全息通感一体化：高能效的波束赋形设计

通信感知一体化是解决频谱拥塞问题的重要手段。现有的通感一体化系统依赖高功耗的相控阵，限制了其在功率受限场景中的应用。作为一种低功耗天线，可重构全息超表面可以用于替代相控阵，从而形成全息通感一体化这一新范式。在该范式中，利用可重构全息超表面作为发射天线，可以同时实现高空间自由度与低功耗，进而提升通感一体化系统的整体性能。研究了全息通感一体化系统的能效，通过联合设计基站和全息超表面的波束赋形提升系统能效。然而，由于基站的数字波束赋形和可重构全息超表面的模拟波束赋形相互耦合，使得波束赋形的联合设计具有挑战性。为了应对这一挑战，首先构建了最大化能量效率的优化问题，并提出了全息波束赋形优化算法来解决这一问题。仿真结果显示，与传统基于相控阵的通感一体化系统相比，全息通感一体化系统可以在相同发射功率和天线尺寸的条件下实现更高的能效。     

加载匹配结构的小型化和多波束全息天线设计

从全息天线的理论出发,对源天线与目标天线的干涉场进行了分析,根据设计需求创建了椭圆族全息结构。进一步地,基于对全息结构上电磁能量分布的计算与分析,对原型全息结构进行截取,设计了小型化微波全息天线,并采取电磁调控方法解决了方向图主瓣分裂的问题。借助于匹配结构加载方法,解决了天线端射的问题,改善了全息天线的辐射性能。在小型化的基础上,对全息结构进行组合设计,实现了多波束全息天线。通过理论分析并结合仿真计算评估了全息天线的频率扫描特性,在14 GHz,15 GHz和16 GHz三个频点处,获得了20.9°的波束扫描范围。实际加工制作小型化全息天线,并在微波暗室开展测试,测试结果与仿真结果吻合较好。设计的全息天线具有波束偏转、波束赋形、多波束、频率扫描等功能,在卫星通信系统和新型微波成像系统等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

发射天线对毫米波全息成像雷达成像质量影响

基于菲涅耳(Fresnel)衍射理论和傅里叶(Fourier)光学理论建立了毫米波全息成像雷达理论模型,其中重点考虑发射天线波束宽度对成像质量的影响。采用矩阵实验室软件平台(Matlab)编制了仿真程序,分别考虑超窄波束、一般波束和超宽波束三种条件下的系统成像效果。仿真结果表明:适当地优化发射天线性能,有助于获得质量更佳的全息成像。     

面向多层卫星通信系统的协作传输性能分析

近年来,随着信息技术的进步,卫星通信取得了多样化的研究成果。首先,在通信卫星技术的发展基础上,针对单层卫星中断性能差和网络阻塞概率大等问题,考虑配置有多根天线的小型卫星作为中继辅助;然后,通过分布式波束成形技术将卫星信号转发至地面的接收用户,以此推导出协作传输方案的系统中断概率和能效的理论表达式,并定量分析了不同天线数和小行星发射功率对系统中断概率和能效的影响;最后,通过蒙特卡洛模拟验证了理论性能的正确性。     

基于协作非正交多址的无人机辅助卫星通信系统中断性能分析

针对无人机(UAV)辅助的卫星通信系统下行链路,该文研究了基于多天线波束成形和协作非正交多址(NOMA)技术相结合的多用户传输系统。首先,在UAV采用多天线和NOMA技术服务多个用户的情况下,基于用户平均信干噪比最大化准则,提出一种利用角度信息的波束成形方案。其次,在卫星-UAV链路服从相关阴影莱斯分布,而UAV-地面用户链路服从Nakagami-m分布的条件下,推导出系统的中断概率闭合表达式。然后,为了进一步分析系统性能,还推导了高信噪比条件下系统的中断概率近似表达式。最后,计算机仿真验证了理论分析的正确性和所提方案的优越性。     

一种卫星动中通阴影和波束指向偏差估计方法

当目标卫星被遮挡,或天线波束指向偏差较大时,卫星通信质量会变差,甚至导致卫星通信中断。针对卫星动中通阴影和天线波束指向偏差的问题,建立了一种综合考虑地理环境和波束指向偏差的接收信号功率模型,提出了一种基于接收信号强度特征参数的阴影判断和天线波束指向偏差估计方法,方法充分利用了卫星动中通信道特性,适用于接收信号的快变化和慢变化两种情况。当出现个别较大指向偏差值时,模型能够有效降低误差影响。最后给出了实验仿真结果,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于人工阻抗表面的毫米波圆极化全息天线

基于全息光学原理,提出并设计了一种加载相位调制的毫米波圆极化全息天线,天线由电小尺寸的人工阻抗单元按表面阻抗分布参数排列而成。利用横向谐振技术分析了标量人工阻抗单元表面阻抗的计算方法,建立了单元尺寸与表面阻抗之间的数据库。给出了干涉表面的阻抗分布参数计算方法,通过加载相位调制,实现了全息天线的圆极化。利用Matlab-HFSS联合建模仿真,建立了毫米波圆极化全息天线的基本模型,仿真结果表明,天线工作于35 GHz,波束沿法向偏转35°,中心的轴比小于1.5 d B。     

LTE中波束成形的测试与测量解决方案

最先进的无线通信网络采用多输入/多输出(MIMO)天线技术用作改善稳健性(发射分集)或增加数据传输速率(空分复用)。3GPP UMTS长期演进(LTE)第8版规定MIMO可具有最多4个发射天线以及最多4个接收天线。然而,多天线还允许对目标进行指向性控制,从而可以更加直接地改善到终端的信号传输或提高干扰抑制能力。罗德与施瓦茨公司Bernhard Schulz所撰《LTE中波束成形的测试与测量解决方案》一文阐释了波束成形的原理以及如何在LTE中实现波束成形。此外,提供了针对基站、天线和终端中波束成形的测试解决方案。     

基于上行非正交多址接入技术的星空地融合网络性能分析

针对光电混合的星空地融合网络上行链路,该文研究了多天线波束成形技术和上行非正交多址接入(NOMA)技术相结合的系统遍历和速率性能。首先,在无人机采用多天线和上行NOMA技术条件下,为实现系统和速率最大化,提出了一种基于统计信道状态信息的波束成形方案。接着,假设卫星-无人机链路采用自由空间光链路且服从伽马-伽马衰落,无人机-地面用户链路采用射频链路且服从相关瑞利衰落,推导了系统和速率的闭合表达式。最后,通过数值仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。仿真结果表明,与正交多址接入(OMA)方案相比,所提方案提高了系统性能,并且与基准波束成形(BF)方案相比,所提方案具有更好的性能优势。     

基于子阵列的低轨星载多波束相控阵天线的设计与实现

该文针对采用CDMA通信体制的低轨通信卫星,设计了具有等通量覆盖的平面阵列多波束天线,克服了卫星波束大角度扫描带来的边缘问题和远近效应。采用遗传算法对正六边形天线阵列进行综合,结合子阵分割理论,在波束空间和阵元空间进行子阵分割,简化了波束赋形的参量数目,同时还提出了一种波束成形网络复用结构,节省了2/3的资源。最后研制了16波束相控阵发射天线,其平面近场测试结果表明天线各指标都符合设计要求,有效验证了算法的正确性。     

一种LEO-S频段星地链路传输体制研究

由于低轨卫星系统(LEO)具有传输时延短、传输损耗低等优点，对于实现宽带业务、终端的小型化非常有利；另外，S 频段抗雨衰能力强，天线尺寸小造价低，使其很适合卫星移动电话、区域内多用户间数据等业务通信场合。本文针对目前低轨卫星通信需求提出了一种 LEO_S 频段星地链路传输体制，结合用户数量及传输速率要求，对上下行链路的传输体制进行了研究，计算了上下行链路的余量，并有针对性地提出了星地链路抗干扰措施。     

Analysis of handover characteristics in shadowed LEO satellite communication networks

In the near future, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication networks will partially substitute the fixed terrestrial multimedia networks especially in sparsely populated areas. Unlike fixed terrestrial networks, ongoing calls may be dropped if satellite channels are shadowed. Therefore, in most LEO satellite communication networks more than one satellite needs to be simultaneously visible in order to hand over a call to an unshadowed satellite when the communicating satellite is shadowed. In this paper, handover characteristics for fixed terminals (FTs) in LEO satellite communication networks are analysed. The probability distribution of multiple satellite visibility is analytically obtained and the shadowing process of satelites for FTs are modelled. Using the proposed analysis model, shadowing effects on the traffic performance are evaluated in terms of the number of intersatellite and interbeam handovers during a call. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Q-Win – A New Admission and Handoff Management Scheme for Multimedia LEO Satellite Networks

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are deployed as an enhancement to terrestrial wireless networks in order to provide broadband services to users regardless of their location. In addition to global coverage, these satellite systems support communications with hand-held devices and offer low cost-per-minute access cost, making them promising platform for Personal Communication Services (PCS). LEO satellites are expected to support multimedia traffic and to provide their users with the negotiated Quality of Service (QoS). However, the limited bandwidth of the satellite channel, satellite rotation around the Earth and mobility of end-users makes QoS provisioning and mobility management a challenging task. One important mobility problem is the intra-satellite handoff management. The main contribution of this work is to propose Q-Win, a novel call admission and handoff management scheme for LEO satellite networks. A key ingredient in our scheme is a companion predictive bandwidth allocation strategy that exploits the topology of the network and contributes to maintaining high bandwidth utilization. Our bandwidth allocation scheme is specifically tailored to meet the QoS needs of multimedia connections. The performance of Q-Win is compared to that of two recent schemes proposed in the literature. Simulation results show that our scheme offers low call dropping probability, providing for reliable handoff of on-going calls, good call blocking probability for new call requests, while maintaining bandwidth utilization high.     

一种低轨卫星通信的定时提前计算方法

低轨(LEO)卫星网络作为地面网络的重要补充,是未来天地一体化网络的重要组成部分。由于LEO卫星的高移动速度以及星地通信的大传播距离造成了高传播时延,因此需要新的针对LEO卫星星地通信背景的上行链路的定时提前量(TA)的计算策略。本文基于LEO卫星的星地通信场景,介绍了TA及其在协议中的规定,并针对LEO卫星的特点,提出一种LEO卫星通信的定时提前计算方法。通过仿真分析验证了所提方案的有效性,为LEO卫星星地通信系统的设计提供了参考。     

Key Management in Secure Satellite Multicast Using Key Hypergraphs

Satellite networks play an important role in today’s information age because they can provide the global coverage services. Information security is an important concern in satellite multicast communications, where eavesdropping can be performed much easier than the fixed terrestrial networks. In this work, a novel multicast key management scheme based on key hypergraph for satellite networks on a predefined communication scenario is proposed. We use logical key hierarchy and distributed-logical key hierarchy as reference models for performance comparisons. It is shown that the proposed multicast key management scheme is scalable to large dynamic groups and minimizes satellite bandwidth usage.     

面向6G低轨卫星物联网的能效优先的多波束鲁棒预编码设计

如今,物联网已经应用在经济社会的各个领域,但是由于空间、环境等限制,地面物联网在一些应用场景中表现出了服务能力严重不足的问题。针对这个问题,第六代移动通信技术（6th generation mobile networks, 6G）,提出将卫星通信与地面通信融合,从而实现全球无缝覆盖。对于卫星通信,卫星通常由太阳能供电,导致能量有限,因此想要实现大规模设备高质量的通信,卫星的能量效率设计非常必要。本文为6G低轨（low earth orbit, LEO）卫星物联网（Internet of Things, IoT）设计了一个能量有效的非正交多址接入（non-orthogonal multiple access, NOMA）框架,以支持广域分布设备的大规模机器通信（massive machine-type communications, mMTC）。考虑到LEO卫星的能量有限性和信道状态信息（channel state information, CSI）不准确,本文建立了一个在功率和信干噪比（signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, SINR）约束下最大化能效的优化问题。通过将分数形式问题转换为等效的减法形式优化问题,提出了一种鲁棒的联合波束成形和功率分配算法,以在存在信道不确定性的情况下最大化能量效率。理论分析和仿真结果均验证了所提算法的有效性和鲁棒性。      

Adaptive Compensation Method Using the Prediction Algorithm for the Doppler Frequency Shift in the LEO Mobile Satellite Communication System

In low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems, more severe phase distortion due to Doppler shift is frequently detected in the received signal than in cases of geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite systems or terrestrial mobile systems. Therefore, an estimation of Doppler shift would be one of the most important factors to enhance performance of LEO satellite communication system. In this paper, a new adaptive Doppler compensation scheme using location information of a user terminal and satellite, as well as a weighting factor for the reduction of prediction error is proposed. The prediction performance of the proposed scheme is simulated in terms of the prediction accuracy and the cumulative density function of the prediction error, with considering the offset variation range of the initial input parameters in LEO satellite system. The simulation results showed that the proposed adaptive compensation algorithm has the better performance accuracy than Ali's method. From the simulation results, it is concluded the adaptive compensation algorithm is the most applicable method that can be applied to LEO satellite systems of a range of altitude between 1,000 km and 2,000 km for the general error tolerance level, M = 250 Hz.     

A model for the handover traffic in low earth-orbiting (LEO) satellite networks for personal communications

The spectacular growth of cellular telephone networks has demonstrated the demand for personal communications. Communication systems based on low earth orbit (LEO) constellations of satellites seem to be an adequate approach to achieve a world-wide network. When defining the capacity in terms of satellite circuits, the network designer has to take into account the handover traffic. Unfortunately, in a LEO communication network where handover is most often due to the network nodes motion, handover traffic models for terrestrial cellular networks cannot be used. Hence specific models must be developed. This paper proposes an analytical model for the handover in LEO satellite networks. This model is applied to different network configurations and compared to discrete-time simulations. Simulation results agree with those obtained from the analytical model.     

Satellite selection scheme for reducing handover attempts in LEO satellite communication systems

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems perform frequent intersatellite handovers for both fixed and mobile users. This paper proposes a satellite selection scheme for new/handover call requests when two or more satellites can be seen simultaneously. Each satellite in this scheme has a non-uniform transmitter antenna gain according to its relative position inside the coverage area. The antenna gain is proportional to the residual distance in the satellite's direction of movement and it compensates for the difference in path losses between satellite links. The residual distance distribution of the selected satellite and the mean number of intersatellite handovers during a call connection are calculated and compared with the results based on conventional methods. The proposed scheme can reduce the intersatellite handover call attempt rate without increasing system load and terminal complexity. Furthermore, this scheme can be extended to reduce both intersatellite and interbeam handover call attempt rates in a multiple spot beam environment. Especially, the average number of intersatellite and interbeam handovers during a call can be significantly reduced by using a hybrid algorithm with the proposed non-uniform power transmission scheme. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.