandwidth requirements related to larger neighbour samples. To further ensure that samples are consumed wisely, we have devised a novel adaptive sampling scheme and a customized 3D mipmapping technique in the CUDA environment to sample at a proper level of detail as the ray recedes into the distance. We compared our technique with two previous state-of-the-art GPU raycasting algorithms and found that it achieves higher quality imaging and faster rendering performance across a variety of data sets than the previous methods.     

Rendering of forest scenery using 3D textures

Visual simulation of forest scenery is a challenging problem which includes the following tough sub-problems: generation of vegetation, representation of trees, simulation of colour change of leaves, and rendering of numerous trees. Among those sub-problems, this paper treats mainly the last one. A conventional polygon-based rendering algorithm often produces troublesome aliasing effects when it is applied to the objects having complex fine surfaces, such as forest scenery. In this paper, we show that an extended volume rendering technique applied to 3D textures, i.e. volume data in this paper, of trees is effective in the concerned problem. Kajiya left, as further work, the problem of rendering forest scenery by applying his 3D texture called texel. Our rendering method consists of the following three steps: we first generate 3D textures of trees from their polygon-based geometric models, we next arrange the 3D textures, allowing their possible mutual intersections, on the surface of a given polygon-based terrain model according to a simulated vegetation, and we finally produce an image of forest scenery by applying the ray-tracing algorithm including our slightly extended volume rendering technique. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

交互式动态体绘制及其加速算法

体绘制三维成象法是一门新兴的3D采样数据场可视化技术，在医学成象和科学可视化领域有着极为广泛的应用，但由于3D数据量大，其使用往往受到巨大计算开销的限制，因此很多研究人员致力于静态体绘制加速算法的研究，并解决医学图象三维可视化中三维体数据显示速度与成象质量问题，因而提出了一种交互式动态体绘制算法，即从任意的视点距离和视线方向进行动态编制，并在分析其算法复杂度的基础上，提出一种新的加速算法，同时使得动态体绘制过程几乎达到实时的效果，经验证，这种算法比标准算法快4～5倍。     

Volume seeds: A volume exploration technique

Ray-traced volume rendering has been shown to be an effective method for visualizing 3D scalar data. However, with currently available workstation technology, interactive volume exploration using conventional volume rendering is still too slow to be attractive. This paper describes an enhanced volume rendering method which allows interactive changes of rendering parameters such as colour and opacity maps. An innovative technique is provided which allows the user to plant a ‘seed’ in the volume to rapidly modify local shading parameters. For a fixed viewing position, the user can interactively explore specific regions of interest. Furthermore, a virtual cutting technique with the exploratory seed allows the user to remove surfaces and see the internal structure of the volume. Examples demonstrate these techniques as an attractive option in many applications.     

基于序列切片图像体绘制结果的实现与保存

医学图像的体绘制作为辅助诊疗的重要手段,成为近年来研究和应用的热点。文中讨论了光线投射法这一体绘制经典算法的实现过程,并实现了基于人体序列切片图像的肾脏体绘制,重建结果的保存和读取操作以及虚拟的立体裁切功能,使得对于重建结果的研究与繁杂的重建过程脱离开来,具有应用灵活、效果逼真等优点。