斜拉桥主梁振动对拉索阻尼器减振效果的影响分析

采用拉索索端阻尼器是大跨度斜拉桥拉索减振的主要措施之一。现有拉索阻尼器设计理论均假定索的两端为固结;然而,随着斜拉桥跨度的增大,桥梁结构整体刚度下降,主梁振动对拉索附加阻尼器减振效果的影响成为大跨度斜拉桥拉索减振设计需要考虑的问题。该文建立了索、梁和阻尼器组合系统的简化理论模型,并对其进行了复模态分析。以跨径分别为400m、650m和1km的3座斜拉桥主跨最长索为算例,分析了主梁振动对拉索附加阻尼器减振效果的影响,指出了现有阻尼器设计理论的不足。分析结果表明:主梁振动降低了拉索附加阻尼器的减振效果;在大跨度斜拉桥拉索的减振设计中,必须考虑主梁参与振动的影响。     

CFRP拉索预应力超高性能混凝土斜拉桥力学性能分析

为了探讨碳纤维复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)和超高性能活性粉末混凝土(reactive powder concrete,RPC)在超大跨度斜拉桥中应用的可行性,以主跨1 008 m的大跨度钢主梁斜拉桥设计方案为例,采用拉索的等强度原则将原桥钢索替换成CFRP索,考虑截面刚度、截面应力和局部稳定等要求,将原桥钢主梁替换成RPC主梁,拟订了一座等跨度的CFRP拉索、RPC主梁斜拉桥方案。采用有限元法分别对两种方案结构的静力特性、动力特性、稳定性能以及抗风性能等进行了分析与比较。结果表明:从结构受力性能角度而言,采用超高性能混凝土主梁和CFRP拉索构成千米级跨度混凝土斜拉桥的结构体系是可行的。     

超大跨度斜拉桥空气静力和动力稳定性研究

随着斜拉桥跨度的持续增长,结构更趋于轻柔,风作用下的结构稳定性已成为超千米主跨斜拉桥设计和研究的重要问题。采用大跨度桥梁三维非线性空气静力和动力稳定性分析方法,对1 400 m主跨的超大跨度斜拉桥进行了空气静力和动力稳定性分析,并与同等主跨的悬索桥进行对比,从抗风性能角度探讨了斜拉桥在超千米主跨桥梁中的适用性。在此基础上,分别就主梁的高度和宽度、桥塔结构型式、桥塔高跨比、边主跨比、辅助墩设置、斜拉索锚固方式等结构设计参数对超大跨度斜拉桥空气静力和动力稳定性的影响进行了分析,指出了关键的设计参数及其合理取值。结果表明:与同等主跨的悬索桥相比,斜拉桥的结构刚度更大,空气静力和动力稳定性更好,适宜采用于超千米主跨的大跨度桥梁;超大跨度斜拉桥在增大主梁高度、减小梁宽、采用倒Y形桥塔并增大塔高、减小边跨长度、边跨设置辅助墩以及部分斜拉索地锚等情况下,都可以获得比较好的空气静力和动力稳定性。     

大跨度钢索和CFRP索斜拉桥车桥耦合振动研究

以跨度600m～1400m的大跨度斜拉桥为对象,应用考虑拉索侧向振动影响的车桥耦合振动分析方法研究了钢索和CFRP索斜拉桥的交通振动响应,比较了车辆计算模型、行车速度对计算结果的影响,并分析了斜拉桥的动力冲击系数。研究结果表明,大跨度斜拉桥主梁的振动响应以静位移和长周期振动成分为主,拉索局部侧向振动不明显,车辆计算模型对结构振动响应的影响十分有限,行车速度的提高增加了结构的动力系数,两种拉索材料对斜拉桥在车辆荷载下的振动响应影响很小,斜拉桥的动力系数离散性大且与构件类型有关。     

大跨度钢桁梁铁路斜拉桥刚度参数敏感性分析

针对某大跨度钢桁梁铁路斜拉桥方案,采用变化结构刚度方法研究梁、索、辅助墩等构件刚度对桥梁结构及行车性能影响。结果表明,增大桁宽能显著增加桥梁横向抗弯刚度,但对车辆走行性影响有限;增加桁高或斜拉索面积能显著提高桥梁竖向基频、降低车桥竖向响应;桥面系对桥梁结构整体刚度贡献不大,对车辆响应影响有限;设置辅助墩可提高斜拉桥竖向刚度、降低车辆竖向加速度及梁端竖向折角等。     

基于有限元-向量式有限元的斜拉桥非线性振动计算方法

向量式有限元(VFFE)法本质上是考虑几何非线性的有限元(FE)显式动力时程积分方法。阐述了向量式有限元的基本原理,对比了向量式有限元与基于单元随动坐标系的非线性有限元动力计算方法的相同点与差别,开发了使用杆、梁单元的有限元-向量式有限元统一算法框架的计算程序。使用该程序建立了大跨度斜拉桥计算模型,首先,使用非线性有限元法计算了斜拉桥的静力状态与动力特性,计算了列车-桥梁耦合动力作用下桥梁的振动;然后,使用向量式有限元法计算了斜拉桥在拉索突然断裂状态下的非线性振动;最后,计算了在列车-桥梁耦合动力作用下,拉索发生断裂时,桥梁与列车的振动状态。结果表明:使用向量式有限元可以简单可靠地直接模拟斜拉桥在破坏状态下的非线性振动状态;列车运行至跨中附近时,若斜拉桥跨中最长拉索突然发生断裂,对其他拉索的安全性影响不大,离断裂拉索越远的拉索受到的影响越小,但拉索突然断裂会对桥上行驶中列车的安全性造成威胁。该研究为大跨度斜拉桥在破坏状态下的非线性振动分析提供了新的解决方案。     

拉索局部振动对斜拉桥地震响应的影响研究

拉索作为大跨度斜拉桥的主要承重构件,横向刚度较小,在地震荷载作用下容易发生索-梁和索-塔耦合振动,对斜拉桥的能量分布和阻尼特性产生较大影响,在斜拉桥地震响应计算中有必要考虑拉索的局部振动影响。根据子结构原理和自由度凝聚的方法,在斜拉桥动力特性和地震响应分析中可以考虑拉索的局部振动,并编制了三维有限元程序,对拉索局部振动的影响进行了研究。结果表明,考虑拉索局部振动时,斜拉桥纵向振型的参与系数有不同程度的减小,主梁和桥塔的加速度、位移、弯矩和轴力增大非常显著,短索的纵向位移减小,而长索的纵向位移增大,拉索脉动张力显著增大,拉索位移和张力时程出现拉索局部振动干扰的现象。     

大跨度桥梁抗风技术挑战与基础研究

以我国30年大跨度桥梁的快速发展为研究背景,对3种大跨度桥梁的抗风技术挑战进行了基础性研究和应用性研究,着重探讨了悬索桥的颤振性能及其控制、斜拉桥风振性能与拉索风雨振控制、拱式桥涡激共振及其控制、特大桥梁风振精细化理论等一系列抗风关键问题。研究结果表明:悬索桥的颤振稳定性跨径上限约为1 500 m,超过甚至接近这一上限时,必须采取措施改善加劲梁的抗风稳定性;千米级大跨度斜拉桥仍具有足够高的颤振临界风速,其主要抗风问题是长拉索的风雨振动;大跨径拱桥除了个别有涡振问题之外,还没有受到结构抗风性能的影响。文章还提出了三维桥梁颤振精确分析的全模态方法、任意斜风作用下桥梁抖振频域分析方法、基于二阶矩理论和首次超越理论的桥梁颤振和抖振可靠性评价方法,揭示了桥梁颤振演化规律、驱动机理和控制原理。     

大跨度桥梁抗风的技术挑战与精细化研究

以我国30年大跨度桥梁的快速发展为研究背景,对三种大跨度桥梁的抗风技术挑战进行了分析,着重探讨了悬索桥的颤振性能及其控制、斜拉桥风振性能与拉索风雨振和拱式桥涡激共振及其控制,并提出了特大桥梁风振精细化理论和方法.研究结果表明:悬索桥的颤振稳定性跨径上限约为1500 m,超过甚至接近这一上限时,必须采取措施改善加劲梁的抗...     

风、列车作用下斜拉桥索-梁相关振动对拉索疲劳可靠性的影响

以实际大跨度斜拉桥为研究对象,研究了随机风、列车作用下发生的索-梁相关振动对拉索疲劳可靠性的影响。使用编制的动力有限元计算程序,建立了大跨度铁路斜拉桥全桥3维精细有限元模型,计算了斜拉桥全桥在风、列车动力作用下的振动响应,分析了全桥索-梁相关振动的特性。建立了列车交通荷载概率模型,根据桥位处风速统计数据资料建立了桥梁的风荷载概率模型,对拉索的应力谱进行了计算。依据损伤理论,使用Monte-Carlo方法开展了拉索在风、列车动力作用下的疲劳可靠度分析。研究结果表明:在斜拉桥日常运营状态中,风、列车作用下索-梁相关振动不会导致拉索共振,索-梁相关振动是拉索疲劳可靠性下降的主要原因;对于拉索在长期动力荷载下的疲劳失效概率,风场作用占比很小,列车作用占比较大;各个拉索的成桥状态索力影响了列车作用下的拉索应力幅,进一步影响了斜拉桥在长期动力作用下拉索的疲劳可靠性。     

Connecting high-performance carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer cables of suspension and cable-stayed bridges through the use of gradient materials

Summary Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables offer a very attractive combination of high specific strength and modulus (ratio of strength or modulus to density), outstanding fatigue performance, good corrosion resistance, and low axial thermal expansion. The high specific strength permits the design of structures with highly increased spans. The high specific modulus translates into a high relative equivalent modulus. This factor is very important in view of the deflection constraints imposed on large bridges. A relative high modulus coupled with a low mass density offer CFRP cables already an advantage for spans above 1000 m. Since 1980 EMPA has been developing CFRP cables for cable-stayed and suspension bridges that are produced as assemblies of parallel CFRP wires. The key problem facing the application of CFRP cables, and thus their widespread use in the future, is how to connect them. A new reliable anchoring scheme developed with computer-aided materials design and produced with advanced gradient materials based on ceramics and polymers is described. Early 1996 such CFRP cables with a load-carrying capacity of 12 MN (1200 metric tons) have been applied for the first time on a cable-stayed road bridge with a 124-m span. Each cable is built up from 241 CFRP wires having a diameter of 5 mm.     

Evaluation of FRP and hybrid FRP cables for super long-span cable-stayed bridges

This paper evaluates the safety factors, the applicable lengths, and relative cost of FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) and hybrid FRP cables that are potentially suitable for cable-stayed bridges with a super long-span of between 1000 m and 10,000 m. Following previous studies on 1000-m scale cable-stayed bridges with FRP cables, two kinds of hybrid FRP cables – the previously discussed hybrid basalt and carbon FRP (B/CFRP) cable and the newly-developed basalt and steel-wire FRP (B/SFRP) cable – as well as conventional steel cable, CFRP cable, and BFRP cable are further investigated focusing on their promise in meeting potential requirements for super long-span bridges. Some major results are as follows: (1) a three-stage model for determining safety factors of cables with different kinds and lengths is proposed; (2) a threshold of λ² is suggested to achieve both high material and stiffness utilization efficiency, based on which the applicable lengths for different kinds of cables were evaluated; and (3) hybrid B/SFRP cables and BFRP cables are comparable in cost to steel cables within a 3000 m span, while hybrid B/CFRP cables and CFRP cables demonstrate a superior performance/cost ratio over a longer span.     

应用碳纤维索的斜拉桥地震响应分析

以在建的杭州湾跨海大桥北航道桥为对象,采用强度等效的原则将原桥的钢丝索替换成碳纤维索,利用能考虑拉索局部振动的斜拉桥地震响应分析程序,分析比较了同一地震荷载作用下碳纤维索斜拉桥与钢丝索斜拉桥的振动特性及地震响应差异,并探讨了引起差异的根本原因。结果表明:索桥耦合振动是引起两种拉索斜拉桥的振动特性和地震响应存在差异的根本原因,碳纤维索的自振频率高,发生索桥耦合振动的可能性低于钢索斜拉桥,同一地震荷载作用下碳纤维索斜拉桥的地震响应要较钢丝索斜拉桥有不同程度的降低。     

Integrated high-performance thousand-metre scale cable-stayed bridge with hybrid FRP cables

To overcome the limitations of conventional steel stay cables in a thousand-meter scale cable-stayed bridge, hybrid basalt and carbon (B/C) FRP cables were investigated to achieve integrated high performances in the bridge of this scale as a replacement for steel cables. First, the material properties of different cables were discussed, and static and dynamic analyses on the entire bridges with different cables were conducted by means of finite element method. Moreover, the aerodynamic stability of different cables was studied in terms of the Scruton number. Results show that (1) hybrid B/CFRP with a 28% volume proportion of carbon fibres exhibits relatively high stiffness, economical cost, a small sag effect and sufficient fatigue resistance, which was proven suitable for stay cables; (2) based on the stiffness principle, the cable-stayed bridge with hybrid B/CFRP cables exhibits linear L–D behaviour and higher stiffness compared to the bridge with steel cables under the static load, and this advantage would become more apparent with the elongation of span; (3) the hybrid B/CFRP cable processes much higher natural frequencies than steel cables, which could lower the possibility of resonance between stay cables and the bridge deck. Furthermore, the aerodynamic stability of hybrid B/CFRP cables is superior to other cables due to its designable inherent damping.     

Stochastic finite element analysis of long-span bridges with CFRP cables under earthquake ground motion

Stochastic seismic analysis of long-span bridges with Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables are presented in this study through combination of the advantages of the perturbation based stochastic finite element method (SFEM) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. Jindo cable-stayed and Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosporus) suspension bridges are chosen as an example. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer cable (CFRP) and steel cables are used separately, in which the cable’s cross sectional area is determined by the principle equivalent axial stiffness. Geometric nonlinear effects are considered in the analysis. Uncertainties in the material are taken into account and Kocaeli earthquake in 1999 is chosen as a ground motion. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are validated by comparing with results of MCS method. It can be stated that using of CFRP cables in long-span bridges subjected to earthquake forces is feasible.     

PRELIMINARY OPTIMAL DESIGN OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES

A methodology for preliminary design of cable-stayed bridges using optimization techniques is presented. A simple model of the bridge, comprising beam elements for the longitudinal deck girder and lower and truss elements for stay cables, is used. The computer program SADDLE is used for optimization. Constraints are placed on stresses, displacements and member sizes under multiple loading conditions. The methodology enables the designer to vary the arrangement and size of stay cables and cross-sectional dimensions of the longitudinal deck girder. Consequently an aesthetically pleasing as well as an economical and feasible design of a cable-stayed bridge can be obtained quickly and efficiently.     

大跨度斜拉桥气弹模型对结构静风响应的反应能力的数值研究

通过有限元方法探讨了全桥气动弹性模型主梁轴向刚度失真和主梁初内力失真的问题,以及它们对大跨度斜拉桥风致静力响应的反应能力。分析发现,两个失真因素均会较明显地导致实际结构的风致静力响应被低估,但两者对试验结果准确性的影响趋势可能相反而相互抵消。当两个失真因素同时作用时,风洞试验会低估实际结构主梁竖向风致静力位移10%左右,主梁侧向和扭转风致静力位移3%左右。由于斜拉桥风致静力失稳现象主要表现为主梁扭转发散,基于全桥气动弹性模型的风洞试验对大跨度斜拉桥风致静力响应的模拟结果在可接受的精度范围之内。