4-甲基-2-乙基-6-羟基嘧啶的合成研究

以丙腈为原料，与氯化氢、氨气反应合成丙脒盐酸盐，在水溶液中同乙酰乙酸乙酯反应合成4-甲基-2-乙基-6-羟基嘧啶。考察了反应时间、反应温度、pH值和物料配比对4-甲基-2-乙基-6-羟基嘧啶收率的影响。优化条件为：反应时间为6h～7h，pH值12．4，反应温度为40℃，乙酰乙醋乙酯：丙腈的物质的量比为1．09：1．0时，反应的总收率为88．7％。     

2-乙基-4-甲氧基-6-羟基嘧啶的合成工艺研究

以丙腈为初始原料,依次合成丙脒盐酸盐,2-乙基-4,6-二羟基嘧啶,最后合成目标产物2-乙基-4-甲氧基-6-羟基嘧啶,考察了催化剂用量、物料配比、碱浓度、反应时间、反应温度对2-乙基-4-甲氧基-6-羟基嘧啶收率的影响,在优化条件下：以四乙基碘化铵为催化剂,用量为8％。(相对于2-乙基-4,6-二羟基嘧啶的摩尔分数),物料配比1：1．15,氢氧化钠质量百分比浓度的15％,反应时间7h,反应温度70℃,反应总收率高达80．7％。     

2-二乙胺基-6-甲基-4-羟基嘧啶的合成

以二乙胍硝酸盐为原料,与乙酰乙酸乙酯环合制备了2-二乙胺基-6-甲基-4-羟基嘧啶,讨论了反应溶剂、原料配比、反应温度及反应时间等因素对反应的影响,获得了较佳的反应条件。制备2-二乙胺基-6-甲基4羟基嘧啶的较佳的反应条件为：采用甲苯为溶剂,反应温度110℃,反应时间2h,二乙胍硝酸盐与乙酰乙酸乙酯及乙醇钠的摩尔比为1：1．2：1．2。在较佳反应条件下,以二乙胍硝酸盐计,产品收率为91％,含量为99％。     

2-乙基-4-乙氧基-6-羟基嘧啶的合成工艺研究

以丙腈为初始原料 ,依次合成丙脒盐酸盐 ,2 -乙基 - 4,6 -二羟基嘧啶 ,最后合成目标产物 2 -乙基 - 4-乙氧基 - 6 -羟基嘧啶 ,考察了催化剂用量、物料配比、碱浓度、反应时间、反应温度对 2 -乙基 -4-乙氧基 - 6 -羟基嘧啶收率的影响 ,在优化工艺条件下 :以四乙基碘化铵为催化剂 ,用量为 6‰ (相对于 2 -乙基 - 4,6 -二羟基嘧啶的摩尔分数 ) ,物料配比 1∶ 1 .1 5 ,氢氧化钠质量百分比浓度为 1 0 % ,反应时间 6 h,反应温度 6 0°C,反应总收率高达 80 .2 %。同时对反应产物及其各个中间体进行了定性定量分析     

Amberlyst15催化7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的无溶剂合成

研究了在无溶剂条件下,Amberlyst15催化间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素,较系统地考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、原料配比对反应产率的影响,得到最优反应条件：反应时间160min,反应温度110℃,催化剂用量0．5g,间苯二酚与乙酰乙酸乙酯的物质的量比为1：1。上述条件下,7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的产率达到65．16％。     

元溶剂下合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

以一水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂,间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料,通过Pechmann缩合反应,在无溶剂条件下合成了7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素。探讨了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量及原料配比等因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明,一水合硫酸氢钠是合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的良好催化剂,正交实验法得出反应的最优条件为：反应温度为110℃,反应时间40min,／Z（间苯二酚）：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）=1：1．2,催化剂用量为0．300g（间苯二酚物质的量为0．010mol）时,产品的收率为81.3％。     

磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

研究了磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的反应，考察了反应的各种影响因素，研究表明，磺酸树脂催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素，具有较高的反应活性，可重复使用多次。该合成反应的较优工艺条件：反应温度105 ℃，n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)∶n(间苯二酚)=1∶1，磺酸树脂催化剂0.28 g,反应时间3 h，7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素收率达65.8%。     

7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的合成

研究了间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素，考察了影响反应的主要因素。反应的最优条件：反应温度为75℃，对甲苯磺酸0．5g，间苯二酚0．1mol，a(间苯二酚)：n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)为1．0：1．0，反应时间为2h，在此条件下产率为91．8％。     

超声波辅助杂多酸催化合成7-羟基4-甲基香豆素

利用超声波辐射技术,以乙酰乙酸乙酯和间苯二酚为原料,水为溶剂,磷钨酸为催化剂,通过Pechmann缩合反应合成了7-羟基4-甲基香豆素（HMC）,其结构经熔点仪和IR分析表征。结果表明,超声波辅助作用有效促进了HMC的合成反应。实验考察了催化剂用量、原料配比、反应时间、反应温度对HMC收率的影响,确定了适宜的反应条件为：间苯二酚与乙酰乙酸乙酯物质的量比为1：1,反应时间为40min,催化剂用量为反应物质量的2．5％,反应温度为80℃。在此反应条件下。HMC的收率为96．8％。     

磷钨钼酸催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮

以磷钨钼杂多酸为催化剂，无水乙醇为溶剂，苯甲醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯、尿素为原料，合成了4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮，系统研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：磷钨钼杂多酸是合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮的良好催化剂。确定的最优合成工艺条件为：尿素37．5mmol时，n（苯甲醛）：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（尿素）=1：1．2：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1．5%，反应温度为60℃，反应时间1．0h。在此条件下，产品收率可达44．6%.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。