HPLC同时测定双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中3种抑菌剂的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎氯铵含量的方法。方法 用十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,以1%三乙胺溶液（磷酸调节pH值至3.0）为流动相A,以甲醇为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,检测波长254 nm。结果 羟苯乙酯在20.58~205.8 μg·mL^-1、硫柳汞在8.242~82.42 μg·mL^-1、苯扎氯铵n-C₁₂H₂₅取代物在12.88~128.8 μg·mL^-1、苯扎氯铵n-C₁₄H₂₉取代物在6.624~66.24 μg·mL^-1内线性良好（r≥0.999 8）,平均回收率为99.3%~102.5%（n=9）。结论 该方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于控制双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎氯铵的含量。     

HPLC法测定妥布霉素滴眼液中5种抑菌剂

目的 建立同时测定妥布霉素滴眼液中5种抑菌剂(羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟苯丙酯、苯扎溴铵和苯扎氯铵)的HPLC方法。方法 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相A为1%三乙胺（磷酸调节pH值至3.5±0.05）;流动相B为甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温35 ℃,检测波长为214 nm。结果 羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟苯丙酯、苯扎溴铵/苯扎氯铵各峰均分离良好;羟苯乙酯在0.77～192.5 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为100.0%(RSD=0.9%,n=9);硫柳汞在2.16～541.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.6%,n=9);羟苯丙酯在0.84～209.8 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.3%(RSD=1.0%,n=9);苯扎溴铵在4.36～1090 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9992),平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.5%,n=9);苯扎氯铵（n-C12H25）3.22～805.0 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=1.1%,n=9);苯扎氯铵（n-C14H29）1.66～413.9 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.6%,n=9)。结论 该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于妥布霉素滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、羟丙丙酯、苯扎溴铵及苯扎氯铵5种抑菌剂的检查。     

建立HPLC法测定盐酸洛美沙星滴眼液中5种抑菌剂

目的 建立同时测定盐酸洛美沙星滴眼液中5种抑菌剂(羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、苯扎溴铵和苯扎氯铵)的HPLC方法。方法 采用Extend C18(4.6mm×250mm, 5μm)色谱柱,流动相为1%三乙胺溶液(磷酸调pH值至3.0)-甲醇,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,柱温35℃,检测波长为262nm。结果 羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、苯扎溴铵/苯扎氯铵各峰均分离良好;羟苯甲酯在0.0410~0.8204mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000),平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.8%, n=9);羟苯乙酯在0.0400~0.7996mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000),平均回收率为100.3%(RSD=0.7%, n=9);硫柳汞在0.0806~1.6112mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9995),平均回收率为100.8%(RSD=0.9%, n=9);苯扎溴铵在0.0204~0.4076mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率为100.0%(RSD=0.9%, n=9);苯扎氯铵0.0197~0.3932mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000),平均回收率为100.4%(RSD=1.0%, n=9)。结论 该方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于盐酸洛美沙星滴眼液中羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞、苯扎溴铵及苯扎氯铵5种抑菌剂的检查。     

依诺沙星滴眼液抑菌剂考察

目的 建立测定依诺沙星滴眼液中抑菌剂硫柳汞、羟苯乙酯和苯扎溴铵的HPLC含量测定方法,并对这3种抑菌剂的稳定性进行考察。方法 选用C₁₈柱,以1%三乙胺溶液（用磷酸调节pH值至3.0）为流动相A,以甲醇为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱;检测波长苯扎溴铵为218 nm,羟苯乙酯和硫柳汞为262 nm,进样量为20 μL。同时考察抑菌剂的稳定性。结果 羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎溴铵之间的分离度分别为19.7,48.7。硫柳汞在9.1~151.4 μg·mL^-1、羟苯乙酯在2.1~41.2 μg·mL^-1、苯扎溴铵在21.8~218.0 μg·mL^-1内均呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999,1.000,0.999）,其检出限分别为1.4,1.2,13.1 ng。在高温条件下,硫柳汞和羟苯乙酯含量均略有下降;在紫外光照条件下,硫柳汞含量下降明显;苯扎溴铵几乎不受高温和紫外光照的影响。结论 该方法灵敏度高,能够有效评估滴眼液中抑菌剂的含量。     

HPLC同时测定盐酸萘甲唑啉滴鼻液中9种抑菌剂

目的 建立HPLC同时测定盐酸萘甲唑啉滴鼻液中4类9种常见抑菌剂硫柳汞、羟苯乙酯、苯甲酸钠、羟苯甲酯、羟苯丙酯、羟苯丁酯、山梨酸钾、苯扎氯铵和苯扎溴铵的含量。方法 采用Ultimate XB-C₁₈（4.6 nm×250 nm,5 μm）色谱柱;以乙腈（A）-0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠（磷酸调pH 3.7）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,检测波长222 nm,样品温度5℃。结果 9种抑菌剂可完全分离,平均回收率为98.2%~100.6%,RSD为0.5%~1.5%。30批样品中检出硫柳汞、羟苯乙酯、苯扎溴铵和苯甲酸钠4种抑菌剂。结论 该法可用于盐酸萘甲唑啉滴鼻液中抑菌剂的质量控制。     

拉坦前列素滴眼液抑菌剂抑菌效力研究

目的 探索拉坦前列素滴眼液中抑菌剂的合理添加剂量。方法：根据药物成分的特征,选择合适的抑菌剂,依照《中国药典》2015年版抑菌剂效力检查法,采用试验菌株金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉,对合用防腐剂苯扎氯铵和苯氧乙醇按照不同加入量,配置后进行抑菌性效果检查。结果：0.03%苯扎氯铵和0.015%羟苯乙酯联合应用防腐剂对上述5种试验菌的生长有良好的抑制作用,且为最低有效浓度,由于考虑药品中抑菌剂的浓度可能会随储存时间增加而逐渐的降低,最后选用0.04%苯扎氯铵和0.03%羟苯乙酯为最佳抑菌浓度。结论：确定0.04%苯扎氯铵和0.03%羟苯乙酯作为拉坦前列素滴眼液的抑菌剂。     

滴眼剂中几种常用抑菌剂的兔眼刺激性实验

目的:评价滴眼剂中几种常用抑菌剂对眼的刺激性。方法:采用同体对照法,观察0.002%硫柳汞、0.01%苯扎氯铵、0.01%苯扎溴铵、0.01%氯己定、0.5%三氯叔丁醇、0.03%羟苯乙酯、2%硼酸单次给药、多次给药(连续14d,每天4次)对兔眼的刺激性反应,并按照眼刺激反应评分标准计算其总分值,评价抑菌剂的眼刺激性。结果:单次给药后,0.002%硫柳汞、0.01%苯扎氯铵、0.01%苯扎溴铵、0.01%氯己定、0.5%三氯叔丁醇、0.03%羟苯乙酯、2%硼酸的眼刺激反应平均分值依次为0.20、0.32、0.36、0.60、1.20、3.88、6.32,除2%硼酸和0.03%羟苯乙酯评价为轻度刺激性外,其余均为无刺激性。多次给药后,上述各抑菌剂眼刺激反应平均分值依次为0.49、0.79、0.84、3.83、3.91、6.51、10.84,2%硼酸为中度刺激性,0.03%羟苯乙酯、0.01%氯己定和0.5%三氯叔丁醇为轻度刺激性,0.002%硫柳汞、0.01%苯扎氯铵、0.01%苯扎溴铵为无刺激性。结论:滴眼剂中抑菌剂首选硫柳汞、苯扎氯铵、苯扎溴铵,其次为氯己定、三氯叔丁醇、羟苯乙酯。     

HPLC法同时测定吡诺克辛钠滴眼液中不同抑菌剂的含量

目的：建立同时测定吡诺克辛钠滴眼液中不同抑菌剂（硫柳汞钠、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯）含量的HPLC法。方法：采用C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.005 mol·L^-1的醋酸铵溶液（每1000 mL中含三乙胺10 mL,用冰醋酸调节pH值至5.0±0.5）-乙腈（70：30）,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为256 nm,柱温为30℃。结果：硫柳汞钠、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯和羟苯丙酯在各自的检测质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,r为0.9993~1.0000,检测限分别为2.3、0.4、0.7、1.1 ng;4种抑菌剂的平均回收率为100.4%~102.7%（RSD≤1.4,n=9）。结论：本文建立的方法结果准确可靠,可作为吡诺克辛钠滴眼液中不同抑菌剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定市售滴眼液中4种抑菌剂的含量

目的:建立同时测定市售滴眼液中羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯和苯扎氯铵4种抑菌剂含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Hypersil GOLD C_(18),流动相为0.005 mol/L醋酸铵溶液(每1 L中含三乙胺10 mL,用冰醋酸调节p H为5.0±0.5)-乙腈(45∶55,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长分别为262 nm(羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯和羟苯丙酯)、214 nm(苯扎氯铵),柱温为30℃,进样量为20μL。结果:羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯和苯扎氯铵检测质量浓度线性范围分别为1.235 0~15.438 0μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、1.317 0~16.383 6μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、1.207 2~15.089 4μg/mL(r=0.999 6)、17.776~222.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9);定量限分别为2.0、2.0、2.0、1.11μg,检测限分别为0.375、0.375、0.375、0.333μg;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为98.14%~102.48%(RSD=1.6%,n=9)、98.79%~102.42%(RSD=1.3%,n=9)、98.19%~102.49%(RSD=1.5%,n=9)和98.76%~100.53%(RSD=0.6%,n=9)。结论:该方法结果准确、重复性好、操作简单,适用于市售滴眼液中羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯和苯扎氯铵含量的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定复方硫酸新霉素滴眼液中7种抑菌剂

目的 建立同时测定复方硫酸新霉素滴眼液中羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯、苯甲酸钠、硫柳汞、苯扎氯铵、苯扎溴铵7种抑菌剂含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法.方法 色谱柱为月旭Ultimate?XB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-磷酸水溶液(pH=3.5),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,...     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.