注射用唑来膦酸细菌内毒素检查法的可行性研究

目的：建立注射用唑来膦酸的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法：按中国药典2000年版二部附录ⅪE、ⅪF进行实验和结果判断。结果；注射用唑来膦酸细菌内毒素量均小于12．5EU／mg。结论：本品细菌内毒素检查定为：取本品，按中国药典2000年版细菌内毒素检查法附录ⅪE检查，每1mg含细菌内毒素的量应小于12．5EU。可以用细菌内毒素法代替家兔法作为日常检测注射用唑来膦酸的热原检查。     

注射用氯唑西林钠细菌内毒素检查法可行性研究

目的：研究注射用氯唑西林钠细菌内毒素检查法的可行性。方法：用不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对注射用氯唑西林钠进行细菌内毒素检查法干扰试验。结果：注射用氯唑西林钠在稀释至5mg／ml时,对灵敏度为0．25EU／ml的鲎试剂无干扰作用。结论：注射用氯唑西林钠可以用于内毒素检查法取代热原检查法。     

注射用头孢美唑酸中细菌内毒素的测定

目的：建立注射用头孢美唑酸的细菌内毒素检查法。方法：按照《中国药典：二部》（2010版《）附录XI E中细菌内毒素检查法》,采用两厂家生产的鲎试剂对注射用头孢美唑酸行干扰试验研究。结果：用缓冲液调节pH值为中性的注射用头孢美唑酸溶液,采用鲎试剂行细菌内毒素检查示无干扰作用。结论：注射用头孢美唑酸可以用细菌内毒素检查法（凝胶法）控制其产品质量。     

注射用甘氨双唑钠细菌内毒素检查的方法学研究

目的:建立注射用甘氨双唑钠的细菌内毒素检查法,以确保其临床使用的安全性.方法:依照<中国药典>2010年版二部附录ⅪE细菌内毒素检查法,使用两个厂家生产的鲎试剂对3个厂家生产的9个批号注射用甘氨双唑钠进行干扰试验.结果:供试品对细菌内毒素检查的最大不干扰浓度为 20.0 mg·ml-1.结论:建立的注射用甘氨双唑钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法可行,具有简便、快捷、可靠等优点.     

帕米膦酸二钠葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素检查法的实验研究

目的研究帕米膦酸二钠葡萄糖注射液对细菌内毒素检查实验的干扰情况,并建立其细菌内毒素检查的质量标准。方法参照《中国药典》2000年版二部附录ⅪE细菌内毒素检查法进行试验,用两个不同厂家的鲎试剂对帕米膦酸二钠葡萄糖注射液进行干扰试验研究。结果帕米膦酸二钠葡萄糖注射液对细菌内毒素检查有干扰作用,但通过稀释可消除其干扰。结论可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替家兔热原检查法控制其产品质量。     

注射用唑来膦酸的细菌内毒素检查

目的建立注射用唑来膦酸细菌内毒素检查方法。方法根据2010年版《中国药典》（二部）附录收载的细菌内毒素检查方法进行试验。结果注射用唑来膦酸稀释至0.0033mg.mL-1溶液,用标示灵敏度0.25EU.mL-1的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素,无干扰因素影响。结论注射用唑来膦酸可应用鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素法检查,细菌内毒素限度确定为75Eu.mg-1。     

注射用兰索拉唑细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立注射用兰索拉唑的细菌内毒素检查法。方法:按照2010年版《中国药典》(二部)附录细菌内毒素检查法,采用2个厂家的鲎试剂对5个厂家的5批样品,通过预干扰和干扰试验确定样品最大无干扰质量浓度,并进行细菌内毒素检查。结果:将供试品溶液稀释到质量浓度为0.1 mg/ml时,不干扰细菌内毒素试验,其细菌内毒素限值为5 EU/mg。结论:采用细菌内毒素检查法检查注射用兰索拉唑中的细菌内毒素方法可行。     

注射用叶酸细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的：建立注射用叶酸的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法：根据《中国药典》2010年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法,采用两个不同厂家的鲎试剂对注射用叶酸进行试验。结果：注射用叶酸最大不干扰浓度为0.025mg·ml^-1,细菌内毒素检查限值为10EU·mg^-1。结论：细菌内毒素检查法可用于注射用叶酸中内毒素的检查。     

鲎试剂法检测注射用氟氧头孢钠中细菌内毒素

目的：建立快速的注射用氟氧头孢钠中细菌内毒素鲎试剂检查法。方法：用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的注射用氟氧头孢钠分别进行干扰试验,考察确立注射用氟氧头孢钠细菌内毒素检查法;结果：将注射用氟氧头孢钠稀释至2．0mg·ml^-1以下可消除干扰作用,检查结果全部为阴性,结果准确可靠;结论：注射用氟氧头孢钠可用鲎试剂法检测细菌内毒素。     

注射用兰索拉唑细菌内毒素检查法

对注射用兰索拉唑进行凝胶法干扰试验,建立注射用兰索拉唑细菌内毒素检查的试验方法。方法：采用《中国药典》2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法。结果：注射用兰索拉唑稀释至浓度为50μg·ml^-1时对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论：注射用兰索拉唑适用于细菌内毒素检查法。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.