补充生物活性肽QRPR对巨噬细胞RAW264.7抵御脂多糖刺激的作用

目的研究补充生物活性肽QRPR(Gln-Arg-Pro-AH)对巨噬细胞RAW264.7抵御脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)刺激的作用。方法用不同浓度的LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞不同时间,ELISA法测定细胞培养上清中细胞因子白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)的浓度,确定LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞的最适浓度和时间,建立RAW264.7细胞抵御LPS刺激模型。采用ELISA法测定QRPR肽对RAW264.7细胞抵御LPS刺激时IL-6和TNF-α表达量的影响。MTS法检测QRPR肽对RAW264.7细胞的毒性作用。结果100 ng/m L LPS诱导16 h为刺激RAW264.7细胞验证QRPR肽调节作用的最佳浓度和时间。QRPR肽可以抑制RAW264.7细胞受LPS刺激后IL-6和TNF-α的产生,QRPR肽浓度为250μmol/L时,其降低LPS刺激产生IL-6和TNF-α的能力最强。QRPR肽本身对RAW264.7细胞的生长既无促进作用,也无毒性和抑制作用。结论补充活性肽QRPR对巨噬细胞RAW264.7抵御LPS刺激具有积极的调节作用。     

迷迭香精油GC-MS分析及其体外药理活性研究

采用气相-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对迷迭香精油进行分析,并计算各成分相对含量。体外抑菌效果则通过牛津杯法对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌的抑菌直径来评价;脂多糖(LPS)建立RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测RAW264.7中白细胞介素IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α的mRNA相对表达量,以此来考察其抗炎效果。鉴定出28个挥发性成分,其中桉叶油醇含量最高,占30.62%。抑菌实验显示迷迭香精油对三种菌株均有一定的抑菌效果,对大肠埃希菌抑菌效果最佳;迷迭香精油能显著抑制RAW264.7中TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA的相对表达,且具有剂量依赖性。     

复凝聚法制备昆虫蜕皮激素微胶囊及其性能

以明胶(GE)和阿拉伯胶(AG)为壁材,采用复凝聚法制备昆虫β-蜕皮激素微胶囊。通过正交实验获得微胶囊的最佳制备工艺条件。利用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对β-蜕皮激素微胶囊形貌进行表征。研究了β-蜕皮激素微胶囊的释放行为和光稳定性。结果表明:壁材质量分数为3%,芯壁材质量比为1:1,前期pH值为4.6,后期pH值为8.0为最佳工艺条件。在此条件下,可形成壁膜光滑,大小均匀的球形微胶囊,其平均粒径大小为5μm,载药量与包覆率分别达到68.5%和63.4%。微胶囊能够明显延长蜕皮激素的释放时间及增强蜕皮激素的光稳定性。     

hCAP-18/LL-37基因转染对RAW264.7细胞活化功能的影响

目的探讨抗菌肽hCAP-18/LL-37基因转染对巨噬细胞RAW264.7活化功能的影响。方法将重组质粒pcD-NA4/Myc-His-hCAP-18/LL-37瞬时转染RAW264.7细胞,MTT法检测细胞的增殖活性;中性红吞噬试验检测细胞的吞噬能力;RT-PCR法分析细胞活化相关分子CD80、CD86、TLR4及细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA的转录。结果 hCAP-18/LL-37基因转染可促进经脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理的RAW264.7细胞的增殖活性与吞噬能力(P<0.05);可上调RAW264.7细胞CD80、CD86、TLR4、IL-1β、TNF-α基因mRNA的转录水平。结论 hCAP-18/LL-37基因转染可通过促进RAW264.7细胞增殖活性、吞噬能力及活化相关分子表达,调控巨噬细胞的活化功能。     

壳聚糖基壁材在精油/鱼油微胶囊化方面的应用进展

微胶囊化可以提高精油/鱼油的抗氧化性、储存稳定性和生物活性以及改善其气味。具有良好生物相容性、成膜性和渗透性的壳聚糖及其衍生物成为制备微胶囊的理想壁材。本文以壳聚糖基壁材为主线,结合不同成囊机理和方法对精油/鱼油微胶囊制备研究进展进行综述。重点介绍了不同种类壳聚糖壁材（普通壳聚糖、壳聚糖复合物及壳聚糖衍生物）和成囊方法（如喷雾干燥法、单凝聚法、复凝聚法、交联法以及层层自组装法等）的优缺点。分析表明,改进成囊方法控制粒径和提高油包埋率;探寻无毒、高效的囊膜交联剂控制释放效率;合成新型的壳聚糖衍生物壁材提高功能性质,是壳聚糖基壁材包囊精油/鱼油的重要研究方向。     

壳聚糖包裹广藿香精油微胶囊的制备及表征

采用复合凝聚法,以广藿香精油为芯材,壳聚糖（CTS）和阿拉伯胶（GA）为壁材,制备了广藿香精油微胶囊。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、激光粒度仪、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）等对微胶囊进行表征。结果表明,当乳化剂用量为质量分数1%,芯壁质量比为1∶2,乳化转速为2 500r/min,复凝pH为5,固化剂用量为1.5g时,微胶囊包封率和载药量最佳,微胶囊球形规则、分散性好,平均粒径为10.5μm。     

阿拉伯胶-明胶-壳聚糖电泳显示微胶囊的制备及性能分析

利用明胶的两性,形成由阿拉伯胶、明胶、壳聚糖三种高分子物质组成的复合微胶囊囊壁。通过设置横向对比实验以及分析微胶囊制备条件,可知:阿拉伯胶-明胶-壳聚糖微胶囊囊壁表面光滑、透光率高,较传统的阿拉伯胶-明胶、明胶壳-聚糖微胶囊力学性能更好;壳聚糖浓度在1.0wt%～1.5wt%,温度为40℃,且转速为1000～1200 r/min时,对包覆粒径均匀且力学性能较好的微胶囊最为有利。最后,使用该新型囊壁,以电泳显示液为囊芯,制备在电场下能显色微胶囊。     

快乐鼠尾草精油GC-MS分析及其抗菌、抗炎活性研究

通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对A,B,C快乐鼠尾草精油进行分析,计算各成分相对含量;采用牛津杯法以评价其对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及白色念球菌的抑菌活性;采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导RAW264.7建立细胞炎症模型,检测细胞上清液中TNF-α的含量评价其抗炎作用。结果如下:萜烯类化合物是其最主要的成分。抑菌实验结果表明,A抑菌效果较弱,B抑菌效果较好,C抑菌效果最佳。三种快乐鼠尾草精油均能显著降低RAW264.7细胞分泌TNF-α(P0.01)。     

阿司匹林壳聚糖-明胶载药微胶囊的制备及性能研究

以阿司匹林为囊芯,壳聚糖和明胶为壁材,采用乳化交联法制备了明胶-壳聚糖微胶囊,考察了芯壁比、水油体积比、乳化剂用量、交联时间等因素对微胶囊性能的影响.采用高效液相色谱法来测定微胶囊的载药量、包封率和释放性能.研究发现,当芯壁比为1∶1,水油体积比为1∶3,乳化剂Span-80用量为5％,交联时间为2h的条件下制备的微胶囊形状规整,载药量为47.99％,包封率为83.18％,且在人工肠液中具有明显的缓释效果.     

驱蚊防霉粉刷石膏的制备及性能评价

以明胶、阿拉伯胶、艾草精油为原料,采用复凝聚法制备艾草精油微胶囊,对乳化、复凝聚、固化及低温碱化等工艺参数进行了优化,测定了微胶囊的缓释性能;将微胶囊添加到粉刷石膏中制备驱蚊防霉粉刷石膏,对其驱蚊性能进行了评价。结果表明,在乳化转速为1 500r·min~(-1)、乳化时间为45min、复凝聚转速为900r·min~(-1)、复凝聚时间为40min、固化剂单宁酸用量为1.5g·(g明胶)~(-1)、固化时间为80min、碱化温度为-10℃、pH值为8.0、碱化时间为10min的最优条件下,艾草精油微胶囊产率达到60.5%,含油率为72.68%,包覆率为87.94%。当添加3%艾草精油微胶囊于粉刷石膏中时,驱蚊防霉粉刷石膏的初始驱蚊率达94%,10周后的驱蚊率仍达86%以上,表明所制备的驱蚊防霉粉刷石膏的驱蚊性能具有较好的持久性。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。