我院1 308例药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:了解我院药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点及易发原因,为临床预防ADR和合理用药提供参考。方法： 对2009～2013年我院上报的1 308例ADR报告,按患者年龄、性别、给药途径、药品类别、ADR严重程度累及器官或系统及临床表现进行统计、分析。结果：70岁以上及51～60岁两个年龄段ADR患者构成比最高,抗菌药引发ADR比例最大（277例,21.18%）,注射剂静脉滴注所致ADR构成比最高（950例,72.63%）;皮肤及其附件损害最为常见（302例,23.09%）。结论：临床应重视ADR的报告和监测工作,加强临床合理用药监管,以减少和避免ADR的发生。     

我院213例药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要探讨我院药物不良反应（ADR）发生特点,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：收集我院2012～2015年上报至国家ADR监测中心的213例ADR报告,采用回顾性分析方法对ADR报告中的患者因素（性别、年龄、民族）、用药因素（药品种类、给药途径）,以及ADR类型、临床表现、转归等进行统计分析,并进行关联性评价。结果：213例ADR报告中,≥60岁老年患者呈高构成比（28.64%）;男女患者比为1.39∶1,其中汉族、维族构成比较高（52.58%和32.40%）;静脉给药是引起ADR主要给药途径（70.42%）;抗感染药物的ADR构成比最高（27.23%）,其次为中成药、循环系统药;ADR临床表现以皮肤及其附件损害最常见。 结论：药物ADR的发生与多种因素有关,应加强药品ADR监测及持续改进工作,促进临床安全用药。     

227例三唑类抗真菌药物不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：分析三唑类抗真菌药物不良反应（ADR）的发生的特点,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2012～2014 年湖北省药品不良反应监测中心数据库227例三唑类抗真菌药物ADR报告的患者年龄、性别,药物剂型、给药途径,ADR发生时间、累及器官系统分布及临床表现,ADR分级、关联性评价及其转归情况等进行统计分析。结果：三唑类抗真菌药物所致ADR患者男女比例为1∶1.32;各个年龄段均有分布,其中31～40岁年龄段构成比最高,占38.33%。ADR报告涉及9种药品剂型,以膏剂为主,占总剂型59.03%。ADR报告涉及给药途径主要包括外用（70.04%）和阴道给药（24.23%）等。所致ADR主要累及皮肤及其附件损害（69.87%）和女性生殖系统损害（24.02%）等,ADR临床表现为皮疹、瘙痒、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、腹痛等;其中咪康唑（42.73%）引起的ADR例数最多,酮康唑（36.56%）次之。227例ADR报告中一般的ADR 200例,新的ADR 27例。关联性评价结果：肯定17例,很可能68例,可能142例。ADR病例的转归以治愈和好转为主。结论：应严格控制药物的不合理使用,加强ADR监测,完善药物使用说明书,规范临床用药,以降低ADR/ADE风险。     

某三级甲等医院400例新的及严重的药品不良反应分析

摘 要 目的：了解某三级甲等医院药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点,为临床安全用药、减少ADR发生提供参考。方法: 对2014～2016年收集上报的新的及严重的ADR从报告类型、年龄、性别、给药途径、药品种类、累及系统 器官方面进行分析。结果:新的及严重的ADR报告共有400例,占报告总数的64.52%;60～74岁患者所占比例最大,为34.25%;发生ADR的男女比例基本相当,男性（50.25%）略高于女性（49.75%）;静脉给药引起ADR例数最多（57.00%）;引起ADR的药品种类最多的为抗感染药物（31.25%）,其中头孢菌素类占比最多（32.00%）;主要累及系统 器官为皮肤及附件损害（33.00%）、胃肠系统损害（15.50%）及肝肾功能损害（14.00%）等。结论:全院应加强ADR监测与上报工作,从而规范药物使用,减少ADR的发生。     

我院2007～2016年新的、严重的药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：了解我院新的、严重的药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点和临床表现,为预防ADR发生和临床合理用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性方法,对我院2007～2016年收集的277例新的、严重的ADR报告,从患者的年龄、性别分布、给药途径、药物类别与品种数、累及的系统/器官及临床表现、不良反应分型等进行统计和分析。结果：277例患者中,50～69岁患者所构成比例最大（42例,45.13％）;新的ADR 99例,严重的ADR（包括新的严重ADR）178例;注射剂178例(64.26%),口服85例(30.69%);新的严重的ADR涉及药品种类以抗感染药（26种,19.12%）、抗肿瘤药（25种,18.38%）和中药制剂（19种,13.97%）最多。严重不良反应的临床表现以消化系统、皮肤及其附件和血液系统的损害最多;新的不良反应的临床表现以消化系统、皮肤及其附件和循环系统的损害最为多见。结论：应重视和加强新的ADR的监测和上报,合理用药,保障患者用药安全。     

157例新的/严重的药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:了解本院新的/严重的药品不良反应(ADR)的特点及规律,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法：收集本院2010年1月~2015年3月上报的新的/严重的药品不良反应报告,对患者年龄、性别、发生时间、给药途径、引起ADR的药品种类、ADR累及器官或系统及临床表现等方面进行统计分析。结果：新的/严重的ADR报告共157例,其中新的一般的ADR报告73例,严重的ADR报告60例,新的严重的ADR报告24例;ADR可发生于各年龄段,≥60岁比例较高（33.12%）;ADR多发生在用药后2 h内（73.88%）;给药途径以静脉静滴给药为主（82.17%）;涉及药品101种,以抗菌药（46.70%）所占比例最高,其次是中药制剂（14.37%）,引起ADR的前5位的药品均是抗菌药;ADR累及器官或系统及主要临床表现依次为全身性损害（28.06%）、皮肤及其附件损害（19.90%)、呼吸系统损害（15.82%）和中枢及外周神经系统损害（10.72%）。结论：新的/严重的ADR发生与多种因素有关,应提高新的/严重的ADR的监测水平,减少ADR风险。     

2014年马鞍山市基本药物不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:探讨基本药物不良反应（ADR）的发生特点,为促进临床安全用药提供参考。方法：对马鞍山市2014年收集的3 061例基本药物的不良反应报告作回顾性分析,分别按患者性别、年龄、药品种类、剂型、给药途径、报告类型、ADR累及系统 器官等项目统计并分析。结果：3 061例ADR报告中,性别比例基本相当;50～59岁、60～69岁、40～49岁3个年龄段ADR构成比居于前三位;引起ADR的药物以化学药物最多（63.38%）;剂型分布以注射剂（53.15%）和片剂（33.00%）为主;给药途径以静脉注射引发ADR最多,共1 605例（52.44%）;新的严重不良反应23例（0.75%）; ADR累及的系统器官以消化系统最多见（31.88%）。结论：提示临床应用应进一步加强基本药物重点监测及高发群体不良反应的监控,尽量减少ADR的发生。     

某三甲儿童医院515例药品不良反应回顾性分析

摘 要 目的：回顾性分析某三甲儿童医院515例药品不良反应（ADR）的发生特点,为预防药品不良反应和促进安全用药提供参考。方法：对该院2010年1月～2017年5月主动上报的515例有效ADR报告,按照患者性别、年龄、给药途径、药品种类,涉及的器官或系统及其临床表现等进行描述性统计分析。结果：515例ADR报告中,男女比例是3∶〖KG-*2〗2,1～12岁的患儿ADR构成比〖KG*4〗83.90%;静脉给药致ADR构成比〖KG*4〗48.62%;抗感染药致ADR构成比〖KG*4〗38.80%,其中头孢菌素致ADR构成比〖KG*4〗52.71%,严重ADR构成比〖KG*4〗11.84%。以皮肤及其附件损害最为常见,构成比〖KG*4〗39.46%。结论：医务人员应重视ADR的监测与报告,对常见ADR应密切观察,及时对症治疗,对新的严重ADR应及时上报,保障患者用药安全。     

2011～2014年安陆市药品不良反应报告回顾性分析

摘 要 目的:了解安陆市药品不良反应（ADR）的发生特点和数据处理方法,为ADＲ监测工作提供参考。方法：提取国家药品不良反应监测系统中该市2011～2014年上报的ADR报告1 309份,统计报告来源、患者性别、药品种类、给药途径、ADR累及器官/系统等项目并作数据处理。结果：1 309份ADR报告主要来自医疗机构（93.12%）,引起ADR的药物以抗感染药多见（54.24%）,其中以β-内酰胺类抗菌药构成比最高（56.34%）;引起ADR的给药途径以静滴多见（86.94%）;ADR主要累及皮肤及附件（41.94%）和消化系统（36.13%）;严重ADR 11例（0.84%）,以严重过敏性休克为主（72.73%）。结论：增加ADR监测的覆盖面,加强严重ADR的监测,不断提高ADR监测水平,降低用药风险。     

476例药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：分析某三甲医院2015年药品不良反应(ADR)发生的特点和规律,促进临床安全用药。方法：采用回顾性调查方法,对该院2015年上报的476例有效ADR报告,按照患者性别、年龄、给药途径、药品种类、涉及的器官或系统及其临床表现等进行统计分析。结果：476例ADR报告中,年龄分段在0～10岁的婴幼儿患者 ADR构成比较高,占49.16%;静脉给药导致ADR占87.39%;ADR构成比最高的为抗感染药,占66.15%,其次为中药制剂,占10.12％;临床表现以皮肤及其附件损害最为常见,占60.81%。结论：医务人员应重视 ADR的监测与报告,促进临床合理用药,保障患者用药安全。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.