Fe_2O_3对天然原料合成Al_4SiC_4/Al_4O_4C复合耐火材料的影响(英文)

以焦宝石、活性炭和铝粉为原料并添加Fe2O3后制备了Al4SiC4/Al4O4C复合耐火材料。利用化学分析、X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究了Fe2O3对所制备复合材料的物相组成和显微结构的影响。结果表明:在烧结过程中,从1400℃开始,Fe2O3转变为低熔点物相Fe3Si,产生液相促进Al4SiC4成核、细化晶粒,同时包裹Al4SiC4。此外,未添加Fe2O3的样品中生成的Al4O4C短纤维,Fe2O3的加入使得Al4O4C相变为细小的晶粒。     

NiFe2O4惰性阳极的制备及其电解腐蚀机理

以Fe2O3和NiO为主要原料,添加2%(按质量计)MnO2,采用固相烧结工艺制备了NiFe2O4惰性阳极.用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对材料的组成和微观结构进行了研究,测量了样品在冰晶石熔盐中不同电流密度下的电解腐蚀速率,并对其腐蚀机理作了初步探讨.结果表明:惰性阳极由NiO和NiFe2O4尖晶石两相组成,MnO2作为固溶体在尖晶石晶界处富集.电解腐蚀呈现出物理化学溶解过程,熔盐对试样的电解腐蚀首先要在晶界处发生反应生成更稳定的FeAl2O4相,而FeAl2O4相结构致密,冰晶石熔盐通过该相向NiFe2O4尖晶石晶粒内扩散速度减慢,从而降低了腐蚀速率.     

NiFe2O4隋性阳极的制备及其电解腐蚀机理

以Fe2O3和NiO为主要原料，添加2％（按质量计）MnO2，采用固相烧结工艺制备了NiFe2O4惰性阳极。用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对材料的组成和微观结构进行了研究，测量了样品在冰晶石熔盐中不同电流密度下的电解腐蚀速率，并对其腐蚀机理作了初步探讨。结果表明：惰性阳极由NiO和NiFe2O4尖晶石两相组成，MnO2作为固溶体在尖晶石晶界处富集。电解腐蚀呈现出物理化学溶解过程，熔盐对试样的电解腐蚀首先要在晶界处发生反应生成更稳定的FeAl2O4相，而FeAl2O4相结构致密，冰晶石熔盐通过该相向NiFe2O4尖晶石晶粒内扩散速度减慢，从而降低了腐蚀速率。     

以（Cu–Ce–Zr–O）–ScSZ为阳极的固体氧化物燃料电池的制备及性能

采用浸渍法制备掺Cu的Ce–Zr–O固溶体。以掺Cu的Ce–Zr–O固溶体和Sc2O3稳定的ZrO2（scandium oxide-stabilized zirconia,ScSZ）为原料,制备可抗积碳的（Cu–Ce–Zr–O）–ScSZ多孔阳极。采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对固溶体和多孔阳极的物相组成和形貌进行表...     

合成原料对LiMn2O4电化学性能的影响研究

采用固相法分别以不同原料合成尖晶石LiMn2O4。采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、循环伏安及恒电流充放电等技术检测和分析合成产物的物相、形貌及电化学性能。研究表明,与采用电解MnO2为原料合成的LiMn2 O4相比,采用Mn3 O4为原料合成的LiMn2 O4粉末X射线衍射峰强度更大,室温下以0.2 C倍率充放电循环30次时,首次放电比容量和容量保持率分别为128.7 mA.h/g和98.4%,高于以电解MnO2为原料合成LiMn2 O4的123.7 mA.h/g和85.0%。55℃循环时,采用Mn3 O4为原料合成的LiMn2 O4容量保持率比采用电解MnO2为原料合成LiMn2O4的高10.7%。     

反应烧结法合成铁铝尖晶石中二氧化硅的赋存状态

以Fe2O3、Al2O3和Si O2为原料,按照Fe O和Al2O3质量比为40.8:59.2配料,并在合成体系中引入质量分数为1%的二氧化硅,在高纯氮气下于1 600℃保温4 h。用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、能谱和透射电子显微镜等对试样进行了表征,利用Fe O-Al2O3-Si O2三元相图对二氧化硅的存在状态进行了分析。结果表明:引入的二氧化硅没有进入铁铝尖晶石晶格,而是以Fe O-Al2O3-Si O2三元组分的非晶态形式存在于铁铝尖晶石晶粒间。在二氧化硅质量分数为1%时,含Si O2组分的非晶相呈不连续状态分布,未改变铁铝尖晶石晶粒间的直接接触。     

矾土刚玉相组成研究

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针、光电子能谱和X射线衍射仪对矾土刚玉相组成进行了研究。认为：主晶刚玉为纯Al2O3,杂质矿物CA6固溶了MgO,尖晶石为Al2O3－MgO·Al2O3固溶体及AL2O3－（Mg·Al）O·Al2O3固溶体,碳化物为（Ti－Zr）C及（Zr·Ti）C固溶体。     

NiO对红外辐射涂料中MgAlCrO4尖晶石产生的影响

为了得到主要组成为尖晶石结构的红外辐射涂料,我们以MgO、Al2O3和Cr2O3为原料,NiO为添加剂,采用固相烧结方法最终得到了这一红外辐射涂料.通过X射线衍射分析(XRD)以及扫描电镜分析(SEM)发现,涂料的主要组成成分为MgAlCrO4尖晶石;并且涂料中含有大量的固溶体结构;通过实验对比以及对MgAlCrO4尖晶石产生的机理的研究发现,涂料中NiO的存在对于MgAlCrO4尖晶石的产生起到了重要的促进作用.     

三元体系MgSO_4-FeSO_4-H_2O的相平衡研究

从钛白废酸与磷矿浮选尾矿中提取的铁、镁反应制备硫酸亚铁镁,反应主要涉及Mg~(2+),Fe~(2+)//SO_4~(2-)三元体系,因此开展该体系相平衡研究对综合利用工业废料,并使其转化成环保且具有经济价值的复合肥料意义重大。文中采用等温溶解平衡法测定了三元体系MgSO_4-FeSO_4-H_2O在293.15,303.15,313.15 K下的溶解度数据以及平衡溶液液相的密度,采用化学分析和X射线衍射法对结晶湿渣进行了分析,并依据相平衡数据绘制了相图。实验发现:在293.15,303.15,313.15 K下,该三元体系不存在单盐区和复盐区,固溶体[(Fe,Mg)SO_4·7H_2O]占据了整个相区。在固溶体[(Fe,Mg)SO_4·7H_2O]中,Mg~(2+)与Fe~(2+)在晶体中可以任意比例互换,形成完全类质同像系列物。因此,在293.15,303.15,313.15 K下很难采用单一的蒸发结晶方法从硫酸亚铁镁溶液中分离出硫酸镁和硫酸亚铁晶体;同时,若要获得单一配比的硫酸亚铁镁晶体,需要严格控制原料液中的Mg/Fe比例。     

钙钛矿型复合氧化物对甲烷的部分氧化及在混合太阳能氧化还原过程的应用

利用固相法合成了3种钙钛矿型复合氧化物Fe2O3-CaTixM1?xO3,研究了其结构、晶型和氧化还原活性。在固定床反应器中考察了该氧化物对两步法甲烷催化氧化制合成气及水分解制氢的活性及选择性。X射线衍射结果表明3种钙钛型复合氧化物均由正交晶系钙钛矿相和赤铁矿相组成。3种钙钛矿复合氧化物对甲烷的氧化活性顺序为Fe2O3-CaTi0.85Ni0.15O3Fe2O3-CaTi0.85Co0.15O3Fe2O3-CaTi0.85Fe0.15O3。固定床反应结果表明,以Fe2O3-CaTi0.85Ni0.15O3为氧载体催化剂,CH4转化率可达96%,CO和H2产率达71%,同时水分解反应的转化率为40%。利用Aspen Plus?对Fe2O3-CaTi0.85Ni0.15O3在混合太阳能氧化还原过程的效率及合成油和H2产率进行了模拟。模拟计算结果证明基于复合氧化物的混合太阳能氧化还原过程可以有效提高CH4利用率。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。