HPLC法测定妥布霉素滴眼液中5种抑菌剂

目的 建立同时测定妥布霉素滴眼液中5种抑菌剂(羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟苯丙酯、苯扎溴铵和苯扎氯铵)的HPLC方法。方法 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相A为1%三乙胺（磷酸调节pH值至3.5±0.05）;流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温35 ℃,检测波长为214 nm。结果 羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟苯丙酯、苯扎溴铵/苯扎氯铵各峰均分离良好;羟苯乙酯在0.77～192.5 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为100.0%(RSD=0.9%,n=9);硫柳汞在2.16～541.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.6%,n=9);羟苯丙酯在0.84～209.8 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.3%(RSD=1.0%,n=9);苯扎溴铵在4.36～1090 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9992),平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.5%,n=9);苯扎氯铵（n-C12H25）3.22～805.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=1.1%,n=9);苯扎氯铵（n-C14H29）1.66～413.9 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.6%,n=9)。结论 该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于妥布霉素滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟丙丙酯、苯扎溴铵及苯扎氯铵5种抑菌剂的检查。     

依诺沙星滴眼液抑菌剂考察

目的 建立测定依诺沙星滴眼液中抑菌剂硫柳汞、羟苯乙酯和苯扎溴铵的HPLC含量测定方法,并对这3种抑菌剂的稳定性进行考察。方法 选用C₁₈柱,以1%三乙胺溶液（用磷酸调节pH值至3.0）为流动相A,以甲醇为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱;检测波长苯扎溴铵为218 nm,羟苯乙酯和硫柳汞为262 nm,进样量为20 μL。同时考察抑菌剂的稳定性。结果 羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎溴铵之间的分离度分别为19.7,48.7。硫柳汞在9.1~151.4 μg·mL^-1、羟苯乙酯在2.1~41.2 μg·mL^-1、苯扎溴铵在21.8~218.0 μg·mL^-1内均呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999,1.000,0.999）,其检出限分别为1.4,1.2,13.1 ng。在高温条件下,硫柳汞和羟苯乙酯含量均略有下降;在紫外光照条件下,硫柳汞含量下降明显;苯扎溴铵几乎不受高温和紫外光照的影响。结论 该方法灵敏度高,能够有效评估滴眼液中抑菌剂的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定吡诺克辛钠滴眼液中不同抑菌剂的含量

目的：建立同时测定吡诺克辛钠滴眼液中不同抑菌剂（硫柳汞钠、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯）含量的HPLC法。方法：采用C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.005 mol·L^-1的醋酸铵溶液（每1000 mL中含三乙胺10 mL,用冰醋酸调节pH值至5.0±0.5）-乙腈（70：30）,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为256 nm,柱温为30℃。结果：硫柳汞钠、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯和羟苯丙酯在各自的检测质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,r为0.9993~1.0000,检测限分别为2.3、0.4、0.7、1.1 ng;4种抑菌剂的平均回收率为100.4%~102.7%（RSD≤1.4,n=9）。结论：本文建立的方法结果准确可靠,可作为吡诺克辛钠滴眼液中不同抑菌剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC测定苄达赖氨酸滴眼液中3种抑菌剂含量

目的 建立同时测定苄达赖氨酸滴眼液中3种抑菌剂(羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、苯扎氯铵)含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 Kromasil C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相：1%三乙胺溶液(用磷酸调pH值至3.0)(A)-甲醇(B),梯度洗脱：0~2?min,B 50%;2~17 min,B 50%→90%;17~29 min,B 90%;29~30 min,B 90%→50%;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：262 nm;进样量：20 μL;柱温：40 ℃。结果 羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎氯铵的峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(r>0.999),线性范围分别为：0.07~1.32,0.38~9.51,3.26~32.6 μg·mL^-1,加样回收率为99.0%~100.3%。结论 本方法灵敏,快速,准确,重复性好,可用于苄达赖氨酸滴眼液中抑菌剂的含量测定。     

HPLC同时测定盐酸萘甲唑啉滴鼻液中9种抑菌剂

目的 建立HPLC同时测定盐酸萘甲唑啉滴鼻液中4类9种常见抑菌剂硫柳汞、羟苯乙酯、苯甲酸钠、羟苯甲酯、羟苯丙酯、羟苯丁酯、山梨酸钾、苯扎氯铵和苯扎溴铵的含量。方法 采用Ultimate XB-C₁₈（4.6 nm×250 nm,5 μm）色谱柱;以乙腈（A）-0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠（磷酸调pH 3.7）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,检测波长222 nm,样品温度5℃。结果 9种抑菌剂可完全分离,平均回收率为98.2%~100.6%,RSD为0.5%~1.5%。30批样品中检出硫柳汞、羟苯乙酯、苯扎溴铵和苯甲酸钠4种抑菌剂。结论 该法可用于盐酸萘甲唑啉滴鼻液中抑菌剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定肝素钠注射液中6种抑菌剂

目的 建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定肝素钠注射液中苯酚、苯甲醇、三氯叔丁醇、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯6种抑菌剂。方法 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相A为水,流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为220 nm及256 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果 苯酚、苯甲醇、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、三氯叔丁醇、羟苯丙酯分别在25.00~400.06 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）、104.49~1 671.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、30.65~490.4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、5.36~85.81 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、49.60~793.54 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、5.03~80.45 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为100.3%、99.7%、99.8%、100.0%、99.4%和100.1%,RSD分别为1.0%、1.2%、1.3%、1.4%、1.4%和1.4%（n=9）。结论 方法准确,重现性好,结果可靠,可用于肝素钠注射液中6种抑菌剂的测定。     

HPLC法检测醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中5种抑菌剂

目的：检测醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中是否添加苯酚、苯甲醇、三氯叔丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯5种抑菌剂。方法：采用C18（L）（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相A为水,流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长为220 nm及256 nm。结果：苯酚、苯甲醇、三氯叔丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯各峰均分离良好;苯酚在1.29~258.60 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为100.0%（n=9）;苯甲醇在2.72~544.20 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9997）,平均回收率为100.3%（n=9）;三氯叔丁醇在9.95~1990.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为100.9%（n=9）;对羟基苯甲酸甲酯在0.27~53.80 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为100.5%（n=9）;对羟基苯甲酸丙酯在0.26~52.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,平均回收率为99.4%（n=9）;91批醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中均未检出5种抑菌剂。结论：该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于醋酸奥曲肽注射剂中苯酚、苯甲醇、三氯叔丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯及对羟基苯甲酸丙酯5种抑菌剂的检查。     

UHPLC测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分含量及化学模式分析

目的 建立UHPLC波长切换法同时测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分的含量方法。方法 采用Agilent Ecilipse C₁₈（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6 μm）色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-0.05%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为0.3 mL·min^-1;检测波长：327,237,320,345,278,254 nm;柱温30℃;进样量2 μL;并采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对含量测定结果进行主成分分析与聚类分析。结果 绿原酸、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、栀子苷、甘草苷、阿魏酸、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷线性范围分别为4.30~68.80 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）、6.66~106.56 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、7.67~122.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、4.88~78.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、2.37~37.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、6.50~103.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、8.85~141.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、0.88~14.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.74~11.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）;平均加样回收率（n=9）均在99.42%~103.10%,RSD均<2.0%。主成分分析与聚类分析均可将不同生产厂家的芎菊上清丸很好地分类,且分类结果一致。结论 所建立的多成分方法快捷、准确、重复性好,可用于芎菊上清丸的质量控制。     

CO2超临界流体色谱法同时测定莪术油中3个倍半萜类成分的含量

目的 建立CO₂超临界流体色谱法测定莪术油中呋喃二烯、牻牛儿酮和莪术二酮含量的方法。方法 采用ACQUITY UPC² HSS C₁₈ SB色谱柱（3.0 mm×150 mm,1.8 μm）,以CO₂-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长为216 nm,柱温为55℃,背压为2 000 psi。结果 呋喃二烯在2.67~1 337.26μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为97.94%（n=6,RSD=1.50%）。牻牛儿酮在2.77~1 386.00 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为96.07%（n=6,RSD=1.68%）;莪术二酮在6.99~3 493.00 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好（r=1.000）,加样回收率为99.33%（n=6,RSD=1.88%）。结论 本方法快捷准确、稳定且绿色环保,可用于莪术油中上述3个倍半萜类成分的质量控制。     

川菊止痛胶囊的质量标准研究

目的 建立川菊止痛胶囊质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方中柴胡、菊花进行定性鉴别。HPLC同时测定制剂中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素及甘草苷含量,色谱柱：Kromasil 100-5C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长为280 nm;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量：10 μL。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰且阴性样品无干扰。甘草苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷及汉黄芩素分别在10.7~107 μg·mL^-1、12.12~121.2 μg·mL^-1、11.2~112 μg·mL^-1、10.02~100.2 μg·mL^-1、10.32~103.2 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,精密度、重复性、稳定性试验RSD均<1.8%,加样回收率分别为98.34%~101.77%（RSD=1.28%,n=6）、98.69%~101.36%（RSD=1.01%,n=6）、98.46%~101.06%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）、98.67%~101.33%（RSD=1.17%,n=6）、98.43%~100.79%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）。结论 本研究建立的质量标准方法准确、简便,可用于川菊止痛胶囊的质量控制,且所建立的菊花、柴胡薄层鉴别方法可供其他含有二药的复方标准建立作参考。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.