电Fenton技术深度处理造纸废水

采用电Fenton技术深度处理二级生化后的造纸废水,以色度去除率和COD去除率为主要考察指标,研究不同因素对造纸废水深度处理效果的影响。反应的最佳条件为：反应时间120 min、初始pH值=3、电压12 V、Fe²⁺浓度0.8 mmol/L、H₂O₂浓度0.8 mmol/L、极板间距10 cm、电解质Na₂SO₄浓度6 g/L。最佳反应条件下,电Fenton法对造纸废水的色度去除率和COD_Cr去除率分别达到89.5%和68.4%。动力学分析表明,电Fenton技术对造纸废水COD的降解符合一级反应动力学规律,一级反应速率常数为k=0.2072 min^-1。     

碳泡沫阴极电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水研究

本研究通过蔗糖发泡-碳化工艺制备了碳泡沫阴极材料并应用于电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对碳泡沫阴极表面形貌和化学结构进行表征。以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,考察了阴极材料、反应时间、初始pH值、Fe²⁺投加量和电流密度对造纸废水深度处理效果的影响。结果表明,碳泡沫由大量孔洞结构堆叠而成,表面存在含氧官能团。反应时间180 min、pH值3、Fe²⁺投加量0.5 mmol/L、电流密度200 mA/cm²时,以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水的COD_Cr去除率最高,达到88.4%,相比常规碳毡阴极提高了1.3倍。以碳泡沫为阴极的电-Fenton深度处理造纸废水法具有良好的稳定性,10次循环的COD_Cr去除率均超过85%,效率降低率不超过5%。     

石墨烯促进Fenton氧化处理制浆中段废水的研究

以制浆中段废水为研究对象,首先采用正交实验研究了石墨烯促进Fenton氧化的各影响因素间的显著程度,然后通过单因素实验研究了废水pH值、石墨烯加入量以及H₂O₂加入量对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,石墨烯促进Fenton氧化的各影响因素间的显著程度为废水pH值>石墨烯加入量>H₂O₂加入量>n（Fe²⁺）∶n（H₂O₂）;加入石墨烯后,Fenton反应的最佳pH值由4提高至6;石墨烯最佳加入量为3 mg/L;随着H₂O₂的不断加入,制浆中段废水降解效果先不断升高而后趋于平稳,H₂O₂的最佳加入量为7 mL/L。Fenton反应体系符合一级反应动力学方程,加入石墨烯的Fenton反应速率常数k为0.0632 min-1,比传统Fenton反应速率常数大,表明制浆中段废水的降解速率明显加快。     

高级氧化集成技术深度处理造纸废水工艺研究

本课题介绍一种活性炭吸附+芬顿氧化+臭氧催化氧化的高级氧化集成技术,并将其应用于造纸废水处理。结果表明,最佳处理条件为：活性炭添加量为0.5 g/L,吸附时间30 min,COD_Cr去除率达60%;芬顿氧化工艺处理活性炭吸附出水时,H₂O₂添加量为0.25 g/L,n(Fe²⁺):n(H₂O₂)=1:4、反应时间为1 h,COD_Cr去除率最高可达到32%;臭氧催化氧化处理芬顿氧化出水时,臭氧浓度为10%,H₂O₂加入量为0.1 g/L,气液比为2:1,反应时间为1.0 h,去除效果最佳。该高级氧化集成技术可将废水COD_Cr从180 mg/L降至25 mg/L,去除率为86.1%;达到地表水准Ⅳ类,综合运行成本为8.9元/t。     

Fenton氧化对制浆废水中难降解有机污染物的去除效果研究

与传统Fenton氧化法相比流化床Fenton氧化法可以有效降低氧化剂的消耗量,同时可以使COD_Cr的去除效率有所提高。由于制浆废水的复杂特性,Fenton氧化反应存在一定的矿化能力极限,处理后废水很难稳定达标。进一步研究确定了最佳反应条件为：H₂O₂用量为1/2Qth、Fe²⁺与H₂O₂摩尔比为1∶5时,一沉池出水进行氧化处理后COD_Cr由1004 mg/L降至235 mg/L,BOD₅/COD_Cr提高到0.59,并通过AOX值和二氯甲烷萃取物GC-MS分析对比,判断废水可生化性显著提高。在此基础上采用流化床Fenton氧化与废水生物处理组合工艺进行处理,可以满足达标排放要求。     

响应面法优化O3/H2O2组合工艺处理制浆中段废水的研究

本研究为提高臭氧（O₃）氧化处理制浆中段废水的COD去除率,以广西某造纸厂制浆中段废水为研究对象,采用O₃/H₂O₂组合工艺对其进行高级氧化处理。分别探究了废水初始pH值、O₃用量、H₂O₂用量、反应时间和搅拌速度等影响因素对废水色度和COD去除效果的影响。为提高最优工艺参数的精确度,对O₃/H₂O₂组合工艺参数进行响应面优化法分析。结果表明,在废水初始pH值=8、H₂O₂用量为1.0 mL/L、O₃用量为480 mg/L的工艺条件下,废水色度为85.7倍,色度去除率为99.3%;COD_Cr达208.2 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率为84.5%。     

均相Fenton氧化降解对木素模型物对羟基苯丙酸去除效果的研究

以木素类模型物对羟基苯丙酸（HL）为研究对象,研究了均相Fenton试剂对HL的降解,探讨了体系pH值、H₂O₂用量、Fe²⁺用量、HL溶液初始质量浓度、反应时间、紫外光照射等因素对HL降解的影响。结果表明,在室温条件下,当体系原始pH值4.0时,加入2倍理论用量的H₂O₂,Fe²⁺与H₂O₂摩尔比为1∶100,反应60 min后,初始质量浓度为60 mg/L的HL溶液,其去除率可达79.2%;体系在紫外光照射下可形成协同效应,降解速度显著加快,同样条件下反应20 min,溶液中HL和TOC去除率分别可达到98.3%和79.6%。     

铁改性膨润土光催化剂的制备、表征及应用

以膨润土作为载体,制备了铁改性膨润土光催化剂,采用多种手段对其结构进行表征,将制备的铁改性膨润土光催化剂用于非均相Fenton法深度处理造纸法烟草薄片废水,考察了铁改性膨润土光催化剂的催化活性及稳定性。结果表明,膨润土经铁改性后X射线衍射（XRD）峰强度略有减弱,基本骨架未产生太大变化,层状结构变得疏松,比表面积也增大,膨润土经铁改性后Fe₂O₃的含量增加。对于COD_Cr值为365 mg/L的造纸法烟草薄片废水,当反应初始pH值为3.0、H₂O₂用量为3.0 mL/L、铁改性膨润土光催化剂用量为1700 mg/L时,采用光催化非均相Fenton法处理3 h时,废水COD_Cr的去除率达到80.2%。另外,铁改性膨润土催化剂具有较高的稳定性和较好的可重复使用性,催化剂的重复使用并不会改变原来的骨架及微观形貌。     

Fenton法深度处理造纸废水

利用 Fenton 法对造纸废水生化出水进行深度处理,考察了废水 pH 值、反应时间、Fe-SO4投加量和 H2O2投加量对废水中色度和 CODcr去除率的影响,结果表明:在 pH 值为 5.00、FeSO4投量为 400mg/L、30%H2O2投量为 200mg/L,反应时间为 30min,出水 CODcr降至 60...     

微波强化Fenton氧化处理弱酸艳红B染色废水的研究

采用微波强化Fenton氧化法处理含阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)的弱酸艳红B染色废水,探讨初始pH值、H2O2投加量、FeSO4投加量、微波功率、反应时间对废水色度和COD去除率的影响。结果表明:在pH值为2.5、30%H2O2投加量为4 mL/L、FeSO4投加量为100 mg/L、微波功率为539 W、反应时间为10 min条件下,废水色度去除率达到99.1%,COD去除率达到81.9%。微波辐射、Fenton氧化、水浴强化Fenton氧化、微波强化Fenton氧化4种方法的对比实验表明,微波、Fenton氧化对染色废水的降解起协同作用,微波强化Fenton氧化法处理染色废水能显著缩短处理时间、降低Fenton试剂用量、提高COD去除率。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.