气相色谱-负化学源电离-质谱法测定蔬菜中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留

建立气相色谱-负化学源电离-质谱法测定蔬菜中氟虫腈及其3 种代谢物氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜残留量的方法。样品以乙腈提取,QuEChERS方法净化,采用基质校正曲线外标法定量。结果表明,氟虫腈及其代谢物在0.2～10.0 μg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系;在1.0、5.0 μg/kg和10.0 μg/kg 3 个添加水平下,氟虫腈及其3 种代谢物的回收率在88.9%～105.8%之间,相对标准偏差在2.2%～7.6%之间;方法的检出限在0.2～0.3 μg/kg之间,定量限为1.0 μg/kg。该方法快速、简便、灵敏、准确,适用于蔬菜中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留的检测。     

气相色谱-负化学源-串联质谱法测定动物源食品中氟虫腈及其4种代谢产物残留量

建立动物源食品(鸡蛋、鸡肉、鸡肝)中氟虫腈及其4种代谢产物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈硫醚、酰胺氟虫腈)残留量的气相色谱-负化学源-串联质谱(gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry,GC-NCI-MS/MS)测定方法。样品经乙腈(正己烷饱和)提取后,采用改进的QuEChERS净化和GC-NCI-MS/MS的多反应监测模式检测,基质匹配工作曲线法定量。实验结果表明,氟虫腈及其4种代谢产物在1~100μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,线性系数均大于0.999 0,氟甲腈、氟虫腈和氟虫腈硫醚定量限(RSN≥10)为0.5μg/kg,氟虫腈砜和酰胺氟虫腈定量限为1.0μg/kg。在2.0、10.0、20.0μg/kg加标水平下,回收率在80.2%~108.7%之间,相对标准偏差为3.8%~10.2%。该方法灵敏度高、准确性好,能够满足动物源食品中氟虫腈及其4种代谢产物残留量的测定。     

气相色谱法和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定 鸡蛋中氟虫腈及代谢物残留

目的建立适用于鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈硫醚和氟甲腈)残留的电子捕获检测器-气相色谱法和高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。方法通过Qu ECh ERS提取盐包(CEN EN-15662)用乙腈提取目标化合物,借助固相萃取(PRiMEHLB)作为净化手段,采用气相和液相质谱进行监测。结果气相色谱法和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法中4种分析物的定性限(limit of detection,LOD)分别为0.1μg/kg和0.02μg/kg;定量限(limit of quantification,LOQ)分别为0.5μg/kg和0.1μg/kg,在0.1~10.0μg/L和0.1~5.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r~2均大于0.999。在2.5,5和10μg/kg 3种加标浓度下,平均回收率分别为80.8%~103%和87.4%~101%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD,n=6)分别为0.84%~5.62%和0.87%~4.40%。结论该方法步骤简便、可靠、稳定,适合于蛋类中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留的痕量分析。     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法快速测定糙米中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留

目的建立气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,GC-MS/MS)测定糙米中氟虫腈及其代谢产物氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈硫醚残留的的分析方法。方法糙米加水涡旋混匀后乙腈提取,通过N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine,PSA)、C_(18)粉末、石墨化炭黑(graphitized carbon black,GCB)粉末净化提取液,气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱多重反应离子监测模式(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)检测,以外标法定量。结果在1～50μg/L范围下,氟虫腈及其代谢物具有良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.99,在2、10、20μg/kg 3个添加水平下,氟虫腈及其代谢物的平均回收率为91.6%～109.9%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为4.3%～6.3%。氟虫腈及其代谢物在糙米中的定量限为0.2～0.5μg/kg,定量限添加回收率在85.0%～108.0%,RSD为5.9%～6.9%。结论该方法操作简单快速、试剂耗材消耗少、灵敏度高,适用于快速处理大批量糙米中氟虫腈及其代谢产物的残留量检测。     

气相色谱-负化学源-质谱法测定茶叶中的氟虫腈及其代谢物

建立气相色谱-负化学源-质谱法测定茶叶中氟虫腈及其代谢物：氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜。采用乙腈提取茶叶中的氟虫腈及其代谢物，并通过正己烷液液分配后，经PSA-SPE柱净化。采用气相色谱-负化学源-质谱法进行氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测，外标法定量。结果表明，茶叶中的氟虫腈及其代谢物在16 min内被分离。方法中4种目标物的线性范围为0.002～0.200?μg/mL，相关系数R²>0.999，检出限(R_SN=10)为0.002 mg/kg，相对标准偏差低于5%。在添加量为0.002、0.010 mg/kg和0.020 mg/kg时，加标回收率在96.33%～102.50%之间。本方法线性范围广、准确性高、重复性好，可以快速准确地对市售茶叶中氟虫腈及其代谢物进行痕量检测分析。     

固相萃取-UPLC-MS/MS法测定牛奶中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留量

建立一种固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定牛奶中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈硫醚)的分析方法。牛奶样品经提取和盐析,Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱通过式净化后,以乙腈-水为流动相,HSS T3色谱柱(2.1mm×100 mm,1.8 μm)进行色谱分离,在电喷雾负离子模式下,多反应监测(MRM)方式进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明,氟虫腈及其代谢物在0.05~5.0 μg/L浓度范围内均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r≥0.9976,方法检出限为0.01 μg/kg,定量限为0.05 μg/kg。在浓度分别为0.5、1、10 μg/kg加标水平下,4种化合物的回收率范围为80.6%~101%,相对标准偏差范围为1.0%~6.1%。该方法简单快捷、准确可靠,适用于牛奶中氟虫腈及其代谢物的同时测定。     

PRiME HLB固相萃取结合气相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定酸笋、酸豆角中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留量

目的 建立气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)测定酸笋、酸豆角中氟虫腈及其代谢物（氟甲腈、氟虫腈硫醚、氟虫腈砜）残留量的分析方法。方法 称取5 g样品（酸笋、酸豆角）,加入10 mL乙酸乙酯及6 g氯化钠振荡提取1 min,离心后取3 mL上清液经PRiME HLB（hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced copolymer）通过式固相萃取柱净化,残留量采用气相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果 本实验建立的氟虫腈及其代谢物残留测定方法,在0.5~10.0 ng/mL线性范围内,相关系数r2均大于0.9994,4种农药分析物在各自浓度范围内均呈现良好线性关系,方法定量限均为1.0 μg/kg。在阴性酸笋、酸豆角中加入低、中、高3个添加水平,平均加标回收率及相对标准偏差分别为91.7%~100.2%、0.7%~10.2%。结论 该方法操作便捷、高效、环境友好,适合于酸笋、酸豆角中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留量的筛查。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的残留量

建立一种采用液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱测定鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈硫醚)的快速筛查方法。鸡蛋样品经乙腈和正己烷提取,C18固相萃取柱净化,Shim-pack XR-ODSⅢ色谱柱(2.0 mm i.D×150 mm,2.1μm)分离,以乙腈-5 mmol/L乙酸铵(0.02%甲酸)水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,外标法定量。采用液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱动态多反应监测模式,以负离子采集进行定性筛查和定量分析。结果表明,氟虫腈及其代谢物在0～50μg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R2均大于0.999。以10倍信噪比确定各药物的定量限(LOQ),氟虫腈及其代谢物的定量限为0.3～0.6μg/kg。在0.5、5.0和10.0μg/kg添加水平下,氟虫腈及其代谢物的平均回收率为92.3%～105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%～8.6%。该方法简便、快速、灵敏,适用于鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的快速筛查和定量检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留

目的建立一种测定猪肉中氟虫腈及其3种代谢产物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈硫醚及氟虫腈砜)的液相色谱-串联质谱方法。方法样品经乙腈提取后,经固相萃取柱去除基质中的脂质干扰物,液相色谱分离,串联四极杆质谱定量测定,选择性反应监测模式检测。结果 4种待测组分均获得足够的色谱保留和分离,各药物在0.5~10.0μg/kg范围内呈现良好的线性关系,日内日间精密度小于15%,方法回收率在85%~115%之间,方法的定量限为0.5μg/kg。结论此方法快速、准确且灵敏度高,为监测猪肉中的氟虫腈提供了准确有效的技术手段。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定稻田水产品中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留

以QuEChERS作为样品前处理方法,结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术建立检测稻田水产品中氟虫腈及其代谢物氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈亚砜残留的方法。样品通过体积分数为0.10%甲酸-乙腈溶液及陶瓷均质子旋涡振荡法提取,由0.15 g乙二胺?N?丙基硅烷分散萃取净化后采用ZORBAX Extend-C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100.0 mm,1.8 μm）进行分离,电喷雾负离子模式测定,基质匹配标准曲线后运用外标法定量。结果表明,稻田水产品中氟虫腈、氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜的平均回收率在85.2%～112.6%之间,相对标准偏差在1.2%～12.4%之间,氟虫腈及其代谢物在质量浓度0.5～100.0 ng/mL之间线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为1.0～1.5 μg/kg、定量限为3.0～5.0 μg/kg,二者均低于GB 2763—2019《食品中农药最大残留限量》对禽肉中氟虫腈最大残留限量10 μg/kg的规定,实验方法简单、快速、灵敏,能够满足稻田水产品中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测需求。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.